Propiedades Agua Vapor

Appendix A
Thermodynamic Properties
526 Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties
A. 1. Seawater Density
The density correlation for seawater is given by

p = 1 0 3 ( A i F i + A2F2 + A3F3 + A4F4) (A.1)
where
B = ((2)(X)/1000-150)/150
Gi = 0.5
G2 = B
G3 = 2 B2 - 1
Ai = 4.032219 Gi + 0.115313 G2 + 3.26x10-4 G3
A2 = - 0.108199 Gi + 1.571x10-3 G2 - 4.23x10-4 G3
A3 = - 0.012247 Gi + 1.74x10-3 G2 - 9x10-6 G3
A4 = 6.92x10-4 Gi - 8.7x10-5 G2 - 5.3x10-5 G3
A = ((2)(T) - 200)/160
Fi = 0.5, F2 = A, F3 = 2 A2 - 1, F4 = 4 A3 - 3 A
In the above equations p is the seawater density in kg/m3, X is is the seawater
salinity in ppm, and T is the seawater temperature in ^C. This correlation is valid
over the following ranges: 0 < X < 160000 ppm and 10 < T < 180 ^C. Variations in
the seawater density as a function of temperature and salinity are given in Table
A.1 and Fig. A. 1.
Salinity, ppm
-•-20000
- 4 - 30000
- > ^ 40000
--•- 50000
-•-60000
-^70000
T-
40 60 80 100 120
Tenperature, °C
Figure A. 1: Variation in density of seawater as a function
of tenperature and salinity.
Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties 527
Table A.l: Variation in seawater density (kg/m^) as a function of temperature

(oC) and salinity (ppm)
Salinity ppm
T(oC) 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
10 1008 1015 1023 1031 1038 1046 1054
15 1007 1014 1022 1030 1037 1045 1053
20 1006 1013 1021 1028 1036 1044 1051
25 1004 1012 1019 1027 1034 1042 1050
30 1003 1010 1018 1025 1033 1040 1048
35 1001 1008 1016 1023 1031 1038 1046
40 999 1007 1014 1021 1029 1036 1044
45 997 1004 1012 1019 1027 1034 1042
50 995 1002 1010 1017 1024 1032 1039
55 993 999.9 1007 1015 1022 1029 1037
60 990 997.5 1005 1012 1020 1027 1034
65 988 994.9 1002 1010 1017 1024 1032
70 985 992.2 999.5 1007 1014 1022 1029
75 982 989.3 996.6 1004 1011 1019 1026
80 979 986.3 993.7 1001 1008 1016 1023
85 976 983.2 990.6 997.9 1005 1013 1020
90 973 980 987.4 994.7 1002 1010 1017
95 969 976.7 984 991.4 998.8 1006 1014
100 966 973.2 980.6 988 995.4 1003 1010
105 962 969.6 977 984.4 991.9 999.3 1007
110 958 965.9 973.3 980.8 988.3 995.7 1003
A.2. Seawater Specific Heat at Constant Pressure
The seawater specific heat at constant pressure is given by the following

correlation
Cp = (A + BT + CT2 + DT3)xlO-3 (A.2)
The variables A, B, C and D are evaluated as a function of the water salinity as
follows:
A = 4206.8 - 6.6197 s +1.2288x10-2 s2
B = -1.1262 + 5.4178x10-2 s - 2.2719x10-4 s2
C = 1.2026x10-2 - 5.3566x10-4 s + 1.8906x10-6 s2
D = 6.8777xl0-'7 + 1.517x10-6 s - 4.4268x10-9 s2
where Cp in kJ/kg ^C, T in ^C, and s is the water salinity in gm/kg. The above
correlation is valid over salinity and temperature ranges of 20000 < X < 160000
ppm and 20 <_T < 180 ^C, respectively. Variations in the seawater specific heat as
a function of temperature and salinity are given in Table A.2 and Fig. A.2.
Salinity, ppm
20000
u
o 30000
I 40000
50000
1ô 60000
OH
70000
C/5
Figure A.2: Variation in specific heat capacity of seawater

as afimctionof tenperature and salinity.
Table A.2: Variation in seawater specific heat (kJ/kg ^C) as a function of

temperature (^C) and salinity (ppm)
Salinity p p m
T(«C) 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
10 4.14 4.078 4.022 3.968 3.916 3.866 3.818
15 4.13 4.078 4.023 3.971 3.92 3.871 3.824
20 4.13 4.078 4.025 3.973 3.923 3.875 3.829
25 4.13 4.078 4.026 3.976 3.927 3.879 3.834
30 4.13 4.078 4.027 3.978 3.93 3.883 3.838
35 4.13 4.078 4.029 3.98 3.933 3.887 3.842
40 4.13 4.079 4.03 3.982 3.935 3.89 3.845
45 4.13 4.08 4.032 3.984 3.938 3.893 3.849
50 4.13 4.082 4.033 3.986 3.94 3.895 3.851
55 4.13 4.083 4.035 3.989 3.943 3.898 3.854
60 4.13 4.085 4.038 3.991 3.945 3.901 3.857
65 4.14 4.087 4.04 3.994 3.948 3.903 3.86
70 4.14 4.09 4.043 3.997 3.951 3.906 3.862
75 4.14 4.093 4.046 4 3.954 3.909 3.865
80 4.15 4.097 4.05 4.003 3.957 3.912 3.868
85 4.15 4.101 4.053 4.007 3.961 3.915 3.871
90 4.15 4.105 4.058 4.011 3.964 3.919 3.874
95 4.16 4.11 4.062 4.015 3.969 3.923 3.878
100 4.17 4.116 4.068 4.02 3.973 3.927 3.882
105 4.17 4.122 4.073 4.025 3.978 3.932 3.887
110 4.18 4.129 4.08 4.031 3.984 3.937 3.892
A.3. Seawater Dynamic Viscosity
The correlation for the dynamic viscosity of seawater is given by

^=(M(^R)X10-3 (A.3)
with
Ln(|iw) = - 3.79418 + 604.129/(139.18+T)
I^R=1 + A s + Bs2
A = 1.474x10-3 + 1.5x10-5 T - 3.927x10-8 T2
B = 1.0734x10-5 - 8.5x10-8 T +2.23x10-10 T 2
where [i in kg/m s, T in ^C, and s in gm/kg. The above correlation is valid over the
following ranges 0 < s < 130 gm/kg and 10 < T < 180 ^C. Variations in the
seawater viscosity as a function of temperature and salinity are given in Table
A.3 and Fig. A.3.
1 /^ ^
1.0
Salinity, ppm
1.4 î-20000
2 1.2 - --A-30000
^^40000
1 '•'- - • - 50000
^. 0.8
1 0.6- --•-60000
-h-70000
1 0.4^
0.2 -
0.0 - 1 1 1 1 1
() 20 40 60 80 100 i:>0
Tenperature, C
Figure A.3: Variation in viscosity of seawater as a
function of tenperature and salinity.
Table A.3: Variation in seawater viscosity (kg/m s) as a function of temperature

(oC) and salinity (ppm)
Salinity pp>m
T(oC) 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
10 1.31 1.338 1.365 1.395 1.428 1.463 1.5
15 1.15 1.175 1.199 1.226 1.255 1.286 1.319
20 1.02 1.04 1.062 1.086 1.112 1.14 1.169
25 0.91 0.928 0.948 0.969 0.993 1.018 1.044
30 0.82 0.833 0.851 0.871 0.892 0.915 0.939
35 0.74 0.753 0.77 0.788 0.807 0.827 0.849
40 0.67 0.684 0.7 0.716 0.734 0.753 0.772
45 0.61 0.625 0.639 0.655 0.671 0.688 0.706
50 0.56 0.573 0.587 0.601 0.616 0.632 0.649
55 0.52 0.529 0.541 0.555 0.569 0.584 0.599
60 0.48 0.489 0.501 0.514 0.527 0.541 0.555
65 0.44 0.455 0.466 0.478 0.49 0.503 0.516
70 0.41 0.424 0.435 0.446 0.457 0.469 0.482
75 0.39 0.397 0.407 0.417 0.428 0.439 0.451
80 0.36 0.372 0.382 0.392 0.402 0.413 0.424
85 0.34 0.35 0.359 0.369 0.379 0.389 0.399
90 0.32 0.33 0.339 0.348 0.357 0.367 0.377
95 0.3 0.313 0.321 0.329 0.338 0.347 0.357
100 0.29 0.296 0.304 0.312 0.321 0.33 0.338
105 0.27 0.282 0.289 0.297 0.305 0.313 0.322
110 0.26 0.268 0.275 0.283 0.291 0.298 0.307
A.4. Seawater Thermal Conductivity
The seawater thermal conductivity is given by

Logio(k)=Logio(240 + A s )
343.5 + B s ^^ T +273.15 Y^^ (A.4)

+ 0.434 2.3-
T + 273.15, 647.3 + C sV.
where k is the thermal conductivity in W/m ^C, s is the salinity in gm/kg, T is the
temperature in ^C. The constants A, B, and C are equal to 2x10-4, 3.7x10-2, and
3x10-2, respectively. The above correlation valid over the following ranges, 0 < s <
160 gm/kg and 20 < T < 180 ^C. Variations in the seawater thermal conductivity
as a function of temperature and salinity are given in Table A.4 and Fig. A.4.
0.70
u 0.68 H
o
s 0.66 \ Salinity, ppm
0.64
-^20000
I O
0.62 H -kr- 30000
^^40000
0.60 -I -•- 50000
-^60000
0.58
-h-70000
0.56
0 20 40 60 80 100 1201
Tenperature, "C
Figure A.4: Variation in thermal conductivity of seawater
as afimctionof tenperature and salinity.
Table A.4: Variation in seawater thermal conductivity (kW/m^C) as a function of

temperature (°C) and salinity (gm/kg)
Salinity (gm/kg)
T(oC) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
10 0.5877 0.5872 0.5866 0.586 0.5855 0.5849 0.5844
15 0.5955 0.595 0.5944 0.5939 0.5933 0.5928 0.5922
20 0.603 0.6024 0.6019 0.6013 0.6008 0.6003 0.5997
25 0.61 0.6095 0.609 0.6084 0.6079 0.6074 0.6068
30 0.6168 0.6162 0.6157 0.6152 0.6147 0.6141 0.6136
35 0.6231 0.6226 0.6221 0.6216 0.621 0.6205 0.62
40 0.6291 0.6286 0.6281 0.6276 0.6271 0.6266 0.6261
45 0.6347 0.6343 0.6338 0.6333 0.6328 0.6323 0.6318
50 0.6401 0.6396 0.6391 0.6386 0.6381 0.6377 0.6372
55 0.645 0.6446 0.6441 0.6436 0.6432 0.6427 0.6422
60 0.6497 0.6492 0.6488 0.6483 0.6478 0.6474 0.6469
65 0.654 0.6535 0.6531 0.6527 0.6522 0.6518 0.6513
70 0.658 0.6575 0.6571 0.6567 0.6563 0.6558 0.6554
75 0.6616 0.6612 0.6608 0.6604 0.66 0.6596 0.6591
80 0.665 0.6646 0.6642 0.6638 0.6634 0.663 0.6626
85 0.6681 0.6677 0.6673 0.6669 0.6665 0.6661 0.6657
90 0.6708 0.6704 0.6701 0.6697 0.6693 0.6689 0.6686
95 0.6733 0.6729 0.6725 0.6722 0.6718 0.6715 0.6711
100 0.6754 0.6751 0.6747 0.6744 0.674 0.6737 0.6733
105 0.6773 0.677 0.6766 0.6763 0.676 0.6756 0.6753
110 0.6789 0.6786 0.6783 0.6779 0.6776 0.6773 0.677
A.5. Enthalpy of Saturated Liquid Water
The correlation for enthalpy of saturated liquid water is given by

H = - 0.033635409 + 4.207557011 T - 6.200339x10-4 T2
+ 4.459374x10-6 T^ (A.5)
In the above equation, T is the saturation temperature in °C and H is the
enthalpy in kJ/kg. Values for the calculated enthalpy over a temperature range of
5-200 ^C are given in Table A.5. The table also includes values extracted from the
steam tables. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table
values are less than 0.04%. Figure A.5 show variations in the calculated and the
steam tables values for the liquid water enthalpy as a function of temperature.
s
S
Entha^)yfromSteam
.^ Tables (kJ/kg)
^
Cafculated Entha^y
(kJ/kg)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Tenperature, °C
Figure A.5: Variation in entha^y of liquid water as a
function of tenperature.
Table A. 5: Variation in liquid water enthalpy (kJ/kg) as a function of temperature

