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    Seawater PDF

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    Hartinie M
    The document discusses several key properties of seawater: 1) Salinity is used to describe the composition of seawater and is defined based on electrical conductivity. Typical salinity values in the open ocean range from 34 to 36. 2) Density, freezing point, and other physical properties of seawater vary based on temperature, pressure, and salinity. Tables provide values for these properties under different conditions. 3) Major ions in seawater include chloride, sodium, sulfate, and magnesium. Concentrations of these and other constituents are listed for various salinity levels.

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    Seawater PDF

    Uploaded by

    Hartinie M
    27 views2 pages
    The document discusses several key properties of seawater: 1) Salinity is used to describe the composition of seawater and is defined based on electrical conductivity. Typical salinity values in the open ocean range from 34 to 36. 2) Density, freezing point, and other physical properties of seawater vary based on temperature, pressure, and salinity. Tables provide values for these properties under different conditions. 3) Major ions in seawater include chloride, sodium, sulfate, and magnesium. Concentrations of these and other constituents are listed for various salinity levels.

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    The document discusses several key properties of seawater: 1) Salinity is used to describe the composition of seawater and is defined based on electrical conductivity. Typical salinity values in the open ocean range from 34 to 36. 2) Density, freezing point, and other physical properties of seawater vary based on temperature, pressure, and salinity. Tables provide values for these properties under different conditions. 3) Major ions in seawater include chloride, sodium, sulfate, and magnesium. Concentrations of these and other constituents are listed for various salinity levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views2 pages

    Seawater PDF

    Uploaded by

    Hartinie M
    The document discusses several key properties of seawater: 1) Salinity is used to describe the composition of seawater and is defined based on electrical conductivity. Typical salinity values in the open ocean range from 34 to 36. 2) Density, freezing point, and other physical properties of seawater vary based on temperature, pressure, and salinity. Tables provide values for these properties under different conditions. 3) Major ions in seawater include chloride, sodium, sulfate, and magnesium. Concentrations of these and other constituents are listed for various salinity levels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER

    In addition to the dependence on temperature and pressure, the physical properties of seawater vary with the concentration of the dissolved
    constituents. A convenient parameter for describing the composition is the salinity, S, which is defined in terms of the electrical conductivity of the
    seawater sample. The defining equation for the practical salinity is:

    S = a0 + a1K1/2 + a2K + a3K3/2 + a4K2 + a5K5/2 ,

    where K is the ratio of the conductivity of the seawater sample at 15°C and atmospheric pressure to the conductivity of a potassium chloride solution
    in which the mass fraction of KCl is 0.0324356, at the same temperature and pressure. The values of the coefficients are:

    a0 = 0.0080 a3 = 14.0941
    a1 = -0.1692 a4 = -7.0261
    a2 = 25.3851 a5 = 2.7081
    Σ ai = 35.0000

    Thus when K = 1, S = 35 exactly ( S is normally quoted in units of ‰, i.e., parts per thousand). The value of S can be roughly equated with the mass
    of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid latitudes typically fall between 34 and 36.
    It is customary in oceanography to define the pressure at a given point as the pressure due to the column of water between that point and the surface.
    Thus by convention P = 0 at the sea surface. To a good approximation the pressure in decibars (dbar) can be equated to the depth in meters. Thus at
    45° latitude the pressure is 5000 dbar at 4902 m, 10000 dbar at 9700 m.
    The freezing point of seawater varies with salinity and pressure as follows (freezing point in °C):

    P/dbar S=0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
    0 0.000 -0.274 -0.542 -0.812 -1.083 -1.358 -1.638 -1.922 -2.212
    50 -0.038 -0.311 -0.580 -0.849 -1.121 -1.396 -1.676 -1.960 -2.250
    100 -0.075 -0.349 -0.618 -0.887 -1.159 -1.434 -1.713 -1.998 -2.287
    500 -0.377 -0.650 -0.919 -1.188 -1.460 -1.735 -2.014 -2.299 -2.589

    The first table below gives several properties of seawater as a function of temperature for a salinity of 35. The second and third give density and
    electrical conductivity as a function of salinity at several temperatures, and the last lists typical concentrations of the main constituents of seawater
    as a function of salinity.

    REFERENCES

    1. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No.
    36, Unesco, Paris, 1981; sections No. 37, 38, 39, and 40 in this series give background papers and detailed tables.
    2. Kennish, M. J., CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
    3. Poisson, A. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. OE-5, 50, 1981.
    4. Webster, F., in AIP Physics Desk Reference, E. R. Cohen, D. R. Lide and G. L. Trigg, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002.

