Investigatory Project Biology

What is AIDS ?
This is Project Report on HIV AIDS. Definition : Acquired Immuno Deficiency

Syndrome. It is a pandemic disease. AIDS cannot be compared to disease like
malaria and cholera which claim more live in country currently. It has a greater
impact than other disease. The treatment options are still in the initial stages and are
prohibitively expensive. There are instances of quacks taking advantage of the
situation. This has compounded the misery of AIDS patients.
History of HIV AIDS:

It was first noticed in USA in 1981. The American and French scientist independently
identified the AIDS virus 1984. The virus first named as HCLV III ( Human cell
leukemia virus III). The name (Human cell leukemia deficiency virus) is now
preferred. It now seems that HIV first passed into human from chimpanzees by
eating butchered chimps. 10% of the people, who get AIDS virus infection, actually
develop full blown AIDS.
Causes of AIDS
The main causes of AIDS is a disorder of cell mediated immune system of the body.
The disorder is characterized by a reduction in the number of helper. T-cell which
stimulate antibody production by B-cells. This result in the loss of natural defense
against viral infection.
Transmission of AIDS Virus

It is only transmitted by a direct contact of infected cells - containing blood of patient
to the blood of a healthy person as in -
1) Sexual intercourse with an infected partner if there is tissue injury to permit

blood contact.
2) Use of contaminated needles and syringes to inject drugs or vaccines.
3) Use of contaminated razors, needles for boring pinnae.
4) Transfusion of infected blood or blood product.
5) Organ transplant.
6) Artificial insemination.
7) Parturition from mother to baby due to rupturing of blood vessels.
AIDS is not a contagious disease. It does not spread by casual contact, such as
handshake , body contact in crowded places, working or playing together , sharing
clothes , eating food cooked by infected person, using same toilet, swimming pools.
It is also not and ribovirin seem most promising. A drugs named zide vuidine
prolongs the life of many AIDS patient. However some patients AIDS virus have
already mutated to zidovudine resistant forms.
INTRODUCTION OF AIDS VIRUS
It is 100 to 140 nm. in diameter and has a cylindrical core. It is found in blood and
semen and to a lesser extent in milk tears and saliva. It is a retrovirus, i.e. its genetic
material is - RNA (single stranded linear) which can make a DNA copy of itself with
the help of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. The virus bind specifically to a surface
receptor on a helper T-cell and introduce its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme
into the cells here it multiplies and the release of new virus destroys the cell. AIDS
occurs when the helper T-cell falls too low to fight the disease.
Screening Test of AIDS

AIDS Patient generally have circulating antibodies which can be detected. In many countries
this test is done as a routine on blood, donor, screening may prove harmful to victims.
Persons found to be HIV positive become depressed and suicidal and are denied insurance,
evicted from their houses, fired from their jobs only a small minority of such persons are
likely to develop full blown AIDS. However the infected persons may spread infection to
others.
Today ELISA test is done identify this pandemic disease (AIDS).
Manifestation of AIDS
Manifestation :- It can manifest in two major ways -
i) Maligent tumours in connective tissue
ii) Viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungalin-fection of any system of the body. There
are destruction of WBCS, damage to brain,. unexplained fever, unexplained loss of
appetite, unexplained loss weight over a short time, chronic diarrhea, cough, night
sweats, enlargement of lymph glands, shortness of breath, weakness.
AIDS Treatment :- Medical treatment of AIDS consist of :
i) Antiviral therapy against the causative agent
ii) Immuno simulative therapy to increase the number of resistance - providing cells
in the body or both. However no specific treatment has been found so far and the
mortality form AIDS is virtually 100%. A victim of full blown AIDS dies with in 3 year
from infection of many drugs tried, azithmidine transmitted by blood sucking insects
such as mosquitoes, AIDS virus has been found in urine, tears saliva, breast milk
and vaginal secretions, but is seems not to transmitted by these fluids unless it gets
a cut.
PREVENTIONS FROM AIDS
Following steps may help in controlling this dreaded disease.
i) People particularly those in high risk group should be educated about AIDS
transmission.
ii) High risk group should refrain from blood donation.
iii) Disposable needles and syringes should be used.
iv) Sexual habits should changed immediately.