(«C).
T(°C) Calculated Enthalpy from Steam Percentage
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Tables (kJ/kg) Error
5 20.98921 20.98 0.043881
10 41.98439 41.99 0.013359
15 62.95526 62.98 0.039278
20 83.90517 83.94 0.041498
25 104.8374 104.87 0.031042
30 125.7554 125.77 0.011571
35 146.6625 146.66 0.001714
40 167.562 167.54 0.013126
45 188.4572 188.42 0.019755
50 209.3516 209.31 0.019852
55 230.2483 230.2 0.020993
60 251.1509 251.11 0.016283
65 272.0626 272.03 0.011978
70 292.9868 292.96 0.009133
75 313.9267 313.91 0.005335
80 334.8859 334.88 0.001764
85 355.8676 355.88 0.00349
90 376.8751 376.9 0.006605
95 397.9118 397.94 0.007079
100 418.9811 419.02 0.009283
105 440.0863 440.13 0.009938
110 461.2307 461.27 0.00853
115 482.4176 482.46 0.008783
120 503.6505 503.69 0.007839
125 524.9327 524.96 0.005205
130 546.2674 546.29 0.004128
135 567.6582 567.67 0.002083
140 589.1082 589.11 0.000305
145 610.6209 610.61 0.001782
150 632.1995 632.18 0.003091
155 653.8475 653.82 0.004212
160 675.5682 675.53 0.005657
165 697.3649 697.32 0.006441
170 719.241 719.2 0.005699
175 741.1998 741.16 0.005365
180 763.2446 763.21 0.004534
185 785.3788 785.36 0.002399
190 807.6058 807.61 0.000517
195 829.9289 829.96 0.003747
200 852.3514 852.43 0.00922
A.6. Enthalpy of Saturated Water Vapor
The correlation for the water vapor enthalpy is given by

H" = 2501.689845 + 1.806916015 T + 5.087717x10-4 T2
- 1.1221x10-5 T3 (A.6)
In the above equation, T is the saturation temperature in °C and H" is the vapor
enthalpy in kJ/kg. Values for the calculated enthalpy over a temperature range of
0.01-200 ^C are given in Table A.6. The table also includes values extracted from
the steam tables. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table
steam table values for the enthalpy of water vapor as a function of temperature.
2850
• Calculated Entha^)y
2800 (kJ/kg)
s 2750
2700
• Entha^)y from Steam
Tables (kJ/kg)
Io
2650
2600
> 2550
2500
2450 I I I I I I I I I I
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220!

Tenperature, ^C
Figure A.6: Variation in entha^y of water vapor as a
fimction of tenperature.
Table A.6: Variation in water vapor enthalpy (kJ/kg) as a function of temperature

CO
T(°C) Calculated Enthalpy from Percentage
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Steam Tables (kJ/kg) Error
OOl 2501.708 2501.35 0.014309
5 2510.736 2510.54 0.007797
10 2519.799 2519.74 0.002328
15 2528.87 2528.91 0.001574
20 2537.942 2538.06 0.004653
25 2547.005 2547.17 0.006462
30 2556.052 2556.25 0.007736
35 2565.074 2565.28 0.008028
40 2574.062 2574.26 0.007677
45 2583.009 2583.19 0.007014
50 2591.905 2592.06 0.005982
55 2600.742 2600.86 0.004523
60 2609.513 2609.59 0.002964
65 2618.207 2618.24 0.001246
70 2626.818 2626.8 0.000691
75 2635.337 2635.28 0.002146
80 2643.754 2643.66 0.003561
85 2652.063 2651.93 0.004997
90 2660.253 2660.09 0.006137
95 2668.318 2668.13 0.007044
100 2676.248 2676.05 0.007406
105 2684.036 2683.83 0.007659
110 2691.672 2691.47 0.007492
115 2699.148 2698.96 0.006966
120 2706.456 2706.3 0.005773
125 2713.588 2713.46 0.004715
130 2720.535 2720.46 0.002746
135 2727.288 2727.26 0.00103
140 2733.84 2733.87 0.001109
145 2740.181 2740.26 0.002881
150 2746.304 2746.44 0.004958
155 2752.2 2752.39 0.006918
160 2757.86 2758.09 0.008344
165 2763.276 2763.53 0.00918
170 2768.44 2768.7 0.009375
175 2773.344 2773.58 0.008513
180 2777.978 2778.16 0.006543
185 2782.335 2782.43 0.003413
190 2786.406 2786.37 0.001289
195 2790.182 2789.96 0.007972
200 2793.656 2793.18 0.017047
A. 7. Latent Heat of Water Evaporation
The correlation for latent heat of water evaporation is given by

X = 2501.897149 - 2.407064037 T + 1.192217x10-3 T2
- 1.5863x10-5 T3 (A.7)
In the above equation, T is the saturation temperature in °C and X is the latent
heat in kJ/kg. Values for the calculated enthalpy over a temperature range of 5 -
200 °C are given in Table A.7. The table also includes values extracted from the
steam tables. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table
steam table values for the latent heat of water as a function of temperature.
2700
2500
2300 ^
2100
<4
1900 - Calculated Latent
Heat(kJ/kg)
1700 - Latent Heat from
Steam Tables (kJ/kg)
1500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220|
Tenperature, °C
Figure A. 7: Variation in latent heat of water evaporation I
as a function of tenperature.
Table A.7: Variation in latent heat of water evaporation in (kJ/kg) as a function

of temperature (^C)
T(oC) Calculated Latent Latent Heat from Percentage
Heat (kJ/kg) Steam Tables (kJ/kg) Error
5 2489.89 2489.56 0.013241
10 2477.93 2477.75 0.007259
15 2466.006 2465.93 0.003078
20 2454.106 2454.12 0.000577
25 2442.218 2442.3 0.003365
30 2430.33 2430.48 0.006175
35 2418.43 2418.62 0.007845
40 2406.507 2406.72 0.008854
45 2394.548 2394.77 0.009271
50 2382.542 2382.75 0.008746
55 2370.476 2370.66 0.007767
60 2358.339 2358.48 0.005984
65 2346.119 2346.21 0.00389
70 2333.804 2333.84 0.001563
75 2321.381 2321.37 0.000489
80 2308.84 2308.78 0.002614
85 2296.169 2296.05 0.005166
90 2283.354 2283.19 0.007192
95 2270.385 2270.19 0.008602
100 2257.25 2257.03 0.009743
105 2243.936 2243.7 0.010528
110 2230.432 2230.2 0.010415
115 2216.726 2216.5 0.010206
120 2202.806 2202.61 0.008904
125 2188.66 2188.5 0.007316
130 2174.276 2174.17 0.004888
135 2159.643 2159.59 0.002441
140 2144.748 2144.76 0.00058
145 2129.579 2129.65 0.00334
150 2114.125 2114.26 0.006395
155 2098.373 2098.57 0.009369
160 2082.313 2082.56 0.01187
165 2065.931 2066.21 0.013499
170 2049.216 2049.5 0.013838
175 2032.157 2032.42 0.01295
180 2014.74 2014.95 0.010402
185 1996.955 1997.07 0.005742
190 1978.79 1978.76 0.001499
195 1960.232 1960 0.011812
200 1941.269 1940.75 0.026741
A.8. Entropy of Saturated Liquid Water
The correlation for entropy of saturated Hquid water is given by

S = - 0.00057846 + 0.015297489 T - 2.63129x10-5 T2
+ 4.11959x10-8 T3 (A.8)
In the above equation, T is the saturation temperature in °C and S is the entropy
of saturated liquid water in kJ/kg ^C. Values for the calculated entropy over a
temperature range of 5-200 ^C are given in Table A.8. The table also includes
values extracted from the steam tables. The percentage errors for the calculated
versus the steam table values are less than 0.4%. Figure A.8 show variations in
the calculated and the steam table values for the saturation entropy of water
vapor as a function of temperature.
2.5
1.5
- EntropyfromSteam
I 1
Tables (kJ/kgK)
• Cabulated Entropy
0.5
(kJ/kgK)
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240!
Temprature (^C)
Figure A.8: Variation in entropy of saturated liquid water
as afimctionof tenperature
Table A.8: Variation in the entropy of saturated Hquid water (kJ/kg ^C) as a
function of temperature ("C)
T(oC) Entropy from Calculated Percentage
Steam Table Entropy (kJ/kg ^C) Error
(kJ/kg ^C)
10 0.149806 0.151 0.790506
15 0.223103 0.2245 0.62249
20 0.295176 0.2966 0.4802
25 0.366057 0.3673 0.338446
30 0.435777 0.4369 0.257064
35 0.504367 0.5052 0.16496
40 0.571857 0.5724 0.094865
45 0.638279 0.6386 0.050283
50 0.703663 0.7037 0.005227
55 0.768041 0.7679 0.018345
60 0.831443 0.8311 0.041239
65 0.8939 0.8934 0.055935
70 0.955443 0.9548 0.067316
75 1.016103 1.0154 0.069199
80 1.07591 1.0752 0.066068
85 1.134897 1.1342 0.061435
90 1.193093 1.1924 0.058103
95 1.250529 1.25 0.042348
100 1.307237 1.3068 0.033462
105 1.363247 1.3629 0.025497
110 1.418591 1.4184 0.013459
115 1.473298 1.4733 0.000109
120 1.527401 1.5275 0.006489
125 1.580929 1.5812 0.017124
130 1.633914 1.6343 0.023596
135 1.686387 1.6869 0.0304
140 1.738379 1.739 0.035735
145 1.789919 1.7906 0.038009
150 1.841041 1.8417 0.035802
155 1.891773 1.8924 0.033127
160 1.942148 1.9426 0.023281
165 1.992195 1.9924 0.010267
170 2.041947 2.0418 0.007203
175 2.091434 2.0909 0.025519
180 2.140686 2.1395 0.055425
185 2.189735 2.1878 0.088431
190 2.238611 2.2358 0.125732
195 2.287346 2.2835 0.168425
200 2.33597 2.3308 0.22182
A. 9. Entropy of Saturated Water Vapor
The correlation for entropy of saturated water vapor is given by

S = 9.149505306 - 2.581012 xlO-2 T + 9.625687x10-^ T2
- 1.786615x10-7 T3 (A.9)
In the above equation, T is the saturation temperature in °C and S is the entropy
of saturated water vapor in kJ/kg K. Values for the calculated entropy over a
temperature range of 0.01-200 ^C are given in Table A.9. The table also includes
versus the steam table values are less than 0.4%. Figure A.9 show variations in
the calculated and the steam table values for the saturation entropy of water
vapor as a function of temperature.
10
- EntropyfromSteam
GO
Table (kJ/kgK)
- Calculated Entropy
(kJ/kgK)
Io
>
0 40 80 120 160 200 240

Tenprature (^C)
Figure A.9: Variation in entropy of saturated water vapor
as afimctbnof tenperature
Appendix A T h e r m o d y n a m i c Properties 543
Table A.9: V a r i a t i o n in t h e entropy of s a t u r a t e d w a t e r vapor (kJ/kg K) a s a

function of t e m p e r a t u r e (QQ)
T (°C) Entropy from Calculated Percentage
Steam Table (kJ/kg "C) Entropy (kJ/kg K) Error
0.01 9.1562 9.14925 0.07594
5 9.0257 9.02284 0.03170
10 8.9007 8.90085 0.00170
15 8.7813 8.78341 0.02401
20 8.6671 8.67038 0.03780
25 8.5579 8.56162 0.04348
30 8.4533 8.45701 0.04388
35 8.353 8.35641 0.04077
40 8.2569 8.25968 0.03363
45 8.1647 8.16669 0.02437
50 8.0762 8.07731 0.01373
55 7.9912 7.99140 0.00251
60 7.9095 7.90883 0.00845
65 7.8309 7.82947 0.01829
70 7.7552 7.75317 0.02612
75 7.6824 7.67982 0.03361
80 7.6121 7.60926 0.03725
85 7.5444 7.54138 0.04003
90 7.479 7.47603 0.03970
95 7.4158 7.41308 0.03665
100 7.3548 7.35240 0.03263
105 7.2958 7.29385 0.02671
110 7.2386 7.23730 0.01794
115 7.1832 7.18262 0.00812
120 7.1295 7.12966 0.00228
125 7.0774 7.07831 0.01279
130 7.0269 7.02841 0.02150
135 6.977 6.97985 0.04079
140 6.9298 6.93248 0.03861
145 6.8832 6.88617 0.04309
150 6.8378 6.84078 0.04364
155 6.7934 6.79619 0.04113
160 6.7501 6.75226 0.03206
165 6.7078 6.70886 0.01578
170 6.6663 6.66584 0.00684
175 6.6256 6.62309 0.03794
180 6.5857 6.58045 0.07969
185 6.5464 6.53781 0.13128
190 6.5078 6.49502 0.19645
195 6.4697 6.45195 0.27442
200 6.4322 6.40846 0.36903
A.10. Saturation Pressure of Water Vapor
The correlation for the water vapor saturation pressure is given by
ln(P/Pc) = ( — l)Efi(0.01(T +273.15-338.15))^'"^) (A.10)

