mood

MOOD

SFG adalah meaning-based grammar

 Saya punya makna, bagaimana merealisasikannya dalam bahasa?

of culture
Context field: what
of situation tenor: who  interpersonal meaning
mode: how

Tekstualisasi konteks

Pinjam uang
a. Ke teman: Pinjem uang lah samilyeur (imperatif)
b. Ke dosen: Maaf Pak, … (e.g. interrogative)
c. Ke calon mertua: (jalan kaki saja)

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TANYA: Bagaimana konteks TENOR (siapa – hubungan

interpersonal) terekam dalam teks (tertekstualisasi)?
JAWAB: Eksplorasi sistem MOOD-nya!

Interpersonal (MOOD)
Meanings IdeationalExperiential (TRANSITIVITY)
Logical (CLAUSE COMPLEX)
Textual (THEME)

TANYA LAGI: Dalam sistem mood ada apa saja?

JAWAB LAGI: Baca bukuna sing bener

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 mood

MOOD: clause as exchange

 Speech function + mood types + mood structure

A. SPEECH FUNCTION

Aktivitas: personal VS sosial (tenor)

Speech role: giving and demanding

Giving
Demanding comodity exchanged: goods/service and information

Exchange of information
Who has read Laskar Pelangi?
Ana has read Laskar Pelangi.

Exchange of goods and services

Can I have a glass of coffee, please?
Yes, sure.
Would you like to have a cup of coffee?
Yes, please.

Speech roles Commodity (what is exchanged?)

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 mood

(activity)
information Goods/services
Giving Statement Offer
He is giving her some ice Would you like some ice
cream. cream?

Demanding Question Command

What is he giving her? Give me that ice cream!

Statement, question, offer, and command are speech function.

Speech function: initiation & response

Initiation Response
+ -
Statement (give: Acknowledgement Contradiction
information)
Question Answer Disclaimer
(demand:
information)
Offer (give: Acceptance Rejection
goods and
services)
Command Compliance Refusal
(demand: goods
and services)
(Speech function and response taken from Halliday, 1994)
A: Have you ever read Laskar Pelangi? Question
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 mood

B: I really wouldn’t know. Disclaimer

C: Yes, I have. Answer
A: Its by Andrea Hirata Statement
C: Yea Acknowledgement
B: No, it’s not! Contradiction
C: Would you like to borrow my copy? Offer
B: Well, OK. Accept
A: You will enjoy it. Statement
C: Yea Acknowledgement
C: here, take it! Command
B: (take the novel) Thanks Compliance
Who are the speakers, contact, power, affect.
Fungsi dan bentuk

Command (fungsi)  imperative (form), interrogative (form),

declarative (form)

Imposition

B. MOOD TYPES
Declarative
Interrogative
Imperative
Exclamative

Speech function & mood types:

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FUNCTION TYPICAL REALISATION EXAMPLE

Statement declarative e.g. Aceh has great coffee
Question interrogative (wh, polar) e.g.who makes the best coffee in Indonesia?
Have you ever visited Aceh?
Command imperative e.g. Get me a cup of coffee
Offer polar interrogative e.g. would you like a cup of coffee?

Interrogative: wh- and polar

Bagaimana mengecek bahwa sesuatu itu bernuansa/bermuatan

interpersonal (atau tidak)?

Sampaikan sesuatu ke orang yang statusnya berbeda-beda:

superior – setara – bawahan

 tenor: power, contact, affect (hal. 100)

Observe the following excerpts:

X: This is a guy that can write.

Y: It's so tortured. I think he had so much trouble coming to the point.
(Strong opinions are freely stated, and are equally directly shot down)
Y: Because he wasn't – he didn't know anything about physics
X: Oh he knew heaps about physics
(Claims are made only to be contradicted)
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 mood

X: I will buy you a copy of this novel.

Y: You know I won’t read it.
(Offers are abruptly rejected)

Y: I don’t want to find out the meaning of life or something like that
from it.
X: Well god who wants to find out the meaning of life?
(Explanations are challenged)

With the assumption that the dialog above are realised in a neutral
state of emotion,
 Who are speaking?
 What is the power relation like?
 What is the affect like?
 What is the contact like?
 What is the linguistic evidence of your conclusion?

Most likely the speakers are friends, in which contact is probably very
high, affective involvement is strong, and equal power operates.

