Classification of Matter

is
The Study of matter

and how it changes
Matter is anything having mass and volume.

Mass- the amount of matter in an object
Mass is measured with a balance, unit is grams
mass is related to weight but isnt the same thing.
weight is dependent upon gravity.
mass never changes
Volume- anything that takes up space, unit L, cm3,
mL
Composition- what matter is made of. Water is

made of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O), tea has
caffeine
Properties-what matter is like. For example, water
can dissolve many substances and caffeine is a
stimulant.
What caffeine is made of
What caffeine is like
THE BASIC UNIT OF MATTER IS AN

ATOM
There are over 118 varieties of

atoms
PERIODIC TABLE
http://www.webelements.com/scandium/
ELEMENTS contain only one type of atom.

Ex: hydrogen (H) is an element that contains only
hydrogen atoms, carbon (C) contains only carbon
atoms, oxygen (O) contains only oxygen atoms, etc.
Atoms of elements can combine together to form
compounds.
COMPOUNDS are neutral groups of atoms held

together by chemical bonds.
Ex: CO2, H2O, H2, O2
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY
MATTER?
All matter is classified as either a pure substance or a

mixture
Alloy rims/ mixture
Pure gold/Pure
of two metals
substance
24
karat
18
karat
End of introductory material. Return to index
CLASSIFYING MATTER
Pure substance-a type of matter where all
samples, no matter how big or small, have the
same propertiesthey behave in exactly the
same way.
1. Elements
2. Compounds
Elements contain one type of atom, thus they

CANNOT be broken down into simpler substances
by chemical means.
Elements consist of either:

single atoms, such as Carbon (C), or Sodium
(Na)
groups of atoms of the same type
ELEMENTS
MONATOMIC ELEMENTS
DIATOMIC ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES
Atomic nitrogen N
Molecular nitrogen N2
Ozone O3
Atomic hydrogen H
Molecular hydrogen H2
Atomic oxygen O
Molecular oxygen O2
Graphite, buckyball
Carbon C
ALLOTROPE-different forms of an element in

same physical state
COMPOUNDS
Compounds are substances made up of 2 or more different
elements that are chemically combined. CO2, H2O, HCl, Na2SO4
COMPOUNDS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY
CHEMICAL MEANS ONLY.
COMPOUNDS HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES THAN THE ELEMENTS THAT
MAKE THEM UP.
Click on the links below to watch videos of compounds broken down
into the substances that make them up.
Example-hydrolysis of water:
2H2O 2H2 + O2
water breaks down into the hydrogen and oxygen gas which make
it up.
http://www.all-science-fairprojects.com/science_fair_projects/38/819/5db524216341764c1438c1f760fddff8.html
http://earth2tech.com/2008/07/31/mit-solar-energy-storage-breakthrough/
Example-dehydration of sugar: C12H11O22 12C(s) + 11 H2O(g)
-Sugar breaks down into carbon and water
ELEMENTS TO COMPOUND
Sodium, Na, is a soft, shiny metal that

can be cut with a butter knife. When in
contact with moisture it will explode.
COMBINED WITH
Chlorine gas, Cl2, which is a

green, poisonous gas once used
as a chemical weapon in military
operations.
Will Form
TABLE SALT!
Sodium metal and chlorine gas, under the right conditions,
undergo a chemical change and combine to become..
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 NaCl

The final compound has properties different from the
elements that formed it.
1) We are studying CHEMISTRY, the study of

________and how it ________.
2) Matter is anything that has___ and takes up
___.
3) ___ are the basic building blocks of matter.
4) Matter can be classified as either a ___ or a
___.
5) Substances are either ___ or ___.
Answers:
1. matter, changes 2. mass, space 3. atoms 4. pure substance, mixture 5. elements,

compounds
Return to index
THUS FAR WE HAVE REVIEWED MATTER AS

PURE SUBSTANCES.
NOW LETS DISCOVER MATTER AS MIXTURES
MATTE
R
PURE SUBSTANCE
ELEMENT
Carbon (C)
COMPOUND
H2O
MIXTURE
MATTER AS MIXTURES
Mixtures are combinations of 2 or more substances
where each substance retains its individual properties.
HOW ARE MIXTURES LIKE COMPOUNDS?

HOW ARE MIXTURES DIFFERENT
FROM COMPOUNDS?
THEY ARE MADE FROM TWO

OR MORE SUBSTANCES
MIXTURES DO NOT FORM
CHEMICAL BONDS.
Classifying mixtures
There are two types of mixtures:
1) HOMOGENEOUS
2) HETEROGENEOUS
is
a mixture that is the same throughout.