T + 273.15 i=l
where Tc = 647.286 K and Pc = 22089 kPa and the values of fi are given in the
following tables
fl k f3 f4
-7.419242 0.29721 -0.1155286 0.008685635
f5 k f7 fs
0.001094098 -0.00439993 0.002520658 -0.000521868
where P is kPa and T is ^C. Values for the calculated vapor pressure over a
temperature range of 5-200 ^C are given in table A.10. The table also includes
versus the steam table values are less than 0.05%. Figure A.10 shows variations
in the calculated and the steam table values for the vapor pressure of water as a
function of temperature.
Tenperature, C
Figure A. 10: Variation in saturation pressure of water
vapor as a function of tenperature.
Table A. 10: Variation in saturation pressure of water vapor (kPa) as a function of

temperature (°C)
T (°C) Calculated Pressure from Percentage
Pressure (kPa) Steam Tables (kPa) Error
5 0.872 0.8721 1.04E-04
10 1.228 1.2276 1.23E-03
15 1.705 1.705 3.76E-03
20 2.339 2.339 2.12E-02
25 3.169 3.169 1.61E-03
30 4.246 4.246 5.81E-04
35 5.628 5.628 8.74E-04
40 7.384 7.384 5.03E-03
45 9.593 9.593 2.26E-03
50 12.349 12.35 5.41E-03
55 15.758 15.758 8.65E-04
60 19.940 19.941 2.93E-03
65 25.033 25.03 1.05E-02
70 31.188 31.19 6.73E-03
75 38.577 38.58 7.77E-03
80 47.389 47.39 1.63E-03
85 57.833 57.83 5.57E-03
90 70.138 70.14 3.22E-03
95 84.552 84.55 2.72E-03
100 101.348 101.3 4.72E-02
105 120.817 120.8 1.40E-02
110 143.275 143.3 1.77E-02
115 169.059 169.1 2.45E-02
120 198.529 198.5 1.46E-02
125 232.069 232.1 1.32E-02
130 270.086 270.1 5.30E-03
135 313.007 313 2.39E-03
140 361.287 361.3 3.59E-03
145 415.399 415.4 1.34E-04
150 475.843 475.9 1.21E-02
155 543.137 543.1 6.79E-03
160 617.825 617.8 4.03E-03
165 700.471 700.5 4.08E-03
170 791.663 791.7 4.68E-03
175 892.008 892 8.53E-04
180 1002.135 1002.2 6.50E-03
185 1122.695 1122.7 4.07E-04
190 1254.361 1254.4 3.13E-03
195 1397.823 1397.8 1.65E-03
200 1553.795 1553.8 2.95E-04
A.11, Saturation Temperature of Water Vapor
The correlation for the saturation temperature of water vapor is given by

3892.7
T = 42.6776- 273.15 (A.11)
(ln(P/1000)-9.48654) j
where P is in kPa and T is in ^C. Values for the calculated saturation
temperature over a pressure range of 0.8721-1553.8 kPa and a temperature
range of 5-200 ^C are given in Table A.11. The table also includes values
extracted from the steam tables. The percentage errors for the calculated versus
the steam table values are less than 0.28%. Figure A.11 shows variations in the
calculated and the steam table values for the vapor pressure of water as a
250
200 H
U
2 o
1.50
O
&
^ >
^ 100
^ - TenperaturefromSteam
1
C/5
^
50 Tables (oC)
- Calculated Tenperature (oC)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Saturation Pressure of Water Vapor, kPa

Figure A. 11: Variation in saturation temperature of water
vapor saturation tenperature as a function of saturation
pressure.
Appendix A T h e r m o d y n a m i c Properties 547
Table A. 11: V a r i a t i o n in s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e of w a t e r vapor (^C) as a function

of s a t u r a t i o n p r e s s u r e (kPa)
P (kPa) Calculated Temperature from Percentage
Temperature (°C) Steam Tables (»C) Error
0.8721 5.004311 5 0.086223
1.2276 9.977515 10 0.224847
1.705 14.95766 15 0.282249
2.339 19.94942 20 0.252887
3.169 24.93937 25 0.242502
4.246 29.93817 30 0.206098
5.628 34.94124 35 0.167899
7.384 39.94826 40 0.129338
9.593 44.95588 45 0.098035
12.35 49.96858 50 0.062849
15.758 54.98005 55 0.036268
19.941 59.99471 60 0.008819
25.03 65.00619 65 0.009523
31.19 70.02479 70 0.035412
38.58 75.03961 75 0.052814
47.39 80.05217 80 0.065212
57.83 85.06355 85 0.074765
70.14 90.07795 90 0.086612
84.55 95.08715 95 0.091739
101.3 100.0839 100 0.083897
120.8 105.1006 105 0.095797
143.3 110.1155 110 0.105
169.1 115.1213 115 0.105474
198.5 120.1106 120 0.092129
232.1 125.1186 125 0.094893
270.1 130.1129 130 0.086868
313 135.1048 135 0.077651
361.3 140.0991 140 0.070757
415.4 145.0877 145 0.060451
475.9 150.0796 150 0.053085
543.1 155.0579 155 0.037346
617.8 160.0422 160 0.026344
700.5 165.0267 165 0.016166
791.7 170.0065 170 0.00382
892 174.9822 175 0.010192
1002.2 179.962 180 0.021134
1122.7 184.9349 185 0.0352
1254.4 189.9109 190 0.046896
1397.8 194.883 195 0.059982
1553.8 199.8582 200 0.070913
A. 12. Specific Volume of Saturated Water Vapor
The correlation for the specific volume of saturated water vapor is given by
V = Ve(- -l)exp(Efi(T + 273.15/^-^^) (A. 12)

T + 273.15 i=i
where Tc = 647.286 K and Vg = 0.003172222 m^/kg and the values of fi are given
in the following tables
f U t U
83.63213098 -0.668265339 0.002495964 •5.04185E-06 5.34205E-09 -2.3279E-12
where V is in m^/kg and T is in ^C. Values for the calculated saturation vapor
volumes over a temperature range of 5-200 ^C are given in Table A. 12. The table
also includes values extracted from the steam tables. The percentage errors for
the calculated versus the steam table values are less than 0.025%. Figure A. 12
shows variations in the calculated and the steam table values for the saturation
volume of water vapor as a function of temperature.
Specific Volume fi-om

Steam Tables (m3/kg)
Cabulated Specific
Volume (m3/kg)
o
>
o
PH
o
>
150 180 2101
Ten5)erature, C
Figure A. 12: Variation in water vapor specific volume as
a fimction of tertperature.
Table A. 12: Variation in water vapor spec:ific volume (m^/kg) as a function o

temperature ("C)
T(°C) Calculated Specific Specific Volume from Percentage
Volume (m^/kg) Steam Tables (m^/kg) Error
5 147.07980 147.117 0.025285
10 106.37933 106.376 0.003132
15 77.93664 77.925 0.014937
20 57.79982 57.7897 0.017517
25 43.36557 43.3593 0.014456
30 32.89601 32.8932 0.008551
35 25.21619 25.2158 0.001542
40 19.52198 19.5229 0.004735
45 15.25660 15.2581 0.009804
50 12.03025 12.0318 0.012911
55 9.56703 9.56835 0.013787
60 7.66972 7.67071 0.012893
65 6.19591 6.19656 0.010432
70 5.04182 5.04217 0.00686
75 4.13113 4.13123 0.002424
80 3.40722 3.40715 0.001964
85 2.82774 2.82757 0.006085
90 2.36078 2.36056 0.009443
95 1.98209 1.98186 0.011582
100 1.67311 1.6729 0.012267
105 1.41953 1.41936 0.011962
110 1.21027 1.21014 0.010649
115 1.03666 1.03658 0.007642
120 0.89189 0.89186 0.003796
125 0.77059 0.77059 0.000286
130 0.66848 0.6685 0.003484
135 0.58213 0.58217 0.007239
140 0.50880 0.50885 0.010324
145 0.44627 0.44632 0.012189
150 0.39273 0.39278 0.012698
155 0.34672 0.34676 0.0112
160 0.30703 0.30706 0.008363
165 0.27268 0.27269 0.004259
170 0.24283 0.24283 0.001703
175 0.21682 0.2168 0.010016
180 0.19407 0.19405 0.012725
185 0.17412 0.17409 0.016859
190 0.15656 0.15654 0.011531
195 0.14106 0.14105 0.004138
200 0.12733 0.12736 0.023873
A. 13. Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid Water
The correlation for the specific volume of saturated liquid water is given by
^ = ^C(T. SO-.^-^) exp( i;fi(T + 273.15/i-^>) (A.13)

where Tc = 647.286 K and V^ = 0.003172222 m^/kg and the values of fi are given
in the following tables
fl f2 f3 U fs fe
-2.781015567 0.002543267 9.845047E-06 3.636115E-09 -5.358938E-11 7.019341E-14
In the above equation V is in m^/kg and T is in ^C. Values for the calculated
saturation volumes over a temperature range of 5-200 ^C are given in Table A.13.
The table also includes values extracted from the steam tables. The percentage
errors for the calculated versus the steam table values are less than 0.05%.
Figure A.13 shows variations in the calculated and the steam table values for the
saturation volume of liquid water as a function of temperature.
0.00118
- Specific Volume fi-om
0.00116 Steam Tables (m3/kg)
0.00114 - Calculated Specific
0.00112 Volume (mS/kg)
O
0.0011
> 0.00108
0.00106
PH
0.00104
I
H-1
0.00102
0.001
0.00098
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 2101
Tenperature, °C
Figure A. 13: Variation in liquid water specific volume as a
fiinction of tenperature.
Table A. 13: Variation in liquid water specific volume (m^/kg^) as a function o

temperature (°C)
T(oC) Calculated Specific Specific Volume fiôm Percentage
Volume (m^/kg) Steam Tables (m^/kg) Error
5 0.001000 0.001 0.013868
10 0.001000 0.001 0.024433
15 0.001001 0.001001 0.009436
20 0.001002 0.001002 0.017042
25 0.001003 0.001003 8.72E-05
30 0.001004 0.001004 0.040541
35 0.001006 0.001006 0.003518
40 0.001008 0.001008 0.012434
45 0.001010 0.00101 0.008456
50 0.001012 0.001012 0.014415
55 0.001015 0.001015 0.043332
60 0.001017 0.001017 0.014757
65 0.001020 0.00102 0.008914
70 0.001023 0.001023 0.016466
75 0.001026 0.001026 0.008502
80 0.001029 0.001029 0.014466
85 0.001033 0.001032 0.052013
90 0.001036 0.001036 0.007174
95 0.001040 0.00104 0.023063
100 0.001044 0.001044 0.038921
105 0.001048 0.001047 0.054927
110 0.001052 0.001052 0.028004
115 0.001056 0.001056 0.001294
120 0.001060 0.00106 0.039654
125 0.001065 0.001065 0.00099
130 0.001070 0.00107 0.022361
135 0.001075 0.001075 0.030203
140 0.001080 0.00108 0.022294
145 0.001085 0.001085 0.001649
150 0.001090 0.00109 0.041944
155 0.001096 0.001096 0.007601
160 0.001102 0.001102 0.008834
165 0.001108 0.001108 0.007062
170 0.001114 0.001114 0.013203
175 0.001121 0.001121 0.037027
180 0.001127 0.001127 0.021395
185 0.001134 0.001134 0.01066
190 0.001141 0.001141 0.020023
195 0.001149 0.001149 0.037698
200 0.001156 0.001156 0.011881
A. 14. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Liquid Water
The correlation for the dynamic viscosity of saturated liquid water is given by
î = exp(- 3.79418 + 604.129/(139.18+T)) x 10-3 (A.14)
where ji in kg/m s, and T in ^C. The above correlation is valid over a temperature
range of 10-115 ^C. Variations in the dynamic viscosity of saturated water as a
function of temperature are given in Table A.14 and Fig. A.14.
2000
1800 - Measured
0
0 1600 - Calculated
X
1 1400
^ 1200
fr
0 1000
0
'^ 800
600
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120i
Tenprature (°C)
Figure A. 14: Variation in dynamic viscosity of saturated
liquid water as afimctionof tenperature
Table A. 14: Variation in liquid water dynamic viscosity as a function of

temperature
T (oC) Calculated Dynamic Measured Dynamic Percentage
Viscosity (N.s/m^)xlO^ Viscosity (N.s/m^)xlO^ Error
11.85 1228.605 1225 0.294307
16.85 1080.795 1080 0.073643
21.85 958.3665 959 0.066061
26.85 855.9817 855 0.11482
31.85 769.6022 769 0.078304
36.85 696.1335 695 0.16309
41.85 633.1779 631 0.345152
46.85 578.8578 577 0.321977
51.85 531.6884 528 0.698561
56.85 490.4848 489 0.30365
61.85 454.2936 453 0.285561
66.85 422.3411 420 0.557407
71.85 393.9953 389 1.284127
76.85 368.7358 365 1.023506
81.85 346.1318 343 0.913062
86.85 325.8241 324 0.562993
91.85 307.5116 306 0.493979
96.85 290.9404 289 0.671431
100 281.2965 279 0.823129
101.85 275.8956 274 0.691832
106.85 262.194 260 0.843854
111.85 249.679 248 0.677015
A. 15. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Water Vapor
The correlation for the dynamic viscosity of saturated water vapor is given by
|Li = exp(-3.609417664 + 275.928958/(-227.0446083
-0.896081232T-0.002291383T2)) x 10-3 (A. 15)
where |LI in kg/m s, and T in ^C. The above correlation is valid over the following
a temperature range of 10-180 ^C. Variations in the saturated water dynamic
viscosity as a function of temperature are given in Table A. 15 and Fig. A. 15.
13 1
- Calculated
12 H
- Measured
11
10
7H
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Tenprature (°C)
Figure A. 15: Variation in dynamic viscosity of saturated
water vapor as a function of tenperature
Table A. 15: Variation in the dynamic viscosity of saturated water vapor as a