Linguistic evidence:
 The speakers interrupt each other freely, without the use of
politeness formulae
 There is frequent swearing and unselfconscious use of
colloquial lexis and slang
 Strong attitudes are expressed very openly
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 mood

 Speakers use each other's first names ##

Context gets into text

This is evidence that the context (in this case, the social role relations or
tenor) have been realized in the language of the text.
(Observe further the dialog on page 141-143)

Bhs Inggris

Tense
Aspect
past present future
No aspect (simple) X
Progressive/continuous X
Perfect X
Perfect-progressive X

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Why do we need to talk?

To establish and develop (+ negotiate) the social roles one is playing
with other people. Through talk, social identities are established,
e.g. 'friends', 'strangers', 'male', 'female', 'bossy', etc.

 Maintenance of power relation OR power struggle

Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely

fabolous
marvellous
gorgeous

Being able to take part in dialogue, then, means being able to

negotiate the exchange of interpersonal meanings, being able to
realize social relationships with other language users.

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 mood

C. MOOD STRUCTURE
Membicarakan mood dari segi komoditas
A. Exchange of information: PROPOSITIONS

(lihat klasifikasi commodity: (1) information, (2) goods/services

The mood structure

Propositions can be divided into 2 functional constituents: MOOD

and RESIDUE

He is my teacher
MOOD RESIDUE

To identify which parts of the clause are MOOD elements, ask

which part of the clause cannot disappear (the essential part, the
nub of the argument) when the responding speaker takes up
his/her position.

You can check it when the argument is continued, e.g.

He isn’t my teacher but he is my uncle

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 mood

A test: add a tag!

He isn’t my teacher, is he?

Pak Dodo isn’t my teacher, is he?
She will come, won’t she?

MOOD is the element that gets picked up in the tag.

MOOD carries the argument; RESIDUE can be left out/ellipsed

X: He isn’t my teacher
Y: Yes, he is or No, he isn’t

MOOD MOOD MOOD MOOD MOOD MOOD MOOD

Three elements of the MOOD constituent:

 polarity: yes (positive) or no (negative), which can be ellipsed
 SUBJECT (nominal type)
 FINITE (verbal type)

He isn’t my teacher.

So, what needs to be there explicitly: SUBJECT and FINITE

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mood

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SUBJECT

Definition: it realizes the thing by reference to which the proposition

can be affirmed or denied: what is held responsible.

Identification: identifiable through tag test, i.e. SUBJECT is the

element that gets picked up by the pronoun in the tag.

FINITE

Finite VS non-finite (SYNTAX)

Finite: berubah (hahahheheh)

 Number: A cat eats fish – Cats eat fish
 Person: I love Mirna – He loves Mirna
 Tense: I love Mirna – I loved Mirna

Non-finite
 To infinitive: I want to come – She wants to come
 Bare infinitive: I let her go.
 -ing participle: She kept me waiting
 -ed participle: I had my car washed

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 mood

FINITE
Definition: it functions to make the proposition definite, to anchor
the proposition so that we can argue about it
Identification: identifiable through tag test, i.e. FINITE is the verbal
part of the tag.

Dodo and Didi were playing gatriks weren’t they?

S F P C F S
MOOD RESIDUE MOOD

Your parents will never support you will they?

Subject Finite P C Finite Subject
MOOD RESIDUE

She does love me doesn’t she?

S F P

She loves me
She loves me
Subject finite Predicator Complement
Mood Residue

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 mood

She loves me

Fused do/does/did

She loves me badly

Subject Finite P C adjunct
(does)
MOOD RESIDUE

I love mirna badly

Subject Finite P
(do)
MOOD RESIDUE

loves = love (P) + does (Finite)

loved = love + did
love = love + do

To anchor the proposition (to bring it down to earth so we can

argue about it), Finite makes use of
 Temporal Finite Verbal Operators, which anchor the
proposition with reference to time, giving tense to the finite
or
 Finite Modal Operators, which anchor the proposition with
reference to modality
 The Finite also carries the semantic feature of polarity. To
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 mood

make something arguable it has to be either + or -

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 mood

MODALITY
Modality = modal auxiliary ?

