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    Lesson 4 - The Polarity of Molecule Based On Its Structure

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    theresa balatico
    Here are the Lewis dot structures for the requested molecules: 1. CH4: H | C | H-C-H | | H H 2. H2O: H-O-H 3. HCN: H-C≡N 4. BF3: B | F-B-F | F 5. NH3: H \ | / N / | \ H-N-H | H

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    Lesson 4 - The Polarity of Molecule Based On Its Structure

    Uploaded by

    theresa balatico
    118 views48 pages
    Here are the Lewis dot structures for the requested molecules: 1. CH4: H | C | H-C-H | | H H 2. H2O: H-O-H 3. HCN: H-C≡N 4. BF3: B | F-B-F | F 5. NH3: H \ | / N / | \ H-N-H | H

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    Lesson 4- The Polarity of Molecule Based on Its Structure

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    Here are the Lewis dot structures for the requested molecules: 1. CH4: H | C | H-C-H | | H H 2. H2O: H-O-H 3. HCN: H-C≡N 4. BF3: B | F-B-F | F 5. NH3: H \ | / N / | \ H-N-H | H

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    118 views48 pages

    Lesson 4 - The Polarity of Molecule Based On Its Structure

    Uploaded by

    theresa balatico
    Here are the Lewis dot structures for the requested molecules: 1. CH4: H | C | H-C-H | | H H 2. H2O: H-O-H 3. HCN: H-C≡N 4. BF3: B | F-B-F | F 5. NH3: H \ | / N / | \ H-N-H | H

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 48

    Lesson 4:

    The Polarity of Molecule


    Based on Its Structure
    MOLECULE is a
    group of two or
    more atoms held
    together by
    chemical bond.
    Example of Molecules
    Example of Molecules
    POLARITY refers to the distribution of electric
    charge around atoms, chemical group, or
    molecules.
    2 Factors that determine
    the POLARITY OF MOLECULES
    1. The polarity of the bonds between atoms
    which can be studied based on
    electronegativity.
    2. The geometric shape of the molecule which
    can be predicted via the valence shell
    electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
    POLARITY OF
    MOLECULES
    • All compounds can be classified based on
    what type of chemical bond formed when
    the atoms combined.
    1. METALLIC BOND
    ❖ A metallic bond is
    formed when the
    valence electrons are
    not associated with a
    particular atom or
    ion, but exist as a
    "cloud" of electrons
    around the ion
    centers
    ❖ Formed only between
    metals.
    2. IONIC BOND
    ❖ An ionic bond is
    formed when
    valence electrons
    are transferred from
    one atom to the
    other to complete
    the outer electron
    shell.
    ❖ Formed only
    between metals
    and non-metals .
    2. COVALENT BOND
    ❖ A covalent bond is
    formed when the
    valence electrons
    from one atom are
    shared between two
    or more particular
    atoms.
    ❖ Formed only
    between
    nonmetals.
    TYPES OF COVALENT BOND BASED ON ITS
    CONCENTRATION OF CHARGES

    1 Nonpolar
    Covalent Bond
    Equal sharing of
    electrons
    TYPES OF COVALENT BOND BASED ON ITS
    CONCENTRATION OF CHARGES

    2Polar Covalent
    Bond
    Unequal sharing of
    electrons
    • Water is called the
    "universal solvent"
    because it is capable of
    dissolving more
    substances than any other
    liquid.
    • It is water's chemical
    composition and physical
    attributes that make it
    such an excellent solvent.
    Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
    • “water-loving” • “water-fearing”
    • Substances/ • Substances/
    molecules that molecules that do
    have a tendency to not mix with water.
    mix or be wetted Examples: oil &
    with water. fats
    Examples: salt &
    sugar
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
    1.Polar molecules have positive and negative
    ends (charges) while nonpolar molecules
    charges are cancelled out.
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
    2.In Polar molecules, charges is unevenly
    distributed, while in nonpolar molecules
    distribution of electrons is equal and are
    completely symmetrical.
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules

    3. When a highly electronegative atom bond with


    less electronegative atom a polar molecule is
    formed.
    Electronegativity
    H = 2.2
    Cl = 3.16
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)

    ❖ Linus Pauling described


    electronegativity as “the power
    of an atom in a molecule to
    attract electrons to itself.”
    ❖ The higher the value of
    Linus Pauling
    (1901 – 1904)
    electronegativity, the more it
    American Chemist tends to attract electron toward
    itself.
    Directions of
    increasing
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY
    What is the connection of ELECTRONEGATIVITY to
    the POLARITY of a molecule?

    Electronegativity Bond Type


    Difference
    Less than 0.4 Non-polar Covalent Bond
    0.4 to 1.7 Polar Covalent Bond
    Greater than 1.7 Ionic Bond
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
    4. Nonpolar are mostly hydrocarbons liquids.

    Electronegativity
    H = 2.2
    C = 2.55
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules

    5. Polar molecules have electrical dipole


    movement while nonpolar don’t have.
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
    6. Polar molecules interact with polar molecules.
    Nonpolar molecules do not interact the same way.
    7. Polar molecules have a lone pair on the central atom
    while nonpolar molecules don’t have lone pair on the
    central atom.
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
    8. When an atom on the terminal is different then it is
    polar.
    Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
    9. “Like dissolves like” which means that polar
    molecules dissolves into other polar molecules and
    nonpolar into other nonpolar. Polar cannot dissolve
    into nonpolar molecules and vice versa.
    TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
    BASED ON ITS SHARED
    ELECTRONS
    1 Single Bond
    • It is the result of two atoms sharing 1 pair of valence
    electrons to form a chemical bond.
    • can be represented by single lines (−).
    2 Double Bond
    • It is the result of two atoms sharing 2 pair of valence
    electrons to form a chemical bond.
    • can be represented by double lines (=).
    3 Triple Bond
    • It is the result of two atoms sharing 3 pair of valence
    electrons to form a chemical bond.
    • can be represented by triple lines (≡).
    What is a valence electron?
    Lewis Dot Structure
    What is Lewis Dot Structure?

    • In 1916, Gilbert Lewis


    Newton introduced a
    simple way to show
    the bonding between
    atoms in a molecule
    though Lewis electron
    dot diagrams.
    Why Lewis Dot Structure?

    • A Lewis dot diagram or


    Lewis structure is a
    diagram of the valence
    electrons of an atom that
    uses dots around the
    symbol of the element.
    The number of dots
    equals the number of
    valence electrons in the
    atom.
    Bonding pairs are the shared pairs of
    electrons represented by lines in the structure
    while lone pairs or nonbonding pairs are the
    unshared pairs of electrons.
    Steps for Creating Simple Lewis Dot Structures

    1.Count the total number of valence electrons in the molecule.


    2. Use the formula of molecules shown as AXn, place the atom
    with the least number of valence electron, at the center of the
    structure.
    3. Draw a single bond from each terminal atom to the central
    atom.
    4. Each atom must obtain eight electrons to follow the Octet rule.
    Note: Place the lone pairs on the side and place any remaining
    valence electrons on the central atom.
    5. If an atom still does not have an octet number. Move a lone
    pair from the side atom and the central atom to make a double
    or triple bond.
    Draw the LEDS of the following molecules.
    1. 𝐶𝐻4 (methane)
    2. 𝐻2 𝑜 (water)
    3. 𝐻𝐶𝑁 (Hydrogen Cyanide)
    4. 𝐵𝐹3 (Boron trifluoride)
    5. 𝑁𝐻3 (Ammonia)

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