3-D Transformation

Shubhangi Shinde

Projections
Display device (a screen) is 2D
How do we map 3D objects to 2D space?

2D to 2D is straight forward
2D window to world.. and a viewport on the 2D surface. Clip what won't be shown in the 2D window, and map the remainder to the viewport.

3D to 2D is more complicated
Solution : Transform 3D objects on to a 2D plane using projections

Projections
In 3D
View volume in the world Projection onto the 2D projection plane A viewport to the view surface

Process
1 clip against the view volume, 2 project to 2D plane, or window, 3 map to viewport.

Projections
Conceptual Model of the 3D viewing process

Projections
Projections: key terms
Projection from 3D to 2D is defined by straight projection rays (projectors) emanating from the 'center of projection', passing through each point of the object, and intersecting the 'projection plane' to form a projection.

Types of projections
2 types of projections
perspective and parallel.

Key factor is the center of projection.

Taxonomy of Projections

Perspective v Parallel
Perspective:
visual effect is similar to human visual system... has 'perspective foreshortening'
size of object varies inversely with distance from the center of projection.

angles only remain intact for faces parallel to projection plane. Lines of projecton are not parallel. Instead, they all converge at a single point called the center of projection or projection reference point.

Parallel:
less realistic view because of no foreshortening however, parallel lines remain parallel. angles only remain intact for faces parallel to projection plane. Z coordinate is discarded and parallel lines from each vertex on the object are extended until they intersect the view plane. The point of intersection is the projection of the vertex.

Perspective Projections
Any parallel lines not parallel to the projection plane, converge at a vanishing point.
There are an infinite number of these, 1 for each of the infinite amount of directions line can be oriented.

If a set of lines are parallel to one of the three principle axes, the vanishing point is called an axis vanishing point.
There are at most 3 such points, corresponding to the number of axes cut by the projection plane.

Perspective Projections
Example:
if z projection plane cuts the z axis: normal to it, so only z has a principle vanishing point, as x and y are parallel and have none.

Can categorise perspective projections by the number of principle vanishing points, and the number of axes the projection plane cuts.

Perspective Projections
2 different examples of a one-point perspective projection of a cube.
(note: x and y parallel lines do not converge)

Perspective Projections
Two-point perspective projection:
This is often used in architectural, engineering and industrial design drawings. Three-point is used less frequently as it adds little extra realism to that offered by two-point perspective projection.

Perspective Projections
Two-point perspective projection:

Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection shows complex objects by doing a 2D drawing of each side to show the main features. Orthographic drawings usually consist of a front view, a side view and a top view, but more views may be shown for complex objects with lots of detail. Projection plane is perpendicular to the principle axis. These projections are used in engineerring drawing to depict machine parts,assemblies building and so on.

Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projection

 Here are three orthographic views of an object.

Orthographic Projection

Axonometric Projection

Orthographic projection can display more then one face of an object called axmonometric projection Projection planes are not normal to a principle axis. the ability to show the inclined position of an object with respect to the plane of projection. Parallelism of lines are preserved but angles are not.

Kinds:

Isometric Iso (one or equal) and Metrus (measures); equal measures.

Trimetric utilizes three different angles.

Isometric Projection
Align view plane so that it intersects each coordinate axis in which the object is defined at the same distance from the origin. Obtained by aligning the projection vector with the cube diagnol. In isometric projection the angles between the projection of the axes are equal i.e. 120. It is important to appreciate that it is the angles between the projection of the axes that are being discussed and not the true angles between the axes themselves which is always 90.

Isometric Projection

Isometric Projection

Isometric Projection

Isometric Projection

Dimetric Projection
The angles between the projection of the axes in dimetric projection renders two of the three to be equal. To draw the outline of an object in dimetric projection, two scales are required. The scales are generated the same as for isometric.

Dimetric Projection

Dimetric Projection

Trimetric Projection
In trimetric projection the projection of the three angles between the axes are unequal.

Thus, three separate scales are needed to generate a trimetric projection of an object.
The scales are constructed using the same method described in isometric and dimetric projection.

Trimetric Projection

Trimetric Projection

Parallel Projections
2 principle types:
orthographic and oblique.

Orthographic :
direction of projection = normal to the projection plane.

Oblique :
direction of projection != normal to the projection plane.

Parallel Projection
Center of projection is at infinity
Direction of projection (DOP) same for all points

View Plane

DOP

Angel Figure 5.4

Parallel Projections
Orthographic (or orthogonal) projections:
front elevation, top-elevation and side-elevation. all have projection plane perpendicular to a principle axes.

Useful because angle and distance measurements can be made... However, As only one face of an object is shown, it can be hard to create a mental image of the object, even when several view are available.

Parallel Projections
Orthogonal projections:

Parallel Projections
Oblique parallel projections Obtained by projecting points along parallel lines that are not perpendicular to the projection plane. View plane and direction of projection are not same.
Objects can be visualised better then with orthographic projections Can measure distances, but not angles*
* Can only measure angles for faces of objects parallel to the plane

2 common oblique parallel projections:

Parallel Projections
Cavalier:
The direction of the projection makes a 45 degree angle with the projection plane. The projection of a line perpendicular to the view plane has the same length as the line itself. Because there is no foreshortening, this causes an exaggeration of the z axes.

Parallel Projections
Cabinet:
The direction of the projection makes a 63.4 degree angle with the projection plane. Lined perpendicular to the viewing surface, are projected at one half their actual length. This results in foreshortening of the z axis, and provides a more realistic view.

Oblique Parallel Projections

b = 63.4
b = 90

Cabinet projection
Orthogonal projection

Oblique Parallel Projections

P can be represented in 3D space - (0,0,1)

l a

P (xs,ys)

P can be represented in 2D (screen coords) - (xs,ys)

Oblique Parallel Projections

Generally
multiply by z and allow for (non-zero) x and y

xs= x + z.l.cos a ys = y + z.l.sin a

Oblique Parallel Projections

xs 1 ys 0 0 0 1 0

0 l cosa 1 0 0

l sin a
0 0

0 x 0 y . 0 z 1 1