T(oC) Calculated Dynamic Measured Dynamic Percentage
Viscosity (N.s/m^)xlO^ Viscosity (N.s/m^)xlO^ Error
iL85 8.100136375 8.09 0.125295
6.85 8.294284892 8.29 0.051687
11.85 8.490083562 8.49 0.000984
16.85 8.687322522 8.69 0.030811
21.85 8.885795492 8.89 0.047295
26.85 9.085300391 9.09 0.051701
31.85 9.285639887 9.29 0.046933
36.85 9.486621888 9.49 0.035597
41.85 9.688059977 9.69 0.020021
46.85 9.88977379 9.89 0.002287
51.85 10.09158933 10.09 0.015752
56.85 10.29333925 10.29 0.032451
61.85 10.49486302 10.49 0.046359
66.85 10.69600714 10.69 0.056194
71.85 10.89662523 10.89 0.060838
76.85 11.09657809 11.09 0.059315
81.85 11.29573373 11.29 0.050786
86.85 11.4939674 11.49 0.034529
91.85 11.69116147 11.69 0.009936
96.85 11.88720544 11.89 0.023503
100 12.01007572 12.02 0.082565
101.85 12.08199576 12.09 0.066205
106.85 12.27543577 12.29 0.118505
111.85 12.46743551 12.49 0.18066
A.16. Surface Tension of Saturated Liquid Water
The correlation for the surface tension is given by

a = 7.5798x10-2 - 1.4691x10-4 T - 2.2173xlO-'7 T2 (A.16)
where a in N/m, and T in ^C. The above correlation is valid over the following a
temperature range of 0-136 ^C. Variations in the saturated water surface tension
as a function of temperature are given in Table A.16 and Fig. A.16.
60 90 150
Tenperature (^C)
Figure A.16: Variation in surface tension of saturated liquid water as a function
of temperature.
Table A. 16: Variation in the surface tension of saturated liquid water as a

T(oC) Measured Correlation error%
0 7.55E-02 7.58E-02 3.95E-01
1.85 7.53E-02 7.55E-02 3.00E-01
6.85 7.48E-02 7.48E-02 2.47E-02
11.85 7.43E-02 7.40E-02 3.68E-01
16.85 7.37E-02 7.33E-02 5.97E-01
21.85 7.27E-02 7.25E-02 2.99E-01
26.85 7.17E.02 7.17E-02 8.63E-03
31.85 7.09E-02 7.09E-02 8.22E-03
36.85 7.00E-02 7.01E-02 1.19E-01
41.85 6.92E-02 6.93E-02 8.91E-02
46.85 6.83E-02 6.84E-02 1.88E-01
51.85 6.75E-02 6.76E-02 1.26E-01
56.85 6.66E-02 6.67E-02 1.95E-01
61.85 6.58E-02 6.59E-02 9.65E-02
66.85 6.49E-02 6.50E-02 1.33E-01
71.85 6.41E-02 6.41E-02 3.23E-03
76.85 6.32E-02 6.32E-02 2.36E-03
81.85 6.23E-02 6.23E-02 1.93E-02
86.85 6.14E-02 6.14E-02 5.47E-02
91.85 6.05E-02 6.04E-02 l.lOE-01
96.85 5.95E-02 5.95E-02 1.69E-02
100 5.89E-02 5.89E-02 1.75E-02
101.85 5.86E-02 5.85E-02 l.llE-01
106.85 5.76E-02 5.76E-02 5.35E-02
111.85 5.66E-02 5.66E-02 1.39E-02
116.85 5.56E-02 5.56E-02 7.28E-03
126.85 5.36E-02 5.36E-02 l.OlE-02
136.85 5.15E-02 5.15E-02 7.91E-02
A.17. Enthalpy of LiBr Water Solution
The enthalpy correlation for saturated LiBr-H20 solution is given by
H(X, T) = X E aiT^ + (1 - X) i biT^

(A.17)
+ X ( 1 - X ) I I Cij(2X-l)^TJ
i=Oj=0
where X is the mass fraction of LiBr and T is the solution temperature. The
constants in the above relation are as follows:
ao = 508.668, ai = 18.6241, a2 = 0.0985946, SL^ = -2.500979x10-5,
a4 = 4.15801x10-8, bi = 1.617155702, ba = 4.10187485, h^ = 0.000717667,
Coo = - 1021.61, Cio = -533.08, C20 = 483.628, C30 = 1155.13, C40 = 640.622,
coi = 36.8773, c ^ = 40.2847, C21 = 39.9142, C31 = 33.3572, C41 = 13.1032,
C02 = - 0.186051, C12 = - 0.191198, C22 = 0.199213, C32 = - 0.178258,
C42 = - 0.0775101, Cos = - 7.51277E-6, C13 = 0, C23 = 0, C33 = 0, C43 = 0
The enthalpy of the saturated LiBr solution are shown in Table A.17 and Fig.
A.17 for a temperature range of 10-170 ^C and LiBr mass fraction of 0.25-0.75.
6000
5000
^ 4000
J 3000
2000
1000
50 100 150 200

Tenperature (^C)
Fig. A.17. Variation in the enthalpy of LiBr solution as a

function of temperature and mass fraction
559
Table A.17: Variation in enthalpy of saturated LiBr solution as a function of temperature (OC) and LiBr mass fraction
LiBr mass fraction
T PC) 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
10 113.11 127.53 142.71 159.68 180.03 205.86 239.56 283.4 339.01 406.79 485.08
15 176.27 198.39 221.34 246.24 274.78 309.13 351.66 404.51 469.08 545.27 630.68
20 240.44 270.01 300.47 333.1 369.71 412.53 463.93 525.95 599.69 684.61 777.52
25 305.64 342.4 380.12 420.26 464.8 516.05 576.37 647.69 730.85 824.79 925.58
30 371.85 415.54 460.26 507.72 560.04 619.67 688.96 769.74 862.54 965.81 1074.9
35 439.07 489.43 540.9 595.45 655.43 723.39 801.71 892.07 994.74 1107.6 1225.3
40 507.3 564.07 622.02 683.46 750.95 827.19 914.58 1014.7 1127.4 1250.3 1377
45 576.53 639.44 703.63 771.74 846.61 931.08 1027.6 1137.6 1260.7 1393.7 1529.8
50 646.75 715.55 785.71 860.28 942.39 1035 1140.7 1260.7 1394.3 1538 1683.8
55 717.97 792.38 868.26 949.07 1038.3 1139.1 1254 1384.1 1528.5 1683 1838.9
60 790.17 869.94 951.27 1038.1 1134.3 1243.2 1367.3 1507.7 1663.1 1828.8 1995.2
65 863.36 948.22 1034.7 1127.4 1230.4 1347.3 1480.7 1631.6 1798.2 1975.3 2152.6
70 937.53 1027.2 1118.7 1216.9 1326.6 1451.5 1594.3 1755.7 1933.8 2122.6 2311.1
75 1012.7 1106.9 1203 1306.7 1422.9 1555.7 1707.9 1880 2069.7 2270.6 2470.8
80 1088.8 1187.3 1287.8 1396.7 1519.2 1659.9 1821.5 2004.5 2206.2 2419.4 2631.5
85 1165.9 1268.4 1373.1 1486.9 1615.7 1764.2 1935.3 2129.2 2343 2568.9 2793.3
90 1243.9 1350.3 1458.8 1577.3 1712.2 1868.5 2049.1 2254.2 2480.3 2719.1 2956.3
95 1323 1432.8 1544.9 1667.9 1808.8 1972.8 2162.9 2379.3 2617.9 2870 3120.3
Table A.17 (continued): Variation in enthalpy of saturated LiBr solution as a function of temperature (OC) and LiBr
mass fraction
LiBr mass fraction
T (OC) 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
100 1402.9 1516 1631.4 1758.7 1905.4 2077.1 2276.9 2504.6 2756 3021.6 3285.4
105 1483.9 1599.8 1718.4 1849.8 2002.1 2181.4 2390.8 2630.1 2894.5 3174 3451.5
110 1565.8 1684.4 1805.8 1941 2098.9 2285.7 2504.8 2755.7 3033.4 3327 3618.7
115 1648.6 1769.7 1893.6 2032.5 2195.7 2390 2618.9 2881.5 3172.6 3480.7 3787
120 1732.4 1855.6 1981.8 2124.1 2292.6 2494.3 2732.9 3007.5 3312.3 3635.1 3956.4
125 1817.1 1942.2 2070.4 2215.9 2389.5 2598.6 2847 3133.7 3452.3 3790.2 4126.7
130 1902.8 2029.5 2159.5 2307.9 2486.4 2702.9 2961.1 3260 3592.8 3945.9 4298.2
135 1989.5 2117.4 2248.9 2400.1 2583.4 2807.2 3075.3 3386.5 3733.6 4102.4 4470.6
140 2077.1 2206.1 2338.8 2492.5 2680.4 2911.4 3189.4 3513.1 3874.7 4259.5 4644.2
145 2165.6 2295.4 2429 2585 2777.5 3015.6 3303.6 3639.9 4016.3 4417.2 4818.7
150 2255 2385.3 2519.7 2677.8 2874.5 3119.8 3417.8 3766.8 4158.2 4575.7 4994.3
155 2345.4 2476 2610.7 2770.7 2971.7 3224 3532 3893.9 4300.5 4734.8 5170.9
160 2436.8 2567.3 2702.2 2863.8 3068.8 3328.1 3646.2 4021.1 4443.1 4894.6 5348.6
165 2529.1 2659.3 2794 2957 3166 3432.2 3760.5 4148.5 4586.1 5055 5527.3
170 2622.3 2751.9 2886.3 3050.5 3263.2 3536.3 3874.7 4276 4729.5 5216.1 5707
A. 18. Boiling Temperature ofLiBr Water Solution
The correlation for the boiling temperature of saturated LiBr-H20 solution is

given by
T(P,X) = Sa,X^ + T ^ Sb,X^ (A.18)

i=0 i=0
where T^ is the saturation temperature of pure water at pressure P, X is the
mass fraction of LiBr in the solution, P is the pressure, and T is the boiling
temperature of the LiBr-H20 solution. The constants in the above relation are as
follows:
ao = 0, ai = 16.634856, a2 = -553.38169, ag = 11228.338, a4 = -110283.9,
as = 621094.64, SLQ = -2111256.7, ay = 4385190.1, ag = -5409811.5,
ag = 3626674.2, aio = -1015305.9, bo = 1, bj = -0.068242821, b2 = 5.873619
bg = -102.78186, b4 = 930.32374, bg = -4822.394, bg = 15189.038,
hrj = -29412.863, bg = 34100.528, bg = -21671.48, bio = 5799.56
The boiling temperature of saturated LiBr solution is shown in Table A.18 and
Fig. A.18 for a temperature range of 10-170 ^C and LiBr mass fraction of 0.25-
0.75.
50 100 150 200