A homogeneous mixture has a
composition and properties that are
identical regardless of the sample
Ways to identify a homogeneous mixture:
one phase
uniformly mixed
wont settle out
small particles
A SOLUTION is another name for a homogeneous mixture
is
a mixture that is visibly different

throughout. Heterogenous mixtures have
a composition and properties that differ
in any given sample.
Ways to identify a homogeneous mixture:
not uniformly mixed

more than one phase
will settle out
larger particles
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
There are special types of heterogeneous mixtures:
Suspensions-appear uniform when mixed but settle out.
Chocolate Quik
Muddy water
Pulpy oj
Oil & Vinegar dressing
Colloids-appear uniform but they do not settle out. However,

their particles are too large to be classified as a homogeneous
solution.
Gelatin
Milk
Smoke
Fog
mayonnaise
TYNDALL EFFECT
Colloids are evenly mixed, but their particles are too
large to be considered homogeneous mixtures,
which are also the same throughout.
Colloids show the Tyndall Effect. The Tyndall effect
is the scattering of light as a beam passes through a
colloid.
In each picture, the colloid on the left scatters the beam making it
visible
Mixtures
Summary
Heterogeneous Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
Not evenly mixed
Evenly mixed
Individual components retain

their own properties
Properties of combined
components are usually
different than those of each
component
Individual components can be

easily seen
Individual components can not

be easily seen
Can be easily separated
Not as easily separated
Ex.: salt & pepper mix, rocks,

cereal, bag of assorted candy
Ex. salt-water solution, tea,

Cool-Aid drink
Practice Problems
Determine whether each is a heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tossed salad
Salt water
Kool-aid
Muddy water
OJ with pulp
Answers:
6. Tea
7. Banana nut
bread
8. Pizza
9. Blood
10. Brass
1. He 2. Ho 3. Ho 4. He 5. He 6. Ho 7. He 8. He 9. He 10. Ho
Return to index
Now, lets put it all together and determine how

to tell substances (compounds and elements)
from mixtures.
Pure Substances
Made of either elements or
compounds that are
chemically bonded.
Cannot be separated by
physical means.
When combined they take
on new properties different
from the original elements.
Examples:
Glucose: C6H12O6
Table Salt: NaCl
Oxygen Gas: O2
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Mixtures:
Two or more substances mixed
together but not chemically
combined.
Tea = Crushed Leaf + H2O
Rocks = minerals + sediments +
organic matter
Sugar Water = Sugar + H2O
Each component retains its own

identity; it does not change into
something else.
Can be separated by physical
means
Examples:
Sweet tea
Trail mix
Air (O2, N2, CO2, Ar)
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Two of the descriptions to the right apply to each bottle
below. Determine the appropriate descriptions.
a. Two types of
atoms evenly
mixed
b. Two types of
atoms chemically
combined
c. One type of atom
oxygen atoms
hydrogen
atoms
d. Two types of
atoms mixed
hydrogen
atoms
e. An element
f. A solution
g. A compound
d&h
1_______
b&g
2_______
c&e
3_______
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
a&f
4_______
h. A mixture
Return to Index
Review: How matter is classified
Classifying Matter
Matter
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Homogeneous
Elements
Compounds
He, O
H2O, NaCl
Tea, kool-aid
Heterogeneous
Rocky Road ice
cream, muddy
water

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is

The Study of matter

Matter is anything having mass and volume.

Composition- what matter is made of. Water is

What caffeine is like

THE BASIC UNIT OF MATTER IS AN

There are over 118 varieties of

ELEMENTS contain only one type of atom.

COMPOUNDS are neutral groups of atoms held

All matter is classified as either a pure substance or a

Elements contain one type of atom, thus they

Elements consist of either:

ALLOTROPE-different forms of an element in

Sodium, Na, is a soft, shiny metal that

Chlorine gas, Cl2, which is a

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 NaCl

1) We are studying CHEMISTRY, the study of

1. matter, changes 2. mass, space 3. atoms 4. pure substance, mixture 5. elements,

THUS FAR WE HAVE REVIEWED MATTER AS

HOW ARE MIXTURES LIKE COMPOUNDS?

THEY ARE MADE FROM TWO

a mixture that is the same throughout.

Ways to identify a homogeneous mixture:

a mixture that is visibly different

not uniformly mixed

Colloids-appear uniform but they do not settle out. However,

Not evenly mixed

Individual components retain

Individual components can be

Individual components can not

Can be easily separated

Not as easily separated

Ex.: salt & pepper mix, rocks,

Ex. salt-water solution, tea,

Now, lets put it all together and determine how

Each component retains its own

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Review: How matter is classified

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