Arts and Graphics 3

ARTS & GRAPHICS
L e s s o n 3 - P r o j e c t i o n s
BY: Marwan Omar Hassan
18/10/2023
1- Introduction
3D Projection
• A 3D projection (or graphical projection)
is a design technique used to display a
three-dimensional (3D) object on a two-
dimensional (2D) surface. These
projections rely on visual perspective and
aspect analysis to project a complex
object for viewing capability on a simpler
plane.
1- Introduction
View Plane A 2D surface used for projecting architectural
drawings or representations.
TERMS USED
The specific vantage point from which an architectural
Point of View drawing is viewed.
A device used to display architectural images or

Projector
drawings onto a surface.
The point in space from which viewing rays converge

Centre of Projection to create a perspective projection.
1- Introduction
Projection is achieved by the use of imaginary

"projectors"; the projected, mental image becomes
the technician's vision of the desired, finished
picture.
Methods provide a uniform imaging procedure

among people trained in technical graphics
(mechanical drawing, computer aided design,
etc.). By following a method, the technician may
produce the envisioned picture on a planar surface
such as drawing paper.
2- Parallel projection
parallel projection
• In parallel projection direction of

Projection is same for all points, all
projectors are parallel to each other.
• a parallel projections, lines that are

parallel in three-dimensional space
remain parallel in the two-
dimensionally projected image.
• Its used by Drafter and Engineers to

create working drawings of an object
which preserves its scale and shape.
3- Types Of parallel Projection
1-Orthographic Projection
• When the Direction of Projection

is perpendicular ( at 90◦) to the
view plane, then the projection is
Orthographic Projection.
• Orthographic projection have 2
types :
A. Multi-View Orthographic
Projection.
B. Axonometric orthographic
projections.
A- Multi-View
Orthographic Projection.
• Orthographic projections that

show only one side of an object
are called Multiview orthographic
projections.
• When direction of projection is

parallel to any principal axis, this
produces front, top and side view
of an object
B- Axonometric
orthographic projections.
• Orthographic projections that show

more than 1 side of an object are called
axonometric orthographic projections.
• In axonometric orthographic
projections, the direction of projection
is not parallel to any of the principal
axis.
• Axonometric orthographic Projections

have 3 types :
A. Isometric
B. Di-metric
C. Trimetric
A- Isometric.
• The direction of projection makes

equal angles with all of the
principal axis.
B- Di-metric.
• The direction of projection makes

equal angles with exactly two of
the principal axis.
C- Trimetric
• The direction of Projection makes

unequal angles with the principal
axis.
2 -Oblique Projection
• Parallel projections that does not

intersect the view plane
perpendicularly.
• Direction of Projection is
perpendicular to view plane.
• Oblique have 2 known types:
A. Cavalier.
B. Cabinet.
A -Cavalier
• the direction of projection is

chosen so that there is no fore-
shortening of lines perpendicular
to the xy-lane. It is achieved by
projecting the projectors at an
angle of 30 and 45 degree.
B-Cabinet
• the direction of projection is

chosen so that the line
perpendicular to the xy-plane are
fore-shortening by half of their
length. For cabinet projection the
angle is kept 63.40 degree.
4- Perspective projection
Perspective projection
• Perspective projection is an approximate

representation, generally on a flat surface, of
an image as it is seen by the eye.
• The main features are objects appearing

smaller as they get farther away from the
viewer and experiencing foreshortening,
where their dimensions along the line of sight
appear shorter than their dimensions across
the line of sight. In linear perspective, objects
in the distance converge to points, typically
along the horizon line, but also above and
below it depending on the viewpoint.
4- Perspective projection
Perspective projection
5- Types Of Perspective projection
A- One point
• This perspective projection occurs

when the projection plane is
perpendicular to one of the
principle axis
B- Two point
• this perspective projection occurs

when the projection plane
intersects exactly two of the
principal axis.
C- Three point
• this perspective projection occurs

when the projection plane
intersect all the three principal
axes, x,y and z axes.
6- difference between parallel and perspective
P R E S E N T A T I O N 2 0 2 3
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For listening
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ARTS & GRAPHICS

BY: Marwan Omar Hassan

A device used to display architectural images or

The point in space from which viewing rays converge

Projection is achieved by the use of imaginary

Methods provide a uniform imaging procedure

• In parallel projection direction of

• a parallel projections, lines that are

• Its used by Drafter and Engineers to

• When the Direction of Projection

• Orthographic projections that

• When direction of projection is

• Orthographic projections that show

• Axonometric orthographic Projections

• The direction of projection makes

• The direction of projection makes

• The direction of Projection makes

• Parallel projections that does not

• Oblique have 2 known types:

• the direction of projection is

• the direction of projection is

• Perspective projection is an approximate

• The main features are objects appearing

• This perspective projection occurs

• this perspective projection occurs

• this perspective projection occurs

If you have any questions don’t Hesitate

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