SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (REVIEWER)

LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINE SOCIETY

Scientific Revolution
Science is as old as the world. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and
where science began.
1. Science as an idea – it includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations
and observation about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity – process of study involves systematic observation
and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge – it is a subject or a discipline; field of study, or a body
of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about natural and physical world.
Refers as School science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity – explains that science is both knowledge and
activity done by human beings.
Science revolution claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to 18th century in
Europe
• Period of Enlightenment
• Golden era for people committed to scholarly life in science.
Some intellectuals and their Revolution Ideas
Scientist in all periods of time are driven by their curiosity, critical thinking, and
creativity to explore the physical and natural world.
Nicolaus Copernius
• One of the Renaissance men
• Idea: Thought experiment
• Strongly Entitled by a Book Epitome published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes
Mueller.
Charles Darwin
• Famous for his theory of evolution
• The origin of species in 1589
• The Descent of man
Sigmund Freud
• Field of psychology
• Psychoanalysis – Scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness.
LESSON 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING
The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before
and the country gain its independence from the American colonizers
Science, in pre-Spanish Philippines, is embedded in the way of life of the people.
Scientific knowledge, is observe in the way they plant their crops that provide food.
Technology, is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools.
Development of Science & Technology in the Philippines
Internal External
• Survival Foreign Colonizers
• Culture Trade with foreign countries
• Economic Activities International Economic Demands
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
School Science is filled with names of foreign scientist; Einstein, Galileo Galilei,
Newton, Faraday, Darwin, and many other Western Scientist
10 Outstanding Filipino Scientist
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – For his outstanding research tissue culture in Philippines
mangoes.
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his works on observing the characteristics of Antartica by
using satellite image.
3. Jose Bejar Cruz – known internationally in the field of electronic engineering.
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research on sea snail venom.
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal medicine.
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on tilapia culture.
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea jr – for inventing the meconium drug testing
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant biotechnology.
9. Mar-jo Panganiban Ruiz – for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist.
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – for his research in the field of communication technology.
Out Standing Filipino Scientist
• Caesar A. Saloma – An internationally reowned physicist.
• Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science
• William Padolina – chemistry and president of National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) Philippines.
LESSON 3: SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
• Focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science.
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education
• In basic education, science education help students learn important concepts and facts are
related to everyday life.
Science Schools in the Philippines
• One outstanding program for science education supported by the government is the
establishment of science school in various part of the country.
Philippines Science High School System
• This is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines.
School Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project
• Aims to develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and technological knowledge,
skills, and values.
Quezon City Regional Science High School
• Established on September 17, 1967, Originally, it was named Quezon City Science High
School. Product of a dream to establish a special science school for talented students in
science and mathematics.
Manila Science High School
• Established on October 1, 1963, as the Manila Science High School (MSHS). It is the
first science high school in the Philippines. Aims to produce scientist with soul.
Central Visayan Institute Foundation
• It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the
Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). DLP synthesis of classical and modern Pedogogical
theories adapted to foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and productivity.
LESSON 4: INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Introduction
Indigenous Knowledge System
Embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and
grow in a society where the member of the community prominently practiced indigenous
knowledge.
Indigenous Science
Part of the indigenous knowledge system practice by different groups of people and early
civilization.
Indigenous Beliefs
Also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific as identified by
(Johnson, 2002) namely:
1. Motivating Attitudes
2. Cooperating Attitudes
3. Practical Attitudes
4. Reflective Attitudes
Pawilen (2005) developed a simple framework for understanding indigenous science.
Accordingly, indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process
skills and guided by community values and culture.
1. Indigenous Science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing,
classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting.
2. Indigenous Science is guided by culture values.
3. Indigenous Science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by
people and communities such as etho-biology, etho-medicine, indigenous farming
methods and folk astronomy.
LESSON 5: HUMAN FLOURISHING
Introduction
Eidaimonia, Literally “good spirited”, is a term by renowned greek philosopher Aristotle
(385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans.
• Often translated into “Human Flourishing” likening humans to flowers to achieving
their full bloom.
• Nicomachean Ethics - the science of the good for human life, which is the goal or end
at which all our actions aims
• Phronesis – implies both good judgement and excellence of character and habit
Happiness
• In Psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being
• To Behaviorist , happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we do
something good or positive.
• To neurologist, happiness is the experience of a flood of hormones released in the brain
as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival.
• The Hedonistic view of well-being is that happiness is the total opposite of suffering, the
presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain.
Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing
• A true eudaimon recognizes that flourishing requires one to excel in various dimensions,
such as linguistic, kinetic, artistic, and socio-civic.
• Aristotle’s eudaimonic person is required to be knowledgeable about science, among
other things of equal importance.