    Properties of Seawater as a Function of Temperature at Salinity S = 35 and Normal Atmospheric Pressure

    ρ = density in g/cm3
    β = (1/ρ) (dρ/dS) = fractional change in density per unit change in salinity
    α = (1/ρ) (dρ/dt) = fractional change in density per unit change in temperature (°C-1)
    κ = electrical conductivity in S/cm
    η = viscosity in mPa s (equal to cP)
    cp = specific heat in J/kg °C
    v = speed of sound in m/s
    t/°C ρ/g cm-3 107β 107 α/°C-1 κ/S cm-1 η/mPa s cp/J kg-1 °C-1 v/m s-1

    0 1.028106 7854 526 0.029048 1.892 3986.5 1449.1


    5 1.027675 7717 1136 0.033468 1.610
    10 1.026952 7606 1668 0.038103 1.388 3986.3 1489.8
    15 1.025973 7516 2141 0.042933 1.221
    20 1.024763 7444 2572 0.047934 1.085 3993.9 1521.5
    25 1.023343 7385 2970 0.053088 0.966
    30 1.021729 7338 3341 0.058373 0.871 4000.7 1545.6
    35 1.019934 7300 3687
    40 7270 4004 4003.5 1563.2

    14-15
    PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER (continued)

    Density of Surface Seawater in g/cm3 as a Function of Temperature and Salinity

    t/°C S=0 S=5 S = 10 S = 15 S = 20 S = 25 S = 30 S = 35 S = 40

    0 0.999843 1.003913 1.007955 1.011986 1.016014 1.020041 1.024072 1.028106 1.032147


    5 0.999967 1.003949 1.007907 1.011858 1.015807 1.019758 1.023714 1.027675 1.031645
    10 0.999702 1.003612 1.007501 1.011385 1.015269 1.019157 1.023051 1.026952 1.030862
    15 0.999102 1.002952 1.006784 1.010613 1.014443 1.018279 1.022122 1.025973 1.029834
    20 0.998206 1.002008 1.005793 1.009576 1.013362 1.017154 1.020954 1.024763 1.028583
    25 0.997048 1.000809 1.004556 1.008301 1.012050 1.015806 1.019569 1.023343 1.027128
    30 0.995651 0.999380 1.003095 1.006809 1.010527 1.014252 1.017985 1.021729 1.025483
    35 0.994036 0.997740 1.001429 1.005118 1.008810 1.012509 1.016217 1.019934 1.023662
    40 0.992220 0.995906 0.999575 1.003244 1.006915 1.010593 1.014278 1.017973 1.021679

    Electrical Conductivity of Seawater in S/cm as a Function of Temperature and Salinity


    t/°C S=5 S = 10 S = 15 S = 20 S = 25 S = 30 S = 35 S = 40

    0 0.004808 0.009171 0.013357 0.017421 0.021385 0.025257 0.029048 0.032775


    5 0.005570 0.010616 0.015441 0.020118 0.024674 0.029120 0.033468 0.037734
    10 0.006370 0.012131 0.017627 0.022947 0.028123 0.033171 0.038103 0.042935
    15 0.007204 0.013709 0.019905 0.025894 0.031716 0.037391 0.042933 0.048355
    20 0.008068 0.015346 0.022267 0.028948 0.035438 0.041762 0.047934 0.053968
    25 0.008960 0.017035 0.024703 0.032097 0.039276 0.046267 0.053088 0.059751
    30 0.009877 0.018771 0.027204 0.035330 0.043213 0.050888 0.058373 0.065683

    Composition of Seawater and Ionic Strength at Various Salinities (Ref. 2)


    Expressed as molality As grams per kilogram of seawater
    Constituent S = 30 S = 35 S = 40 S = 30 S = 35 S = 40

    Cl- 0.482 0.562 0.650 16.58 19.33 22.36


    Br- 0.00074 0.00087 0.00100 0.057 0.067 0.078
    F- 0.00007 0.001
    SO42- 0.0104 0.0114 0.0122 0.97 1.06 1.14
    HCO3- 0.00131 0.00143 0.00100 0.078 0.085 0.059
    NaSO4- 0.0085 0.0108 0.0139 0.98 1.25 1.60
    KSO4- 0.00010 0.00012 0.00015 0.013 0.016 0.020
    Na+ 0.405 0.472 0.544 9.03 10.53 12.13
    K+ 0.00892 0.01039 0.01200 0.338 0.394 0.455
    Mg2+ 0.0413 0.0483 0.0561 0.974 1.139 1.323
    Ca2+ 0.00131 0.00143 0.00154 0.051 0.056 0.060
    Sr2+ 0.00008 0.00009 0.00011 0.007 0.008 0.009
    MgHCO3+ 0.00028 0.00036 0.00045 0.023 0.030 0.037
    MgSO4 0.00498 0.00561 0.00614 0.582 0.655 0.717
    CaSO4 0.00102 0.00115 0.00126 0.135 0.152 0.166
    NaHCO3 0.00015 0.00020 0.00024 0.012 0.016 0.020
    H3BO3 0.00032 0.00037 0.00042 0.019 0.022 0.025
    Ionic strength 0.5736 0.6675 0.7701

    14-16

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