Temperature (^C)
Fig. A.18. Boiling temperature of LiBr solution as a function of

temperature and salt concentration
Table A.18: Variation in the boiling temperature of LiBr solution as a function of the salt mass fraction and
temperature
LiBr mass fraction
T (OC) 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
10 13.5 15.1 17.1 20.0 24.7 31.8 41.0 51.1 60.5 69.4 80.0
15 18.7 20.2 22.3 25.4 30.2 37.4 46.7 56.9 66.5 75.8 86.8
20 23.8 25.4 27.6 30.7 35.6 42.9 52.4 62.7 72.6 82.2 93.5
25 28.9 30.6 32.8 36.1 41.1 48.5 58.1 68.6 78.7 88.6 100.3
30 34.0 35.8 38.1 41.4 46.5 54.1 63.8 74.4 84.7 94.9 107.1
35 39.2 40.9 43.3 46.7 52.0 59.7 69.5 80.3 90.8 101.3 113.9
40 44.3 46.1 48.6 52.1 57.5 65.2 75.2 86.1 96.8 107.7 120.6
45 49.4 51.3 53.8 57.4 62.9 70.8 80.9 91.9 102.9 114.0 127.4
50 54.5 56.5 59.1 62.8 68.4 76.4 86.5 97.8 109.0 120.4 134.2
55 59.7 61.6 64.3 68.1 73.8 81.9 92.2 103.6 115.0 126.8 141.0
60 64.8 66.8 69.6 73.5 79.3 87.5 97.9 109.5 121.1 133.2 147.7
65 69.9 72.0 74.8 78.8 84.7 93.1 103.6 115.3 127.1 139.5 154.5
70 75.0 77.2 80.1 84.2 90.2 98.7 109.3 121.1 133.2 145.9 161.3
75 80.2 82.4 85.3 89.5 95.7 104.2 115.0 127.0 139.3 152.3 168.1
80 85.3 87.5 90.5 94.8 101.1 109.8 120.7 132.8 145.3 158.7 174.8
85 90.4 92.7 95.8 100.2 106.6 115.4 126.4 138.7 151.4 165.0 181.6
90 95.5 97.9 101.0 105.5 112.0 120.9 132.1 144.5 157.4 171.4 188.4
562
563
Table A.18 (continued): Variation i n the boiling temperature of LiBr solution as a function of the salt mass fraction
and temperature
LiBr mass fraction
T (OC) 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
95 100.7 103.1 106.3 110.9 117.5 126.5 137.8 150.3 163.5 177.8 195.2
100 105.8 108.2 111.5 116.2 122.9 132.1 143.5 156.2 169.6 184.2 201.9
105 110.9 113.4 116.8 121.6 128.4 137.7 149.2 162.0 175.6 190.5 208.7
110 116.0 118.6 122.0 126.9 133.8 143.2 154.8 167.9 181.7 196.9 215.5
115 121.2 123.8 127.3 132.3 139.3 148.8 160.5 173.7 187.7 203.3 222.3
120 126.3 129.0 132.5 137.6 144.8 154.4 166.2 179.5 193.8 209.7 229.0
125 131.4 134.1 137.8 142.9 150.2 160.0 171.9 185.4 199.9 216.0 235.8
130 136.5 139.3 143.0 148.3 155.7 165.5 177.6 191.2 205.9 222.4 242.6
135 141.7 144.5 148.3 153.6 161.1 171.1 183.3 197.1 212.0 228.8 249.4
140 146.8 149.7 153.5 159.0 166.6 176.7 189.0 202.9 218.1 235.2 256.1
145 151.9 154.8 158.8 164.3 172.0 182.2 194.7 208.8 224.1 241.5 262.9
150 157.0 160.0 164.0 169.7 177.5 187.8 200.4 214.6 230.2 247.9 269.7
155 162.2 165.2 169.3 175.0 183.0 193.4 206.1 220.4 236.2 254.3 276.5
160 167.3 170.4 174.5 180.4 188.4 199.0 211.8 226.3 242.3 260.7 283.2
165 172.4 175.6 179.8 185.7 193.9 204.5 217.5 232.1 248.4 267.0 290.0
170 177.5 180.7 185.0 191.0 199.3 - 210.1 223.1 238.0- 254.4 273.4 296.8
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Appendix B
Thermodynamic Losses
566 Appendix B Thermodynamic Losses
B. 1 Boiling Point Elevation
The correlation for the boiling point elevation of seawater is

BPE = A X + BX2 + CX3 (B.l)
with
A = (8.325x10-2 + 1.883x10-4 T + 4.02x10-6 T2)
B = (- 7.625x10-4 + 9.02x10-5 T - 5.2x10-7 T2)
C = (1.522x10-4 - 3x10-6 T - 3x10-8 T2)
where T is the temperature in ^C and X is the salt weight percentage. The above
equation is valid over the following ranges: 1 < X < 16%, 10 < T <180°C.
Variations in the boiling point elevation as a function of the seawater
temperature and salinity are given in Table B.l and Fig. B.l.
-r
40 60 80
Tenperature, °C
Fig. B.l: Variation in boiling point elevation of seawater

as a function of temperature and salinity.
Appendix B Thermodynamic Losses 567
Table B.l: Variation in seawater boiling point elevation (^C) as a function of

temperature (QQ) and salinity (wt%)
Salinity (w b%)
temperature °C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 0.085 0.171 0.258 0.348 0.441 0.538 0.639
15 0.087 0.175 0.266 0.359 0.456 0.556 0.662
20 0.089 0.180 0.273 0.370 0.470 0.575 0.684
25 0.091 0.185 0.281 0.381 0.485 0.593 0.706
30 0.093 0.190 0.290 0.393 0.500 0.612 0.727
35 0.096 0.195 0.298 0.405 0.516 0.630 0.748
40 0.099 0.201 0.307 0.417 0.531 0.648 0.769
45 0.101 0.207 0.316 0.430 0.546 0.666 0.789
50 0.104 0.213 0.326 0.443 0.562 0.684 0.809
55 0.108 0.220 0.336 0.456 0.578 0.703 0.829
60 0.111 0.227 0.346 0.469 0.594 0.721 0.848
65 0.115 0.234 0.357 0.483 0.610 0.739 0.866
70 0.118 0.241 0.368 0.497 0.627 0.756 0.885
75 0.122 0.249 0.379 0.511 0.643 0.774 0.903
80 0.126 0.257 0.391 0.525 0.660 0.792 0.921
85 0.130 0.265 0.402 0.540 0.677 0.810 0.938
90 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.555 0.694 0.828 0.955
95 0.139 0.283 0.427 0.571 0.711 0.845 0.971
100 0.144 0.292 0.440 0.587 0.728 0.863 0.987
105 0.149 0.301 0.453 0.603 0.746 0.880 1.003
110 0.154 0.311 0.467 0.619 0.764 0.898 1.018
B.2 Non-Equilibrium Allowance in MEE
The correlation for t h e non-equilibrium allowance in t h e M E E process is

developed by M i y a t a k e et al. (1973),
(NEA)j = 33 (ATj)0-55/Tv. (B.2)
w h e r e , ATj = Tj_i - Tj, is t e m p e r a t u r e difference of boiling b r i n e in effects j a n d j -
1, Ty- is t h e vapor t e m p e r a t u r e in effect j a n d is given by Ty^ ~ 'Tj ~ (BPE)j. All
t e m p e r a t u r e s in t h e above correlation are in ^C. Results for t h e non-equilibrium
allowance are shown in Table B.2 a n d Fig. B.2.
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
o 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 1201
Tenperature, C
Fig. B.2 Variation in non-equilibrium alfowance in MEE
as afimctionof brine tenperature and tenperature drop
per effect for salinity of 40000 ppm
Table B.2: Variation in the non-equilibrium allowance in multiple effect

evaporation as a function of effect temperature drop and temperature for a
salinity of 40000 ppm.
NEA(oC) Tj AT Tyj BPE (^0)
1.042 40 1.5 39.6 0.417
0.832 50 1.5 49.6 0.443
0.693 60 1.5 59.5 0.469
0.593 70 1.5 69.5 0.497
0.519 80 1.5 79.5 0.525
0.461 90 1.5 89.4 0.555
0.415 100 1.5 99.4 0.587
0.377 110 1.5 109.4 0.619
1.221 40 2 39.6 0.417
0.975 50 2 49.6 0.443
0.812 60 2 59.5 0.469
0,695 70 2 69.5 0.497
0.608 80 2 79.5 0.525
0.540 90 2 89.4 0.555
0.486 100 2 99.4 0.587
0.442 110 2 109.4 0.619
1.380 40 2.5 39.6 0.417
1.102 50 2.5 49.6 0.443
0.918 60 2.5 59.5 0.469
0.786 70 2.5 69.5 0.497
0.687 80 2.5 79.5 0.525
0.611 90 2.5 89.4 0.555
0.549 100 2.5 99.4 0.587
0.499 110 2.5 109.4 0.619
1.557 40 3 39.6 0.417
1.232 50 3 49.6 0.443
1.020 60 3 59.5 0.469
0.871 70 3 69.5 0.497
0.761 80 3 79.5 0.525
0.675 90 3 89.4 0.555
0.607 100 3 99.4 0.587
0.551 110 3 109.4 0.619
B.3 Non-Equilibrium Allowance in MSF
Lior (1986) developed correlations for the non-equilibrium allowance for

the MSF system. The following two equations give values for NEA as a function
of the brine temperature, gate height, the brine flow rate per unit length of the
chamber width, and the stage temperature drop;
(NEA)io = (0.9784)Ti (15.7378)H (1.3777)VbxlO-6 (B.3a)
and
NEA = (NEAio/(0.5AT + NEAio)0-328lL (0.5 A T + N E A I Q ) (B.3b)
Eq. B.Sa is valid for 10 ft stage length and Eq. B.Sb is applicable for stages of any
other lengths. In the above equation, Tj is the stage temperature in ^C, H is the
height of the brine pool in m, V^ is the brine flow rate per unit length of the
chamber width in kg/(m s), and AT is the stage temperature drop in ^C Results
for the equations B.Sa and B.Sb are shown in Fig. B.S and Table B.S.
i Z
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Terrperature, C
Fig. 6.3 Variation in non-equilibriLim albwance in MSF
as a function of brine temperature and brine height for
brine weir load of 180 kg^m/s and stage length = 10 ft.
Table B.3: Variations in non-equilibrium allowance for MSF as a function of