Maria is sick (polar +)

must
Maria may be sick
can’t

Maria is not sick (polar -)

Neneng must be sick must

Neneng may be sick Neneng may have been sick
Neneng can’t be sick can’t

It must be love It must have been love (but it’s over now)
It may be love
It can’t be love

She must go She had to go

She may go She was allowed to go
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 mood

She mustn’t go She was not allowed to go

Finite: modality, polarity, tense

Epistemic: claim to truth

Ika is sick (polar +)

Ika must be sick (more or less 100%)
Ika may be sick (more or less 50%)
Ika can’t be sick (more or less 100%)
Ika is not sick (polar -)

istri = TV
pacar = HP
(+) She is ill

M
O
Polarity D She must be ill = I believe she is ill
& A She may be ill = Perhaps she is ill
Modality L She can’t be ill
I
T
Y

(-) She is not ill

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 mood

She must be ill She must have been ill

She may be ill She may have been ill
She can’t be ill She can’t have been ill

It must have been love, but it’s over now

Kabeuki mah lain sawalakeuneun.

Deontic
(Obligation)

You must go You had to go

You may go You were allowed to go
You mustn’t go You were not allowed to go

She must go She had to go

She mustn’t go She was not allowed to go

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 mood

We can do the homework tomorrow, can’t we?

We can do the homework Tomorrow

Subject Finite P C Adjunct
MOOD RESIDUE

It must have been love

Subject Finite P C
MOOD RESIDUE

I can swim very well

I can swim very well

S F P A
MOOD RESIDUE

I met Mirna in the garage

I met Mirna In the
garrage
S f P C Adjunct
Mood Predicator

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 mood

I put my car in the garage

Mirna is in my house.
Mirna is In my house
S f A
Mood Residue

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 mood

Epistemic
PRESENT: She may be busy PAST: She may have been busy
It must be love It must have been love

Deontic
PRESENT: She must go now PAST: She had to go
She mustn’t go PAST: She was not allowed to go

RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE

Dodo kissed Dini every day in the kitchen.

Dodo kissed Dini every day in the kitchen

S F P C A: A: circ
circumstance
MOOD RESIDUE

Speech function: ………..

Mood type: …………..

Syntax (function): SPOCA

SFG (mood): Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement, Adjunct

(SFPCA)
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 mood

Constituents of residue: predicator, complement, adjunct

Predicator: the lexical or content part of the verbal group

I can swim
She must have been cooking Supermi Gobang

Dodo and Didi were playing gatriks weren’t they?

Subject Finite P C Finite Subject
MOOD RESIDUE

Your parents will never support you will they?

Subject Finite P C Finite Subject
MOOD RESIDUE

Catatan: content words vs function words

I love you because you love embe
I want to sleep

She does love me doesn’t she?

Subject Finite P C Finite Subject
MOOD RESIDUE

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 mood

Fused do/does/did

She loves me badly

Subject Finite P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

We can do the homework tomorrow

Subject Finite P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

It must have been love

Subject Finite P C
MOOD RESIDUE

Susan must have been going to sing her favourite song

Subject Finite P complex C
MOOD RESIDUE

Complement

Definition: a non-essential participant in the clause, somehow

affected by the main argument of the proposition
Identification: an element within the Residue that has the potential
of being Subject but is not. A complement can get to be
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 mood

subject through passivisation. + something attributive or

identifying

Complement (SFG) = Object/Complement (Formal Grammar)

Cucu killed the mouse

S F P C
MOOD RESIDUE

The mouse was killed by Cucu

S F P A
MOOD RESIDUE

to be + to have (to posses)

Dodo is a teacher in Garut

S F C
MOOD RESIDUE

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 mood

Dodo is the best teacher in Garut

S F C
MOOD RESIDUE

Dodo has curly hair

S F C
MOOD RESIDUE

Dodo has the curliest hair on earth

S F C
MOOD RESIDUE

Mirna is still sexy, isn’t she?

Mirna has long hair, doesn’t she?

Mirna has long hair, hasn’t she?

Have you a book?

Has she a boyfriend?

Neneng gave me flowers

S F P C C
MOOD RESIDUE

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 mood

I was given flowers by Neneng

S F P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

Flowers were given to me by Neneng

S F P A A
MOOD RESIDUE

PP  P + NP

I look forward to hearing from you

prep

I look forward to your reply.

prep

I am used/accustomed to your dog.

prep

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Adjuncts

Syntax:
She is a nurse
S P sC

She is happy
S P C

She is in the kitchen

S P C

She is sleeping in the kitchen

S P A

Adverbial is optional

Nenek berdagang kue

S P Pel

Definition: clause elements that contribute some additional (but

non-essential) information to the clause
Identification: they do not have the potential to become subject –
they are adverbial or prepositional

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 mood

I love Mirna today.

