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    Intermolecular Forces

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    phils_skorea
    The document discusses intermolecular forces (IMFs), which are the attractions between molecules that determine properties like solubility and boiling point. There are different types of IMFs based on factors like molecular polarity. Ionic and polar molecules experience ionic or dipole-dipole attractions, while nonpolar molecules experience weaker London dispersion forces due to temporary dipoles. Hydrogen bonding is a very strong type of dipole-dipole interaction found in molecules containing hydrogen bonded to N, O, or F. The relative strengths of different IMFs help explain solids, liquids and gases at room temperature.

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    Intermolecular Forces

    Uploaded by

    phils_skorea
    212 views7 pages
    The document discusses intermolecular forces (IMFs), which are the attractions between molecules that determine properties like solubility and boiling point. There are different types of IMFs based on factors like molecular polarity. Ionic and polar molecules experience ionic or dipole-dipole attractions, while nonpolar molecules experience weaker London dispersion forces due to temporary dipoles. Hydrogen bonding is a very strong type of dipole-dipole interaction found in molecules containing hydrogen bonded to N, O, or F. The relative strengths of different IMFs help explain solids, liquids and gases at room temperature.

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    The document discusses intermolecular forces (IMFs), which are the attractions between molecules that determine properties like solubility and boiling point. There are different types of IMFs based on factors like molecular polarity. Ionic and polar molecules experience ionic or dipole-dipole attractions, while nonpolar molecules experience weaker London dispersion forces due to temporary dipoles. Hydrogen bonding is a very strong type of dipole-dipole interaction found in molecules containing hydrogen bonded to N, O, or F. The relative strengths of different IMFs help explain solids, liquids and gases at room temperature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    212 views7 pages

    Intermolecular Forces

    Uploaded by

    phils_skorea
    The document discusses intermolecular forces (IMFs), which are the attractions between molecules that determine properties like solubility and boiling point. There are different types of IMFs based on factors like molecular polarity. Ionic and polar molecules experience ionic or dipole-dipole attractions, while nonpolar molecules experience weaker London dispersion forces due to temporary dipoles. Hydrogen bonding is a very strong type of dipole-dipole interaction found in molecules containing hydrogen bonded to N, O, or F. The relative strengths of different IMFs help explain solids, liquids and gases at room temperature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Questions

    Why do some solids dissolve in water


    but others do not?
    Why are some substances gases at
    room temperature, but others are liquid
    or solid?
    The answers have to do with

    Intermolecular forces

    Intermolecular forces
    Overview

    There are 2 types of attraction in molecules:


    intramolecular bonds & intermolecular forces
    Intramolecular bonds are BONDS - ionic, polar
    covalent or non-polar covalent
    Intermolecular forces (IMF) have to do with the
    attraction between molecules (vs. the attraction
    between atoms in a molecule)
    Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
    41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
    930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

    Ionic, Dipole - Dipole attractions


    We have seen that molecules can have a
    separation of charge
    This happens in both ionic and polar bonds
    (the greater the EN, the greater the
    dipoles)

    +
    H

    Cl

    Molecules are non polar if the EN of all bonds is 0 - 0.4 or if


    it is symmetrical in shape
    Molecules are polar if the EN of any bond is 0.5 or greater
    and if it is non symmetrical in shape

    Electronegativity & IMFs

    EN essentially defines the type of IMF.


    Ionic bonds form if the EN is 1.7 or greater.
    Dipole-dipole (polar covalent) is around 0.5-1.9.
    Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole.
    London forces exist in all molecules, but are
    especially important in non-polar covalent
    molecules (where EN is less than 0.5). +
    Recall that ionic are strongest.
    +
    Dipole-dipole are not as strong.
    Hydrogen bonding is about five +
    +

    times stronger than regular

    dipole-dipole forces.

    London forces are weakest.

    H - bonding
    H-bonding is a special type of dipole - dipole
    attraction that is very strong
    It occurs when N, O, or F are bonded to H
    Q- Calculate the EN for HCl and H2O
    A- HCl = 3.0-2.1 = 0.9, H2O = 3.5-2.1 = 1.4
    The high EN of NH, OH, and HF bonds
    cause these to be strong forces (about 5x
    stronger than normal dipole-dipole forces)
    They are given a special name (H-bonding)
    because compounds containing these bonds
    are important in biological systems

    London forces

    Non-polar molecules do not have dipoles


    like polar molecules. How, then, can nonpolar compounds form solids or liquids?
    London forces are named after Fritz London
    (also called van der Waal forces)
    London forces are due to small dipoles that
    exist in non-polar molecules
    Because electrons are moving around in
    atoms there will be instants when the charge
    around an atom is not symmetrical
    The resulting tiny dipoles cause attractions
    between atoms/molecules

    London forces
    Instantaneous dipole:

    Induced dipole:

    Eventually electrons A dipole forms in one atom


    are situated so that or molecule, inducing a
    tiny dipoles form
    dipole in the other

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