Science as Method and Results
• There are exist heavy objections on the scientific procedure, the line separating science
and the so-called pseudoscience becomes more mixed up.
• Routine is basic methodology when introducing student to experimentation and
observation.
Idea of how to Science
1. Observe
2. Determine the problem
3. Formulate hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis
4. Conduct experiment
5. Gather and analyze
6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation
Verification Theory
• The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science
• Idea proposes that discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event
of an alternative hypothesis being accepted
• This was supported by a movement in the early 20th century call the Vienna Circle, a
group of scholar that only those which can be observed should be regarded as meaningful
and reject those which cannot be directly accessed as meaningless.
Falsification Theory
• Current prevalent methodology in science
• Asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain a
phenomenon over alternative theories.
• Karl popper is the known proponent of this view
Science as a Social Endeavor
• For instance, far-off places in south America where many of the tribes remain
uncontacted. Whether their science is, it can be ascertained that it is no way inferior to
that globalized people’s science.
Science and Result
• For the most part, people who do not understand science are won over when the
discipline is able to produce results.
• Science is not the only discipline which is able to produce results-religion, luck, and
human randomness are some of its contemporaries is the field.
Science as Education
• A forementioned discussion notes that there is no such thing a singular scientific method,
offering instead a variety of procedures that scientist can be experiment with to get results
and call them science.
How much is too Much?
• Joseph Hickel contemplated that developed countries should not push forth more growth
but instead adopt “de-development” policies or else everybody loses.
• Extinction
LESSON 6: TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
If we compare the lives of the people before and now it will make us realize that there has
been a lot of changes specially in people’s way of life due to the existence of science and
technology.
Generation Gap
• Attributed mainly to the changes brought about by technology
• Even though this gap may appear to be a problem, it’s not much of a huge concern.
The Human Condition before the Common Era
• Our ancestor’s primal need to survive paved way to the invention of several
developments.
• Homo Erectus- have been using fire to cook through chipping one flint over the
other to produce a spark
• Stone age – tools from stones and flints marked of this era.
• Homo Sapiens- started to sharpen stones as one would a knife. Example is the
simple machine called “WEDGE”
• Venus- figures are miniature statues prevalent during the Paleolithic period. It
was found in different part of Europe.
• People discovered minerals and began forging metalwork.
• Fur clothing and animal skin are primarily used for comfort against harsh winds
The Holocene Extinction
Also called the “Sixth extinction” or “more aptly Anthropocene Extinction”
Trade- when people started forming communities and expanding them, that’s when they realized
that they could get hold of their things not present in their towns by offering something of same
value present in theirs
Humanity become more complex, the primary goal was not merely survive, but to live a
good life.
Technology has been instrumental in all of these because in searching for the good of
life.
Notable Comparisons
Average Lifespan
• Aside from the reason that people engage less in combat and are less likely to die in
treatable diseases now as opposed to then.
Morality Rate
• Due to Technology, lesser woman and children die during birth, assuring robust
population and strong workforce.
Literacy Rate
• Access to education provided more individuals generally created a more informed public
that could determine a more just society.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Higher country income is brought upon high productivity, often an indicator of presence
of technology.
The Essence of Technology
Humanity has indeed come a long way from our primitive ways, and as general rule, it is
said that we are more “developed” than we were before.
Martin Heidegger
• Philosopher
• Argue that the essence, or purpose, and being of technology are different from one other.
Backtracking the Human Condition
• Technology’s initial promises proved to be true, regardless of its ramifications.
LESSON 7: THE GOOD OF LIFE
Introduction
In Ancient Greek, long before the word “science” has been coined, the need to
understand the world and reality was bound with the need to understand the self and the good
life.
Plato
• The task of understanding the things is the world run parallel with the job of truly getting
into what will make the soul flourish.
Aristotle
• Forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and above what the senses can perceive
• Change is a process that is inherent in things
• We, along with all other entities, start as potentialities and move towards actualities.
John Stuart Mill
• British philosopher who declared the Greatest Happiness Principle
➢ An action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the
greatest number of people.
Democritus and Leucippus
• Led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the
tiny indivisible units in the world “Atomos” or seeds.
Materialsm
• Humans, is made up of atom
• Atomos simple comes together randomly to form the things in the world.
• Only material entities matter. Matter is what make us attain happiness.
• People clinging on to material wealth as the primary source of the meaning of their
existence.
Hedonism
• The end goal of life in acquiring pleasure
• Led by Epicurus, thought also does not buy any notion of afterlife just like the
materialist.
Stoicism
• Also led by Epicurus
• To generate happiness, one must learn to distance one self and be apathetic or indifferent.
• Happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy.
Theism
• Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as a function of their
existence.
• The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God.
Humanism
• Espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own law
• For humanist, man is literally the captain of his own ship
• See themselves not merely as steward of the creation but as individuals who are in
control of themselves and the world outside them.