I love Mirna.
* I love.

She loves me badly

Subject Finite P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

We can do the homework tomorrow

Subject Finite P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

The mouse was killed by Cucu

S F P A
MOOD RESIDUE

It was killed by Cucu

S F P A
MOOD RESIDUE

Types of Adjuncts:

 Circumstantial (ideational): time, place, cause, matter,

accompaniment, beneficiary, agent
 Modal (interpersonal): mood, polarity, comment, vocative
 Textual: conjunctive, continuity (signaling a new move)
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I love Mirna badly.

I love Mirna, unfortunately.

Unfortunately, she loves me.

Surprisingly, Mirna loves me.

To my surprise, Mirna loves me.

What was that book you gave me?

Mirna’s Story was the book I gave you
S

What do you want?

I want Mirna
C

Surprisingly = To my surprise

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The mood types typically involved in exchanges of information

(propositions)

Notes:
A major clause: a clause with MOOD, whether explicit or ellipsed
A minor clause: a clause without MOOD, e.g. Oh dear!, Well!, OK.

 Declarative
 Polar interrogative (yes-no)
 Wh-interrogative: what, who, which, when, where, why, how
 Exclamative
 Imperative (later, nya)

She may be right

Dodo is watching TV
S F P C
MOOD RESIDUE

Is Dodo watching TV?

F S P C
MOOD RESIDUE

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Neneng plays tennis every Sunday

S F P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

Does Neneng play tennis every Sunday?

F S P C A
MOOD

tidur = sleep
menidurkan = put someone to bed/sleep
meniduri = ‘to sleep with’
tertidur = ketiduran = to fall asleep
tidur-tiduran = have a rest

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Wh-interrogative

Who plays tennis every Sunday?

S F P C A
MOOD
Cucu plays tennis every Sunday.
S

What do you want now?

Wh/C F S P A
RESIDUE … MOOD … RESIDUE

I want some milk.

C

What do you want now?

Wh/C F S P A
MOOD
RESIDUE

Exclamative
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What a nuisance it is
C S F
RESIDUE MOOD

How beautiful you are today = You are so beautiful today

C C
How beautiful you are today = You are so beautiful today

What a nuisance it is = It is such a nuisance

It is a nuisance (not strong enough)

It is such a nuisance

How beautiful you are today!

C S F A
MOOD
RESIDUE

You are beautiful today (not strong enough)

You are so beautiful today
C

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How quickly she disappeared!

A S F P
MOOD
RESIDUE

She disappeared so quickly

A

Modalisation (a part of modality) – about probability/certainty and

usuality

Between two poles of polarity lie a number of choices of degree of

certainty or usuality. These intermediate positions are called
modalisation, i.e. when modality is used to argue about the
probability or frequency of propositions

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B. Exchange of goods/services: PROPOSALS

Act: giving & demanding
Commodity: information & goods/services

Demanding goods/services: imperatives

Don’t you look at me

F S P C
MOOD RESIDUE

Do leave me alone
F P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

Let’s have a party tonight

S P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

You go home now

S P A A
MOOD RESIDUE

Leave me alone
P C A
RESIDUE

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Giving goods/services: the grammar of offers (having no distinctive

structural configuration)

Syntax: Subject, Predicator, Object, Complement, Adverbial

SFG: Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement, Adjunct

Shall I fix you a drink?

F S P C C
MOOD RESIDUE

Would you like a cup of coffee honey?

F S P C A
MOOD RESIDUE

Would you like to play chess with me now?

F S P C A A
MOOD RESIDUE

Modulation (the other part of modality): obligation & inclination

You shouldn’t leave tonight

S F P A

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You must kill the bird

S F P C
MOOD RESIDUE

You are obliged to kill the bird

S F P C

You may leave now

S F P C

Inclination:

I am determined to make you a coffee

S F P C C

I am willing to make you a coffee

S F P C C

a coffee = a (cup of) coffee

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Finally: check the typicality

Speech function typical realisation
Statement declarative
Question interrogative (wh- & polar)
Command imperative
Offer polar interrogative

Tenor: power, contact, affect

If you love me marry me

S F P C P C

Speech function: statement/command/offer

Mood type: deklaratif

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