flashing temperature and brine height for a weir load of 180 kg/m s and stage
length equal to 10 ft.
NEA(oC) Tj(oC) H(m) NEA (QQ) TJ (QQ) H (m)
0.63 40 0.15 0.83 40 0.25
0.51 50 0.15 0.67 50 0.25
0.41 60 0.15 0.54 60 0.25
0.33 70 0.15 0.43 70 0.25
0.26 80 0.15 0.35 80 0.25
0.21 90 0.15 0.28 90 0.25
0.17 100 0.15 0.22 100 0.25
0.14 110 0.15 0.18 110 0.25
0.72 40 0.2 0.95 40 0.3
0.58 50 0.2 0.77 50 0.3
0.47 60 0.2 0.62 60 0.3
0.38 70 0.2 0.50 70 0.3
0.30 80 0.2 0.40 80 0.3
0.24 90 0.2 0.32 90 0.3
0.20 100 0.2 0.26 100 0.3
0.16 110 0.2 0.21 110 0.3
B.4 Demister Pressure Drop
The correlation for pressure drop in the demister, APp, is developed by El-
Dessouky et al. (2000) for industrial type wire pads. The ranges of the
experimental variables were V (0.98-7.5 m/s), pp (80.317-208.16 kg/m^), L (100-
200 mm), 6^ (0.2-.32 mm), and d^ (1-5 mm). This correlation is given by
APp = 3.88178 (pp)0.375798(v)0.81317(g^)-1.56114147 ^g ^^
where APp is the demister pressure drop in Pa/m, 5^ is the wire diameter in mm,
d(j is the diameter of entrained droplets in mm, L is the mesh pad thickness in
mm, V is the vapor velocity in the demister in m/s, and p is the demister density
in kg/m^. In Eq. B.4 the subscript p denotes the demister. Results for the
demister pressure drop is shown in Table B.4. Figures illustrating the demister
pressure are given in Chapter 9.
Table B.4: Variations in the demister pressure drop as a function of the vapor
velocity, packing density, and wire diameter.
Ap (Pa/m) V (m/s) Pp (kg/ni3) ^w (m) Ap (Pa/m) V (m/s) Pp (kg/m3) ^w (m)
190.1495 1.37 80.317 0.28 799.5571 5.16 208.16 0.28
299.9815 2.4 80.317 0.28 832.1666 5.42 208.16 0.28
370.3531 3.11 80.317 0.28 429.5316 1.36 176.35 0.2
419.028 3.62 80.317 0.28 597.2926 2.04 176.35 0.2
456.3063 4.02 80.317 0.28 656.1643 2.29 176.35 0.2
594.874 5.57 80.317 0.28 342.3253 1.46 176.35 0.24
689.6065 6.68 80.317 0.28 434.9566 1.96 176.35 0.24
527.0877 4.8 80.317 0.28 581.3096 2.8 176.35 0.24
631.9565 6 80.317 0.28 672.578 3.35 176.35 0.24
352.5772 2.26 140.6 0.28 769.0008 3.95 176.35 0.24
441.4914 2.98 140.6 0.28 839.5147 4.4 176.35 0.24
520.6471 3.65 140.6 0.28 931.4795 5 176.35 0.24
590.3651 4.26 140.6 0.28 885.7715 4.7 176.35 0.24
673.5824 5.01 140.6 0.28 383.9096 2.26 176.35 0.28
751.298 5.73 140.6 0.28 480.7253 2.98 176.35 0.28
804.1878 6.23 140.6 0.28 566.9154 3.65 176.35 0.28
327.6714 1.86 176.35 0.28 642.8291 4.26 176.35 0.28
434.2842 2.63 176.35 0.28 733.4416 5.01 176.35 0.28
517.1443 3.26 176.35 0.28 818.0635 5.73 176.35 0.28
644.0559 4.27 176.35 0.28 875.6535 6.23 176.35 0.28
720.3196 4.9 176.35 0.28 243.6977 1.67 176.35 0.32
799.4394 5.57 176.35 0.28 301.5393 2.17 176.35 0.32
829.6542 5.83 176.35 0.28 374.2175 2.83 176.35 0.32
333.4171 1.76 208.16 0.28 471.4877 3.76 176.35 0.32
452.1815 2.56 208.16 0.28 546.6402 4.51 176.35 0.32
543.5242 3.21 208.16 0.28 601.2238 5.07 176.35 0.32
676.3193 4.2 208.16 0.28 659.4141 5.68 176.35 0.32
761.546 4.86 208.16 0.28 761.5104 6.78 176.35 0.32
772.7173 2.8 176.35 0.2 72i:0738 6.34 176.35 0.32
848.1905 3.14 176.35 0.2 809.5738 7.31 176.35 0.32
935.0569 3.54 176.35 0.2 687.5985 5.98 176.35 0.32
965.0183 3.68 176.35 0.2 790.6104 7.1 176.35 0.32
B,5 Pressure Drop in Connecting Lines
The pressure drop in the lines connecting the vapor space in effect i and
the evaporator tubes of the next effect is calculated from the Unwin formula,
ORNL (1967),
0.0001306 M 2 L ( 1 + — )
AP: ^ (B.5)
Pvî
where M is the mass flow rate of the vapor stream (kg/s), L is the tube length (m),
5i is the tube inner diameter (m), py is the vapor density (kg/m^), and AP is the
pressure drop (Pa/m). Results for the pressure drop in connecting lines are given
in Table B.5 and Fig. B.5.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, C
Fig. B.5 Variation in connection line pressure drop as a
ftinction offlowrate and and temperature
(5i =0.2 m, L = 1 m)
Table B.5: Variation in connecting line pressure drop as a function of

temperature and flow rate for L = 1 m and b{ = 0.2 m.
T^C) A P (Pa/m) M (kg/s) Pv (kg/m3)
40 151.3807 0.051224324
50 93.28704 0.083123816
60 59.47389 0.13038284
70 39.09619 0.198340913
80 26.42084 0.293494667
90 18.3064 0.423588291
100 12.97389 0.597691043
110 9.384879 0.826262685
40 605.5229 2 0.051224324
50 373.1482 2 0.083123816
60 237.8956 2 0.13038284
70 156.3848 2 0.198340913
80 105.6834 2 0.293494667
90 73.22558 2 0.423588291
100 51.89554 2 0.597691043
110 37.53951 2 0.826262685
40 2422.092 4 0.051224324
50 1492.593 4 0.083123816
60 951.5823 4 0.13038284
70 625.5391 4 0.198340913
80 422.7334 4 0.293494667
90 292.9023 4 0.423588291
100 207.5822 4 0.597691043
110 150.1581 4 0.826262685
40 5449.706 6 0.051224324
50 3358.334 6 0.083123816
60 2141.06 6 0.13038284
70 1407.463 6 0.198340913
80 951.1502 6 0.293494667
90 659.0303 6 0.423588291
100 467.0599 6 0.597691043
110 337.8556 6 0.826262685
40 9688.366 8 0.051224324
50 5970.371 8 0.083123816
60 3806.329 8 0.13038284
70 2502.156 8 0.198340913
80 1690.934 8 0.293494667
90 1171.609 8 0.423588291
100 830.3287 8 0.597691043
110 600.6322 8 0.826262685
Table B.5 (Continued): Variation in connecting line pressure drop as a function of

temperature and flow rate for L = 1 m and Sj = 0.2 m.
T(oC) AP (Pa/m) M (kg/s) Pv (kg/m3)

40 15138.07 10 0.051224324
50 9328.704 10 0.083123816
60 5947.389 10 0.13038284
70 3909.619 10 0.198340913
80 2642.084 10 0.293494667
90 1830.64 10 0.423588291
100 1297.389 10 0.597691043
110 938.4879 10 0.826262685
40 21798.82 12 0.051224324
50 13433.33 12 0.083123816
60 8564.241 12 0.13038284
70 5629.852 12 0.198340913
80 3804.601 12 0.293494667
90 2636.121 12 0.423588291
100 1868.239 12 0.597691043
110 1351.423 12 0.826262685
40 29670.62 14 0.051224324
50 18284.26 14 0.083123816
60 11656.88 14 0.13038284
70 7662.854 14 0.198340913
80 5178.484 14 0.293494667
90 3588.054 14 0.423588291
100 2542.882 14 0.597691043
110 1839.436 14 0.826262685
B.6 Gravitational Pressure Drop
The gravitational pressure drop during condensation inside the evaporator

tubes is given by
AP = (pva + ( l - a ) p ^ ) g L s i n ( G ) (B.6)
where AP is the pressure drop in Pa, g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s^), L
is length of the evaporator tubes (m), and G is the inclination angle. The
expression for a is given by Zivi (1964), a = -y ^^-^, where % is the
xO.5
1 + 1-X
Pi J
vapor mass fraction, which is greater than zero and less than 1. In Eq. B.6, py
and p£ are the density of vapor and liquid streams at saturation conditions and
are given in (kg/m^). Results for the above losses are given in Table B.6 and Fig.
B.6.
-0.01
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
2 5 j -0.8
-1
3H
2 H
20 40 60 80 100 120
Tenperature, °C
Fig. B.6 Variations in the gravitational pressure drop as a
fimction of the vapor tenperature and the vapor mass
fractioa (6 = 5^ and L = 10 m)
Table B.6: Variation in gravitational pressure drop as a function of temperature

and vapor mass fraction for 6 = 5° and L = 10 m.
AP (Pa) T (oQ P£ (kg/m3) Pv (kg/m3)
JL
3522.797 40 0.01 992.19 0.051224
4016.468 50 0.01 988.00 0.083124
4473.981 60 0.01 983.14 0.130383
4886.44 70 0.01 977.68 0.198341
5249.686 80 0.01 971.68 0.293495
5563.216 90 0.01 965.18 0.423588
5829.014 100 0.01 958.23 0.597691
6050.516 110 0.01 950.84 0.826263
237.1867 40 0.2 992.19 0.051224
299.3431 50 0.2 988.00 0.083124
370.8429 60 0.2 983.14 0.130383
451.7166 70 0.2 977.68 0.198341
541.7984 80 0.2 971.68 0.293495
640.7363 90 0.2 965.18 0.423588
748.0056 100 0.2 958.23 0.597691
862.9278 110 0.2 950.84 0.826263
90.79624 40 0.4 992.19 0.051224
115.2305 50 0.4 988.00 0.083124
143.686 60 0.4 983.14 0.130383
176.336 70 0.4 977.68 0.198341
213.3048 80 0.4 971.68 0.293495
254.669 90 0.4 965.18 0.423588
300.4589 100 0.4 958.23 0.597691
350.6601 110 0.4 950.84 0.826263
Table B.6 (Continued): Variation in gravitational pressure drop as a function of

temperature and vapor mass fraction for 9 = 5" and L = 10 m.
AP (Pa) T(oC) P£ (kg/m3) Pv (kg/m3)
40.830 40 0.6 992.19 0.051224
51.987 50 0.6 988.00 0.083124
65.076 60 0.6 983.14 0.130383
80.222 70 0.6 977.68 0.198341
97.539 80 0.6 971.68 0.293495
117.127 90 0.6 965.18 0.423588
139.076 100 0.6 958.23 0.597691
163.466 110 0.6 950.84 0.826263
15.630 40 0.8 992.19 0.051224
20.012 50 0.8 988.00 0.083124
25.214 60 0.8 983.14 0.130383
31.316 70 0.8 977.68 0.198341
38.401 80 0.8 971.68 0.293495
46.553 90 0.8 965.18 0.423588
55.864 100 0.8 958.23 0.597691
66.426 110 0.8 950.84 0.826263
1.052 40 0.99 992.19 0.051224
1.492 50 0.99 988.00 0.083124
2.090 60 0.99 983.14 0.130383
2.895 70 0.99 977.68 0.198341
3.963 80 0.99 971.68 0.293495
5.361 90 0.99 965.18 0.423588
7.168 100 0.99 958.23 0.597691
9.473 110 0.99 950.84 0.826263
B. 7 Acceleration Pressure Drop
The acceleration pressure drop during condensation inside the evaporator

tubes is calculated from the following relation
AP =
M' x! (i-xir xi (i-x2r (B.7)
where AP is the pressure drop in Pa, M is the mass flow rate in kg/s, A is the
cross section area in m^, p^ is the vapor density in kg/m^, p£ is the liquid density
1
in kg/m^, % is the vapor phase mass fraction, a is a = The
0.5
1+ 1-X P^^
X Pi
subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the inlet and outlet conditions. Results for the above
correlation are shown in Table B.7 and Fig. B.7.
3500
\ —
3000 \ -^2
d 2500
S
\\ "^"^
'S 2000
1 1500 \v\ -^«
1000
500
^
m ^ ^ ^
-^'
"
0^
0 50 100 150
Tenperature, °C
Fig. B.7. Variation in the acceleration pressure
drop as afimctionof temperature and flow rate.
(A = l m ' , XI =0.99,^2 = 0.01)
Table B.7: Variations in the acceleration pressure drop as a function of the mass
flow rate and temperature for a cross section area of 1 m2 and vapor mass
fractions of 0.01 and 0.99.
T(°C) A P (Pa) M (kg/s) p£ (kg/m^) Pv (kg/m3) ai ^2
40 19.13 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 11.79 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 7.52 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 4.94 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 3.34 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 2.31 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 1.64 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 1.19 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
40 76.52 2 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 47.15 2 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 30.06 2 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 19.76 2 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 13.35 2 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 9.25 2 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 6.55 2 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 4.74 2 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
40 306.09 4 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 188.62 4 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 120.25 4 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 79.04 4 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 53.41 4 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 37.00 4 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 26.22 4 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 18.96 4 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
40 688.70 6 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 424.39 6 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 270.55 6 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 177.84 6 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 120.17 6 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 83.25 6 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 58.99 6 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 42.66 6 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
40 1224.36 8 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 754.47 8 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 480.98 8 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 316.16 8 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 213.64 8 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 148.01 8 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 104.87 8 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 75.85 8 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
Table B.7 (continued): Variations in the acceleration pressure drop as a function

of the mass flow rate and temperature for a cross section area of 1 m^ and vapor
mass fractions of 0.01 and 0.99.
T(oC) A P (Pa) M (kg/s) p£ (kg/m3) Pv (kg/m3) ^1 a2
40 1913.06 10 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 1178.87 10 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 751.53 10 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 494.00 10 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 333.81 10 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 231.26 10 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 163.87 10 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 118.51 10 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
40 2754.80 12 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 1697.57 12 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 1082.21 12 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 711.36 12 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 480.69 12 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 333.01 12 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 235.97 12 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 170.65 12 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
40 3749.59 14 992.19 0.05 0.9573 0.0023
50 2310.58 14 988.00 0.08 0.9662 0.0029
60 1473.01 14 983.14 0.13 0.9728 0.0036
70 968.24 14 977.68 0.20 0.9778 0.0045
80 654.27 14 971.68 0.29 0.9817 0.0054
90 453.27 14 965.18 0.42 0.9847 0.0065
100 321.18 14 958.23 0.60 0.9871 0.0077
110 232.28 14 950.84 0.83 0.9890 0.0091
References
El-Dessouky, H.T., Alatiqi, I.M., Ettouney, H.M., and Al-Deffeeri, N.S.,