v) Before receiving blood, ensure that it has been screened for HIV.
vi) Routine screening may be done in
a) Blood Donors,
b) Organ Donors
c) Donors of semen and growth hormone,
d) Patient receiving haemodialysis
e) Females in high risk group, Who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy.
Chastity, life long monogamy, and a clean needle for each injection are the
only ways to prevents the spread of AIDS. These measure will succeed only in
persons not already infected.
Major causes & steps to prevent it

Reasons of spreading AIDS among world people
More than 90% of the infected persons are belong to developing countries.
REASONS :-
(i) Low-level of socio-economic development.
(ii) Low health consciousness and facilities
(iii) A growing unmarried youth population due to delayed marriage
(iv) High rate of labour migration.
(v) Low level of literacy among high-risk groups.
(vi)High incidence of sexuality transmitted diseases and reproductive tract infections

among men and women.
Steps taken to prevent the spreading of AIDS :
(i) National AIDS programme of south East Asian countries are beginning to yield
encouraging results. The 100% condom use programme in Thailand and the Sonagachi
project in Calcutta, a model peer education programme among sex workers, have helped
bring down AIDS infection and also reduced the incidence of STD.
(ii) Non-government organizations have brought Baptist interest litigations against

such cases of discrimination and the courts have pronounced the rights of such
peoples. This has helped alleviate the misery of affected persons.
CONCLUSION
After studying the cause and effects of AIDS from different views, we conclude that
it is a pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually and person of the age
group of 25-45 years are the most affected group. There are some methods like
Antiviral Therapy and Immuno Stimulative therapy which bring some hope that even
then no specific treatment has been found so for and morality form is virtually 100%.
So only prevention in the test medicine care.
OBSERVATION
AIDS immersed as pandemic disease. It is nondurable. It is more common in

developing countries. Now every day 1000 peoples are going to become HIV
infected in world. This is mainly due to blood transfusion & Sexual contact. In whole
world about 3 crore 30 lakhs people are HIV +ve & in India 3 lakh 70 thousands are
HIV +ve. The number of HIV +ve persons are higher in Tamilnadu Bombay, Calcutta
and Kerala and Manipur
PROBLEMS FOR PATIENT
AIDS cause disease of Immune system of body. The HIV cause damage to T & B cell. Thus
this is becoming a threatening problem of today and of future.
HYPOTHESIS
AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also damage immune system
of the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs are not effective against HIV
virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge about this disease is the root cause of wide
spread of this disease

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What is AIDS ?

This is Project Report on HIV AIDS. Definition : Acquired Immuno Deficiency

History of HIV AIDS:

Transmission of AIDS Virus

1) Sexual intercourse with an infected partner if there is tissue injury to permit

3) Use of contaminated razors, needles for boring pinnae.

4) Transfusion of infected blood or blood product.

7) Parturition from mother to baby due to rupturing of blood vessels.

INTRODUCTION OF AIDS VIRUS

Screening Test of AIDS

i) Maligent tumours in connective tissue

AIDS Treatment :- Medical treatment of AIDS consist of :

i) Antiviral therapy against the causative agent

PREVENTIONS FROM AIDS

Following steps may help in controlling this dreaded disease.

ii) High risk group should refrain from blood donation.

iii) Disposable needles and syringes should be used.

iv) Sexual habits should changed immediately.

vi) Routine screening may be done in

c) Donors of semen and growth hormone,

d) Patient receiving haemodialysis

e) Females in high risk group, Who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy.

Major causes & steps to prevent it

(i) Low-level of socio-economic development.

(ii) Low health consciousness and facilities

(iii) A growing unmarried youth population due to delayed marriage

(iv) High rate of labour migration.

(v) Low level of literacy among high-risk groups.

(vi)High incidence of sexuality transmitted diseases and reproductive tract infections

(ii) Non-government organizations have brought Baptist interest litigations against

AIDS immersed as pandemic disease. It is nondurable. It is more common in

PROBLEMS FOR PATIENT

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