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    LS 107 - Midterm 1 Cheat Sheet

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    Audrie L.
    1) Mendelian genetics describes inheritance patterns including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Genes exist in pairs and segregate so offspring receive one allele from each parent. 2) Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division. Mitosis produces identical diploid cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce haploid sex cells. 3) Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in trisomies or monosomies, causing disorders like Down syndrome. Linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome.

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    LS 107 - Midterm 1 Cheat Sheet

    Uploaded by

    Audrie L.
    135 views3 pages
    1) Mendelian genetics describes inheritance patterns including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Genes exist in pairs and segregate so offspring receive one allele from each parent. 2) Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division. Mitosis produces identical diploid cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce haploid sex cells. 3) Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in trisomies or monosomies, causing disorders like Down syndrome. Linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome.

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    LS 107 - midterm 1 cheat sheet

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    1) Mendelian genetics describes inheritance patterns including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Genes exist in pairs and segregate so offspring receive one allele from each parent. 2) Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division. Mitosis produces identical diploid cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce haploid sex cells. 3) Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in trisomies or monosomies, causing disorders like Down syndrome. Linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    135 views3 pages

    LS 107 - Midterm 1 Cheat Sheet

    Uploaded by

    Audrie L.
    1) Mendelian genetics describes inheritance patterns including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Genes exist in pairs and segregate so offspring receive one allele from each parent. 2) Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division. Mitosis produces identical diploid cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce haploid sex cells. 3) Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in trisomies or monosomies, causing disorders like Down syndrome. Linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    MENDELIAN GENETICS Ex: human with A and B blood type alleles,

    heterozygote is AB
    Law of segregation: characters are determined by Epistasis: expression of one gene is affected by the
    particulate factors, and factors exist in pairs in each expression of one or more independently inherited
    organism genes
    One parent transmits one member of a pair to
    offspring  progeny gets one allele from mother
    and one from father MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
    Law of independent assortment: the alleles of 2+
    different genes get sorted into gametes independently of Mitosis: one diploid (2n) cell  2 diploid daughter cells,
    one another’ the allele a gamete receives for one gene exact copy of parent cell
    does not influence the allele received for another Meiosis: one diploid (2n) germ cell  4 haploid
    daughter cells, contains half the amount of genetic
    Product rule: multiply probabilities for events that occur information as parent cell
    independently of each other
    Sum rule: add probabilities for mutually exclusive events
    (either one or the other can occur, but not at the same
    time)

    Penetrance: the proportion of individuals whose


    phenotype matches their genotype
    Complete penetrance  everyone with a
    particular genotype expresses corresponding
    phenotype COUNT CHROMOSOMES BY CENTROMERES, NOT
    Expressivity: occurs when one genotype produces CHROMATIDS
    range of phenotypes
    Ex: many people may have the same mutant Nondisjunction: either homologous chromosomes in
    gene for a disease, but express different levels meiosis I or sister chromatids in meiosis II fail to
    of severity of disease separately normally, results in abnormal distribution in
    Polygenic traits: traits that are controlled by daughter cells
    many genes + alleles, products continuum of Trisomy 21: 3 copies of chromosome 21
    phenotypes XO: human female with only 1 X chromosome
    Ex: height XXY: human male with 2 X chromosomes
    Complementation: occurs when two organisms have
    the same phenotype, but mutations in different genes
    and therefore produce
    different offspring

    Mutation in the same


    gene  no
    complementation
    Mutation in
    different genes

    complementation

    Ex: deafness in
    humans
    LINKAGE AND RECOMBINATION

    Linkage is the result of genes being on the same


    chromosome; genes that are on different chromosomes
    are unlinked

    Recombinants: new combinations of alleles due to


    Incomplete dominance: heterozygote displays crossing over
    intermediate phenotype Physical exchange of parts between
    Ex: flower with red and white alleles, homologous chromosomes, occurs during
    heterozygote is pink prophase I (meiosis I)
    Complete dominance: heterozygote displays both Non-recombinants: parental combinations of alleles
    allelic phenotypes
    Recombination frequency (RF): # of recombinants / total
    progeny
    1 map unit = 1% RF

    Steps for solving three-factor crosses:


    1) Determine parental and double crossover
    phenotypes
    2) Establish gene linkage/order on parental
    chromosomes
    3) Calculate map distance by looking at two genes
    at a time
    CHI SQUARE ANALYSIS

    When the calculated X2 value is less than the critical


    point (p = 0,05)  fail to reject the null
    Degrees of freedom = # of potential phenotypes – 1

    2
    2 ( observed−expected)
    X =Σ
    expected

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