Performance of wire mesh mist eliminator, Chem. Eng. & Proc, 39(2000)129-
139.
Lior, N., Formulas for calculating the approach to equilibrium in open channel
flash evaporators for saline water, Desalination, 60(1986)223.
Miyatake, O., Murakami, K., Kawata, Y., and Fujii, Fundamental Experiments
with Flash Evaporation, Heat Transfer Jpn. Res., 2(1973)89-100.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), United States Department of the

Interior, Research and Development Progress Report No. 315, December 1967.
Zivi, S.M., Estimation of steady-state steam void fraction by means of the principle of
minimum entropy production, Trans. ASME, J. of Heat Transfer, 86(1964), 247-252.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Appendix C
Heat Transfer Coefficients

586 Appendix C Heat Transfer Coefficients
C.l Falling Film on the Tube Outside Surface
The heat transfer coefficient of boiUng thin film of water flowing over the
outside surface of smooth horizontal tubes was developed by Han and Fletcher
(1985),
h = 0.0004 (p2 g k3/^2)l/3 ReO.2 PrO.65 qO.4 (d)
The relationship is valid over the following parameter range; 770 < Re < 7000, 1.3
< Pr < 3.6, 30 < q < 80 kW/m2, and 49 < T < 127 °C. In the above equation Re and
Pr are Reynolds and Prandtl numbers respectively, q, is the heat flux, |.i is the
viscosity, p is the density and k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Table C.l
and Fig. C.l show variations in the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the
system temperature and the heat flux.
n 1 r
40 60 80 120
Tenperature, °C
Fig. C.l. Variation in the heat transfer coefficient for

boiling falling film
Appendix C Heat Transfer Coefficients 587
Table C.l: The heat transfer coefficient for boiling falling film for 5o = 0.03 m, 5^:
0.025 m, q ^ 80 kW/m^, and X = 40000 ppm.
T h V Re Pr k 1^ Cp P
(-C) (kW/m^ oC) (m/s) (kW/m «C) (kg/m s) (kJ/kg oC) (kg/m3)
40
50
0.89
0.92
i~
1
42784.24
50750.40
4.54
3.75
6.28E-04
6.39E-04
7.16E-04
6.01E-04
lis
3.99
1021.37
1017.07
60 0.96 1 59113.56 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 0.99 1 67786.84 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 1.02 1 76688.39 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 1.04 1 85742.46 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 1.06 1 94879.95 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 1.08 1 104038.65 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 0.96 1.5 64176.36 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 1.00 1.5 76125.61 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 1.04 1.5 88670.34 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 1.07 1.5 101680.26 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 1.10 1.5 115032.59 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 1.13 1.5 128613.69 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 1.15 1.5 142319.92 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 1.18 1.5 156057.97 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 1.02 2 85568.48 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 1.06 2 101500.81 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 1.10 2 118227.11 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 1.14 2 135573.68 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 1.17 2 153376.79 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 1.20 2 171484.92 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 1.22 2 189759.90 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 1.25 2 208077.30 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 1.10 3 128352.72 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 1.15 3 152251.21 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 1.19 3 177340.67 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 1.23 3 203360.52 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 1.27 3 230065.18 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 1.30 3 257227.37 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 1.33 3 284639.85 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 1.35 3 312115.95 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 1.17 4 171136.95 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 1.22 4 203001.62 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 1.26 4 236454.23 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 1.30 4 271147.36 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 1.34 4 306753.57 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 1.37 4 342969.83 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 1.40 4 379519.80 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 1.43 4 416154.60 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
C.2 Vapor Condensation Inside Tubes
The heat transfer coefficient for vapor condensation inside horizontal tubes was
developed by Shah (1978).
h/hu = 1 + 3.8 / ZO-95 (C.2)
where Z = ((1/x) - l)^-^ PrO-4, h^ = h^ (1 - x)^"^, ^£ = 0.023 ReO-8 PrO.4 (k^/g.)^ ^ ig
the vapor phase mass fraction and the subscripts i, £, and u denotes the tube
inside, the liquid phase, and the local superficial value. The above correlation is
valid over the following ranges: 2.8 < 5i < 40 mm, 21 < T < 355 ^C, 0 < x < 1, 0.158
< q < 16000 kW/m2, 11 < G < 4000 kg/m2 s, 0.7 < P < 1 bar, 0.0019 < Pr < 0.82, 350
< Re < 100000. Table C.2 and Fig. C.2 show variations in the heat transfer
coefficient as a function of the system temperature and vapor fraction.
1
.a
O
U
cd
40 60 80 120
Tenperature, °C
Fig. C.2. Variation in the heat transfer coefficient for

vapor condensation inside the tubes
Table C.2: The heat transfer coefficient for vapor condensation inside the tubes,
for 5o = 0.03 m, 5i = 0.025 m, and X = 40000 ppm.
T h X Re Pr k ^ Cp P
(oC) (kW/m^ o Q (kW/m «C) (kg/m s) (kJ/kg oC) (kg/m3)
40 0.15 0.01 427.84 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3^98 1021.37
50 0.16 0.01 507.50 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 0.17 0.01 591.14 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 0.18 0.01 677.87 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 0.19 0.01 766.88 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 0.20 0.01 857.42 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 0.21 0.01 948.80 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 0.22 0.01 1040.39 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 1.34 0.1 4278.42 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 1.45 0.1 5075.04 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 1.55 0.1 5911.36 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 1.65 0.1 6778.68 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 1.74 0.1 7668.84 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 1.83 0.1 8574.25 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 1.91 0.1 9487.99 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 1.98 0.1 10403.86 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 2.88 0.2 8556.85 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 3.11 0.2 10150.08 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 3.33 0.2 11822.71 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 3.54 0.2 13557.37 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 3.74 0.2 15337.68 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 3.92 0.2 17148.49 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 4.09 0.2 18975.99 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 4.25 0.2 20807.73 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 8.49 0.5 21392.12 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 9.18 0.5 25375.20 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 9.83 0.5 29556.78 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 10.45 0.5 33893.42 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 11.03 0.5 38344.20 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 11.57 0.5 42871.23 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 12.08 0.5 47439.97 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 12.55 0.5 52019.32 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
40 16.82 0.99 42356.40 4.54 6.28E-04 7.16E-04 3.98 1021.37
50 18.18 0.99 50242.90 3.75 6.39E-04 6.01E-04 3.99 1017.07
60 19.47 0.99 58522.42 3.16 6.48E-04 5.14E-04 3.99 1012.24
70 20.69 0.99 67108.97 2.71 6.57E-04 4.46E-04 4.00 1006.89
80 21.84 0.99 75921.51 2.36 6.64E-04 3.92E-04 4.00 1001.06
90 22.92 0.99 84885.03 2.08 6.70E-04 3.48E-04 4.01 994.75
100 23.93 0.99 93931.15 1.86 6.74E-04 3.12E-04 4.02 987.99
110 24.86 0.99 102998.26 1.68 6.78E-04 2.83E-04 4.03 980.79
C.3 Seawater Flowing Inside Tubes
The heat transfer coefficient for seawater inside the tubes was developed
for desalination plants by Wangnick (1995).
h = (3293.5+T(84.24-0.1714 T)
- X (8.471+0.1161 X + 0.2716 T))/((5i/0.017272)0-2)
((0.656 V)0.8)(5i/5o) (C.3)
where x is the salt concentration in weight percent, T is the temperature, and b{
and §0 ^^^ t^^ inside and the outside tube diameter respectively. Table C.3 and
Fig. C.3 show variations in the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the
system temperature and the velocity. Table C.3 includes also values of the heat
transfer coefficient as predicted by the Dittus-Bolter equation. It should be noted
that values for Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and other physical properties
are the same as those given in Table C.l.
20 40 60 80 100 120
Tenperature, ^C

seawater flowing inside the tubes
Table C.3: The heat transfer coefficient for seawater flowing inside the tubes, for
5o = 0.03 m, 5i = 0.025 m, and X = 40000 ppm.
TeO h (Eg. c.3) (kW/m2 oC) h (Dittus-Bolter) (kW/m^ oQ) V (m/sT
40 3.49 4.19
50 3.86 4.58
60 4.21 4.97
70 4.55 5.33
80 4.87 5.68
90 5.17 6.01
100 5.45 6.32
110 5.71 6.62
40 4.82 5.79 1.5
50 5.34 6.34 1.5
60 5.83 6.87 1.5
70 6.29 7.38 1.5
80 6.73 7.86 1.5
90 7.15 8.32 1.5
100 7.53 8.75 1.5
110 7.89 9.15 1.5
40 6.07 7.29 2
50 6.72 7.98 2
60 7.34 8.65 2
70 7.92 9.29 2
80 8.48 9.89 2
90 9.00 10.47 2
100 9.48 11.01 2
110 9.94 11.52 2
40 8.39 10.09 3
50 9.29 11.04 3
60 10.15 11.96 3
70 10.96 12.84 3
80 11.72 13.68 3
90 12.44 14.48 3
100 13.11 15.23 3
110 13.74 15.93 3
40 10.57 12.70 4
50 11.70 13.90 4
60 12.78 15.06 4
70 13.80 16.17 4
80 14.76 17.23 4
90 15.66 18.23 4
100 16.51 19.17 4
110 17.30 20.05 4
C.4 Vapor Condensation on the Outside Surface of Tubes
The correlation for the heat transfer coefficient during vapor condensation
outside the preheater/condenser tubes was developed by Henning and Wangnick
(1995),
h = 0.725 (k?p^(p^ - Pv)g?^v /6oÂT)^-^^CiC2 (C.4)
with Ci = 1.23795 + 0.353808Ni - 0.0017035Nf,
C2 =l-34.313Xnc +1226.8X^c -14923X^c^

4Mf
Ni = 0 . 5 6 4 . ^ , and N t =
7i5. pfVf
Variations in the heat transfer coefficient are shown in Table C.4 and Fig. C.4.
Fig. C.4. Variation in the heat transfer coefficient on the

outside surface of tubes
Table C.4: Variation in the heat transfer coefficient during condensation on the
outside surface of tubes. Parameters include Xj^^ ~ 0.015, S^ = 0.03 m, Mf = 1 kg/s,
Vf = 1.5 m/s, 5i = 0.025 m. Calculated values include Nt = 1.37, N^ = 0.66, Ci =
1.47, C2 = 0.71.
T h AT Pv Pi k£ Ay ^£
(«C) (kW/m2 oC) (°C) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kW/m oQ) (kJ/kg) (kg/m s)
40 31.41 0.1 0.051 991.861 6.30E-04 2406.50 6.55E-04
50 33.12 0.1 0.083 987.683 6.41E-04 2382.52 5.48E-04
60 34.68 0.1 0.130 982.924 6.50E-04 2358.31 4.67E-04
70 36.11 0.1 0.198 977.602 6.58E-04 2333.76 4.04E-04
80 37.41 0.1 0.293 971.734 6.65E-04 2308.77 3.54E-04
90 38.56 0.1 0.424 965.339 6.71E-04 2283.25 3.14E-04
100 39.58 0.1 0.598 958.434 6.76E-04 2257.11 2.81E-04
110 40.47 0.1 0.826 951.037 6.79E-04 2230.25 2.54E-04
40 21.01 0.5 0.051 991.861 6.30E-04 2406.50 6.55E-04
50 22.15 0.5 0.083 987.683 6.41E-04 2382.52 5.48E-04
60 23.19 0.5 0.130 982.924 6.50E-04 2358.31 4.67E-04
70 24.15 0.5 0.198 977.602 6.58E-04 2333.76 4.04E-04
80 25.02 0.5 0.293 971.734 6.65E-04 2308.77 3.54E-04
90 25.79 0.5 0.424 965.339 6.71E-04 2283.25 3.14E-04
100 26.47 0.5 0.598 958.434 6.76E-04 2257.11 2.81E-04
110 27.07 0.5 0.826 951.037 6.79E-04 2230.25 2.54E-04
40 17,66 0.051 991.861 6.30E-04 2406.50 6.55E-04
50 18.62 0.083 987.683 6.41E-04 2382.52 5.48E-04
60 19.50 0.130 982.924 6.50E-04 2358.31 4.67E-04
70 20.31 0.198 977.602 6.58E-04 2333.76 4.04E-04
80 21.04 0.293 971.734 6.65E-04 2308.77 3.54E-04
90 21.69 0.424 965.339 6.71E-04 2283.25 3.14E-04
100 22.26 0.598 958.434 6.76E-04 2257.11 2.81E-04
110 22.76 0.826 951.037 6.79E-04 2230.25 2.54E-04
40 14.85 2 0.051 991.861 6.30E-04 2406.50 6.55E-04
50 15.66 2 0.083 987.683 6.41E-04 2382.52 5.48E-04
60 16.40 2 0.130 982.924 6.50E-04 2358.31 4.67E-04
70 17.08 2 0.198 977.602 6.58E-04 2333.76 4.04E-04
80 17.69 2 0.293 971.734 6.65E-04 2308.77 3.54E-04
90 18.24 2 0.424 965.339 6.71E-04 2283.25 3.14E-04
100 18.72 2 0.598 958.434 6.76E-04 2257.11 2.81E-04
110 19.14 2 0.826 951.037 6.79E-04 2230.25 2.54E-04
40 12.49 4 0.051 991.861 6.30E-04 2406.50 6.55E-04
50 13.17 4 0.083 987.683 6.41E-04 2382.52 5.48E-04
60 13.79 4 0.130 982.924 6.50E-04 2358.31 4.67E-04
70 14.36 4 0.198 977.602 6.58E-04 2333.76 4.04E-04
80 14.87 4 0.293 971.734 6.65E-04 2308.77 3.54E-04
90 15.33 4 0.424 965.339 6.71E-04 2283.25 3.14E-04
100 15.74 4 0.598 958.434 6.76E-04 2257.11 2.81E-04
110 16.09 4 0.826 951.037 6.79E-04 2230.25 2.54E-04
C.5 Water Flow in Plate Heat Exchanger
The heat transfer coefficient in plate heat exchangers is developed by

