chapter 3: forming a new life

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fertilization/conception when 2 gametes come together
how do you conceive a new life gametes are the sperm in males and ovum in females
zygote forms in the fallopian tubes when gametes are fertilized
Fraternal twins;
these siblings result from two separately fertilized eggs, so they
are no more similar genetically than non-twin siblings are
dizygotic twins
runs in families
twice as common as identical twins
more common depending on ethnicity
identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate
masses of cells
monozygotic twins
no hereditary link
no ethnic preference
semi-identical twins The result of two sperm cells fusing with a single ovum.
why is there a rise in twins IBF: implanting of eggs
genetic code
mechanisms of heredity DNA/chromosome
genes
how many chromosomes do we have 46 (23 pairs)
what determines gender sex chromosomes X and Y
epigenesis gene is only activated where it should be activated
dominant vs recessive
homozygous vs heterozygous
polygenic inheritance
patterns of genetic transmission
mutations
genotype vs phenotype
multifactorial transmission
dominant inheritance one type of gene controls a certain trait
recessive inheritence both alleles are needed to be expressed
homozygous An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
polygenic inheritance many genes work together to determine a trait
mutations transcription errors
genotype genetic makeup of an organism
phenotype An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and
multifactorial transmission environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within
which a phenotype may be expressed
dominant trait is more normal than recessive
sex linked inheritance is disease of the x chromosome given by
genetics and chromosomal abnormalities the mother
chromosomal abnormalities that usually lead to miscarriage in the
first 8 weeks
most common chromosomal abnormality that is caused by an
Down Syndrome
extra 21 chromosome
The use of methods to determine if someone has a genetic
genetic testing
disorder, will develop one, or is a carrier
genetic engineering Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
guidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic
genetic counseling
disorders in their future children
when can you tell if your child has a neural tube defect at 10 weeks
behavioral genetics the study of the effects of heredity on behavior
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family studies
how to measure hereditability adoption studies
twin studies
hereditability extend to which a trait is dependent on genetics
family studies extend to which people in a family are alike
assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance be-
adoption studies tween adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive
parents
a common method of investigating whether nature or nurture
twin studies
affects behavior by measuring how similar twins are
concordant tendency to share the same trait or disorder
reaction rage expression depends on environment
norm of reaction the phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment
what is more subjective to variation in experience cognition and personality
The differential response of individuals with different genotypes to
genotype-environment interaction
the same environments.
Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to re-
genotype-environment correlation
inforce each other; may be passive, reactive , or active.
parents, who provide the genes that predispose a child toward
passive correlations a trait, also tend to provide an environment that encourages the
development of that trait
individuals with different genes evoke different responses to liking
reactive correlations
or not liking something
active correlations people seek out environments that match their genetic abilities
those environmental factors that are not experienced by all rele-
nonshared environment
vant members of a household
physical and physiological traits
intelligence (get from mother)
characteristics influenced by hereditary and environment
personality and psychopathology (temperament and schizophre-
nia)
gestation time between conception and birth
gestation age 40 weeks
Stages of Prenatal Development germinal, embryonic, fetal
the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at concep-
tion
implantation
germinal stage mitosis
formation of 3 germ layers
amniotic sac is used for protection
placent and umbilical cord forms
what does placenta do nourishes fetus and removes wastes
What does the umbilical cord do? connects fetus to placenta and consists of 2 arteries and 1 vein
The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks
to 8 weeks
embryonic stage rapid growth and development (body systems begin to form)
spontaneous abortion occurs here because major system are
forming.
8 weeks to birth
increased differentiation
fetal stage growth of proliferation of cells
ultrasound used to see baby to tell gender and if growing correctly
fetal response to mother

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teratogenic factors
nutrition
malnutrition
drug intake
maternal influences
illnesses
maternal anxiety/stress
maternal age
environmental hazards
teratogenic factors Things you can do to cause birth defects
300-500 extra calories
gain 15-40 lbs in weight
nutrition pregnant women should follow
weight gain depends on how much you weigh before pregnancy
prenatal vitamins such as folic acid and DHA
malnutrition lack of proper nutrition
some medical drugs do not cross the placenta so it is okay to take
alcohol->FAS
nicotine
drug intake of pregnant women
caffeine
marijuana, cocaine, meth
^all can cross placenta and harm baby
only disease pregnant women can prevent FAS
HIV/AIDS
rubella
maternal illnesses that can affect baby
toxoplasmosis
diabetes mellitus
c-section
how to cut risk of HIV/AIDS in baby to 1% anti-age drugs
no breast feeding
rubella German measles so stay up to date on vaccines
parasite in animals so whe pregnant people cant eat deli or clean
Toxoplasmosis
litter box
diabetes mellitus if not taken care of it can hurt baby
exposure to lead, tobacco or marijuana smoke, alcohol, radiation,
paternal factors that affect the baby pesticides
fathers age
ultrasound
embryoscopy
amniocentesis
monitoring and promoting prenatal development
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
umbilical cord sampling
maternal blood tests
Embryoscopy allows access to baby if it needs minot surgeries
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for
amniocentesis
analysis
a procedure in which the chorionic villi to are analyzed to diagnose
chorionic villi sampling
fetal genotypes
is a technique used to identify genetic defects in embryos created
preimplantation genetic diagnosis through in vitro fertilization before transferring them into the uterus
(only want healthy)
allows direct access to fetal DNA in the blood vessels of the
umbilical cord sampling
umbilical cord for diagnosis
Done between the 15th and 20th weeks of gestation can detect a
maternal blood tests
variety of conditions
prenatal care disparities

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good care results in good relationship with doctor, good equip-
ment, good insurance, job that allows time to go to doctors
physical exams
vaccinations
CDC guidelines for pregnant women
risk screening
counseling

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