GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

patterns of
inheritance
Rodger M. Dela Cruz Jr.
12- Hawking
 WHO IS HE?
Gregor Johann Mendel was a German-Czech biologist,
meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinian friar and
abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of
Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family
in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today's
Czech Republic) and gained posthumous recognition as
the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though
farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of
animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits,
Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856
and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now
referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.

GREGOR MENDEL
Patterns of inheritance mention the various
methods by which genetic characteristics are inherited from
one within families from one generation to the next. These
Among the patterns are autosomal dominant,
X-linked dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked
among others, recessive. Every pattern adheres to
particular guidelines dictating how genes and alleles are
passed on to and displayed in progeny.
Recognizing these trends is essential in
genetics to forecast the possibility of specific
characteristics or illnesses that manifest later
generations as well as for creating plans for

patterns of
either therapy or prevention.

inheritance
Autosomal dominant inheritance is a way a
genetic trait or condition can be passed down
from parent to child. One copy of a mutated
(changed) gene from one parent can cause the
genetic condition. A child who has a parent
with the mutated gene has a 50% chance of
inheriting that mutated gene.

autosomal
dominant
Autosomal recessive inheritance is a way a
genetic trait or condition can be passed down
from parent to child. A genetic condition can
occur when the child inherits one copy of a
mutated (changed) gene from each parent. The
parents of a child with an autosomal recessive
condition usually do not have the condition.

autosomal
recessive
X-linked dominant inheritance occurs when a
gene responsible for a trait or disorder is
located on the X chromosome. The gene acts in
a dominant manner. This means that both
males and females can display the trait or
disorder when they have only one copy of the
gene inherited from a parent.

x-linked
dominant
X-linked recessive diseases most often occur
in males. Males have only one X chromosome. A
single recessive gene on that X chromosome
will cause the disease. The Y chromosome is the
other half of the XY gene pair in the male.
However, the Y chromosome doesn't contain
most of the genes of the X chromosome.

x-linked
recessive
Y-linked inheritance is a form of inheritance
for the genes located on the Y chromosome. In
humans and other mammalian males, the sex
chromosomes are the X and Y chromosome. The
y chromosome is smaller than the X
chromosome and thus, carries relatively fewer
genes.

y-linked
inheritance
Unlike nuclear genes, which are inherited from
both parents, mitochondrial genes are
inherited only from the mother. If there is a
mutation in a mitochondrial gene, it is passed
from a mother to all of her children; sons will
not pass it on, but daughters will pass it on to
all of their children, and so on.

mitochondrial
Mendelian inheritance refers to an
inheritance pattern that follows the laws of
segregation and independent assortment in
which a gene inherited from either parent
segregates into gametes at an equal
frequency.

mendelian
inheritance patterns
Codominance is a form of inheritance wherein the alleles of a
gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. As a result,
the phenotype of the offspring is a combination of the
phenotype of the parents. Thus, the trait is neither dominant
nor recessive. Codominance in humans is exemplified by
individuals with type AB blood. A person inheriting the alleles
IA and IB will have a type AB blood because IA and IB are
codominant and therefore will be expressed together. Other
codominance examples are the white-spotted red flower in
plants and the black-and-white-coated mammals.

codominance
Incomplete dominance is a type of gene
interaction in which both forms of a gene
(alleles) at a locus are partially expressed,
resulting in a phenotype that is
intermediate or distinct. It is also known
as partial dominance.

incomplete
dominance
Multiple alleles is the term used to
describe cases where the population has
more than two alleles of the same gene,
such as blood type. Polygenic traits refer
to traits that are determined by multiple
genes. Many traits are polygenic,
particularly complex traits like behaviour.

multiple
alleles
A person's genotype is their unique
sequence of DNA. More specifically, this
term is used to refer to the two forms a
person has inherited from their mother
and father, for a particular gene.
Phenotype is the observable expression of
this genotype – a person's presentation.

genotype &
phenotype
A person's genotype is their unique
sequence of DNA. More specifically, this
term is used to refer to the two forms a
person has inherited from their mother
and father, for a particular gene.
Phenotype is the observable expression of
this genotype – a person's presentation.

genotype &
phenotype
Polygenic inheritance refers to the
inheritance of a trait governed by more
than one genes. Generally, three or more
genes govern the inheritance of polygenic
traits. Multiple independent genes have an
additive or similar effect on a single
quantitative trait.

Polygenic
inheritance
Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits
that are influenced by sex. If a male has
one recessive allele, he will show that trait,
but it will take two recessive for the
female to show that same trait. One such
gene is baldness. A lot of sex-limtied traits
can determine parental carriers by using a
pedigree.

sex-influenced
traits