Buonopane et al. (1974) and is given in terms of variations in the Nusselt number
as a function of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers of the fluid; this is
h = 0.2536 ReO-65 PrO.4 (k^/De) (C.5)
Where Re is the Reynolds number, which is defined in terms of the effective
diameter (Re = De pv/|i), Pr is the Prandtl number, and De is the equivalent
diameter, which is defined by De = 4 (wd)/(2(w+d)). In the above equations, p is
density, [i is viscosity, k is thermal conductivity, Cp is heat capacity, v is velocity,
w is plate width, and d is plate spacing. Variations in the heat transfer coefficient
are shown in Table C.5 and Fig. C.5 as a function of temperature and velocity.
Values for physical properties, which includes |LI, k, Cp, and p are given Table C.l.

seawater flowing in plate heat exchanger
Table C.5: The heat transfer coefficient in plate heat exchanger for w = 0.2 m, d '
0.02 m, De = 0.036 m, X = 40,000 ppm.
T(oC) h (kW/m^ "O V (m/s) Re Pr
40 9.31 51859.68 Z54
50 9.80 61515.64 3.75
60 10.26 71652.80 3.16
70 10.68 82165.87 2.71
80 11.07 92955.63 2.36
90 11.42 103930.25 2.08
100 11.75 115006.00 1.86
110 12.04 126107.45 1.68
40 12.11 1.5 77789.52 4.54
50 12.76 1.5 92273.46 3.75
60 13.35 1.5 107479.19 3.16
70 13.90 1.5 123248.80 2.71
80 14.41 1.5 139433.44 2.36
90 14.87 1.5 155895.38 2.08
100 15.29 1.5 172509.00 1.86
110 15.66 1.5 189161.18 1.68
40 14.60 2 103719.37 4.54
50 15.38 2 123031.28 3.75
60 16.10 2 143305.59 3.16
70 16.76 2 164331.73 2.71
80 17.37 2 185911.26 2.36
90 17.93 2 207860.50 2.08
100 18.43 2 230012.00 1.86
110 18.89 2 252214.91 1.68
40 19.01 3 155579.05 4.54
50 20.02 3 184546.93 3.75
60 20.96 3 214958.39 3.16
70 21.82 3 246497.60 2.71
80 22.61 3 278866.88 2.36
90 23.33 3 311790.76 2.08
100 23.99 3 345018.00 1.86
110 24.58 3 378322.36 1.68
40 22.91 4 207438.73 4.54
50 24.14 4 246062.57 3.75
60 25.26 4 286611.19 3.16
70 26.30 4 328663.46 2.71
80 27.26 4 371822.51 2.36
90 28.13 4 415721.01 2.08
100 28.92 4 460023.99 1.86
110 29.63 4 504429.82 1.68
C.6 Condensers and Evaporators Overall

Heat Transfer Coefficient
Several correlations are available for the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Predicted values by theses correlations vary between lows of 2 kW/m^ oQ up to
highs of 4 kW/m2 oQ. Variations depend on the fouling resistance and the surface
conditions. Results for these correlations are shown in Fig. C.6. The following is a
list of these correlations:
- Fouled condenser, El-Dessouky et al. (1998)
Uc =1x10-3 (1617.5+ 0.1537 T + 0.1825 T2 - 0.00008026 T^) (C.6)
- Fouled evaporator, El-Dessouky et al. (1998)
Ue =1x10-3 (1939.4+ 1.40562 T - 0.0207525 T2 + 0.0023186 T3) (C.7)
- Fouled condenser, Takada et al. (1983)
Uc =0.8 (3+0.05 (T - 60)) (C.8)
- Clean drop wise condenser, Bromly et al. (1970)
Uc =1x10-3 (5186 - 90.82 T + 0.5566 T2 - 0.0009159 T3)/0.17612 (C.9)
- Clean film wise condenser, Bromly et al. (1970)
Uc = 1x10-3 (_ 316.2 + 6.62 T)/0.17612 (CIO)
- Oxidized film wise condenser, Bromly et al. (1970)
Uc = 1x10-3 (- 64.37+4.625 T)/0.17612 (C.ll)
In the above equations, Uc is the condenser overall heat transfer coefficient

(with vapor condensing on the outside surface and seawater flow on the tube
side), Ue is the evaporator overall heat transfer coefficient (with water forming a
falling film on a horizontal tube bundle and vapor is condensing inside the tubes),
and T is the evaporation/condensation temperature. As is shown in Fig. C.6 the
units of (U) and (T) are kW/m^ ^C and ^C, respectively. It should be noted that
Fig. C.6 includes additional data points by other investigator; however, these
investigators did not provide a correlation. In addition, the clean overall heat
transfer coefficient by El-Dessouky et al. (1998) is the same as Eqs. (C.6) and
C.7), where it uses a fouling resistance of 0.08 m^ oC/kW.
- El-Dessouky, et al.,
1998, Uc, fouled
- El-Dessouky, et aL,
1998, Ue, fouled
1998, Uc, clean
1998, Ue, clean
Bromfy, etaL, 1970,
film wise, clean
Bromly, etal.,1970,
film wise, oxidized
El-Nasher, et al.,
1995
Weinberg, et aL,
1997, industrial
Takada, etaL, 1983
Reddy, etaL, 1993
Figure 4: Variations in the overall heat transfer coefficient predicted by

various correlations and as a function of temperature.
References
Bromley, L.A., and Read, S.M., Multiple effect flash (MEF) evaporator,
Desalination, 70(1970)3413-391.
Buonopane, R.A., Troupe, R.A., and Morgan, J . C , Heat transfer design method
for plate heat exchangers, Chem. Eng. Progress, 59(7)(1963)57-61.
El-Dessouky, H., Alatiqi, I., Bingulac, S., and Ettouney, H., Steady-state analysis
of the multiple effect evaporation desalination process, Chem. Eng. TechnoL,
21(1998)15-29.
El-Nashar, A.M., and Qamhiyeh, A.A., Simulation of the steady-stage operation

of a mulit-effect stack seawater distillation plant, Desalination, 101(1995)231-
243.
Han, J. and Fletcher, L., Falling film evaporation and boiling in circumferential
and axial grooves on horizontal tubes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev.,
24(1985)570-597.
Henning, S, and Wangnick, K., Comparison of different equations for the

calculation of heat transfer coefficients in MSF multi-stage flash evaporators.
Proceedings of the IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Sciences,
Abu Dhabi, November, 1995, Vol. Ill, pp. 515-524.
Reddy, G.P., Husain, A., and Al-Gobaisi, D.M.K., Modelling and optimization of
muliple effect horizontal tube falling film evaporators. Proceeding of the IDA
World Congress on Desalination and Water Sciences, Madrid, Spain, October,
1997, Vol. I, pp 131-149.
Shah, M.M., Heat transfer, pressure drop, visual observations, test data for
ammonia evaporating inside tubes, ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 84, Part 2, 1978.
Takada, M., and Drake, J . C , Application of improved high performance

evaporator. Desalination, 45(1983)3-12.
Wangnick, K., How incorrectly determined physical and constructional properties

in the seawater and brine regimes influence the design and size of an MSF
desalination plant - stimulus for further thoughts. Proceedings of the IDA
World Congress on Desalination and Water Science, Abu Dhabi, November,
1995, Vol. II, pp. 201-218.
Weinberg, J., and Ophir, A., Ashdod experience and other dual purpose
desalination plants based on multi effect desalination with aluminum tubes.
Symposium on Desalination of Seawater with Nuclear Energy, Taejon,
Republic of Korea, May, 1997.

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Appendix A

The density correlation for seawater is given by

Table A.l: Variation in seawater density (kg/m^) as a function of temperature

A.2. Seawater Specific Heat at Constant Pressure

The seawater specific heat at constant pressure is given by the following

Figure A.2: Variation in specific heat capacity of seawater

Table A.2: Variation in seawater specific heat (kJ/kg ^C) as a function of

A.3. Seawater Dynamic Viscosity

The correlation for the dynamic viscosity of seawater is given by

Table A.3: Variation in seawater viscosity (kg/m s) as a function of temperature

A.4. Seawater Thermal Conductivity

The seawater thermal conductivity is given by

343.5 + B s ^^ T +273.15 Y^^ (A.4)

Table A.4: Variation in seawater thermal conductivity (kW/m^C) as a function of

A.5. Enthalpy of Saturated Liquid Water

The correlation for enthalpy of saturated liquid water is given by

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Table A. 5: Variation in liquid water enthalpy (kJ/kg) as a function of temperature

A.6. Enthalpy of Saturated Water Vapor

The correlation for the water vapor enthalpy is given by

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220!

Table A.6: Variation in water vapor enthalpy (kJ/kg) as a function of temperature

A. 7. Latent Heat of Water Evaporation

The correlation for latent heat of water evaporation is given by

Table A.7: Variation in latent heat of water evaporation in (kJ/kg) as a function

A.8. Entropy of Saturated Liquid Water

The correlation for entropy of saturated Hquid water is given by

A. 9. Entropy of Saturated Water Vapor

The correlation for entropy of saturated water vapor is given by

0 40 80 120 160 200 240

Table A.9: V a r i a t i o n in t h e entropy of s a t u r a t e d w a t e r vapor (kJ/kg K) a s a

A.10. Saturation Pressure of Water Vapor

The correlation for the water vapor saturation pressure is given by

ln(P/Pc) = ( — l)Efi(0.01(T +273.15-338.15))^'"^) (A.10)

Table A. 10: Variation in saturation pressure of water vapor (kPa) as a function of

A.11, Saturation Temperature of Water Vapor

The correlation for the saturation temperature of water vapor is given by

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Saturation Pressure of Water Vapor, kPa

Table A. 11: V a r i a t i o n in s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e of w a t e r vapor (^C) as a function

A. 12. Specific Volume of Saturated Water Vapor

V = Ve(- -l)exp(Efi(T + 273.15/^-^^) (A. 12)

Specific Volume fi-om

150 180 2101

Table A. 12: Variation in water vapor spec:ific volume (m^/kg) as a function o

A. 13. Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid Water

^ = ^C(T. SO-.^-^) exp( i;fi(T + 273.15/i-^>) (A.13)

Table A. 13: Variation in liquid water specific volume (m^/kg^) as a function o

A. 14. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Liquid Water

Table A. 14: Variation in liquid water dynamic viscosity as a function of

A. 15. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Water Vapor

Table A. 15: Variation in the dynamic viscosity of saturated water vapor as a

A.16. Surface Tension of Saturated Liquid Water

The correlation for the surface tension is given by

Table A. 16: Variation in the surface tension of saturated liquid water as a

A.17. Enthalpy of LiBr Water Solution

The enthalpy correlation for saturated LiBr-H20 solution is given by

H(X, T) = X E aiT^ + (1 - X) i biT^

50 100 150 200

Fig. A.17. Variation in the enthalpy of LiBr solution as a