Lesson 1-Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society

LESSON 1
I N T E L L E C T U A L R E V O L U T I O N S T H AT
DEFINED SOCIETY
AS BEJOC
INTRODUCTION
• This lesson will give light to the development of

Science and scientific ideas in the heart of the
society. The goal of this lesson is to articulate ways
by which society is transformed by Science and
Technology.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Since time immemorial Science has

always been interwoven with the society.
• Science is as old as the world itself.
• There is no individual that can identify
when and where science began.
• Science is interwoven with the
society.
• Example:
1. The earliest example of brain surgery
goes back around 6thousand years ago
in Cappadocia,Turkey.
Trepanation- making an opening like a
small round hole in the head.
2. Thousand-year-old agricultural
practice: China's solution to
sustainable farming.
The practice of raising fish in rice
paddies by Chinese
farmers, which is more than1,000
years old, not only preserves the
environment but also benefits local
communities,
3. MUMMIFICATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
• Mummification is a process
of preserving a deceased
human.
• Mummies are classified
based on the method and
the medium of preservation.
• Why did the ancient Egyptians mummify
their dead?
• The ancient Egyptians believed that when someone
died, their soul left their body. The soul would then
return and be reunited with the body after it was
buried. However, the soul needed to be able to find
and recognise the body in order to live forever.
SO, HOW CAN SCIENCE BE DEFINED?
• Science as an idea.
• It includes ideas, theories
and all available systematic
explanations and
observations about the
natural and physical world.
• Science as an
intellectual activity.
• The study involves
systematic
observations and
experimentations.
• Science as a body of knowledge.

• It is a subject or a discipline or a field of study,
it deals with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world. (school science)
• Science as a personal and

social activity.
• This explains that science is
both knowledge and activities
by humans to develop better
understanding of the world
around them.
• People developed noble
ideas, later known as
Philosophy to provide
possible explanation to
certain phenomena.
• People used religion to
rationalize the origin of
life.
• Was the period of enlightenment
when developments in the fields of
mathematics ,physics, astronomy,
biology and chemistry
transformed the views of society
about nature.
- Started in Europe.
- Explains the emergence or birth of
modern science as a result of
these developments.
-15th-17th century.
• Scientific Revolution" refers to historical changes

in thought & belief, to changes in social &
institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe
between 1550-1700.
RELIGION VS. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
- Some rulers and religious leaders

did not accept many of the early
works of scientists.
- Scientific individuals were sentenced
to death suffered condemnation
from religious institutions.
-These did not stop scientists to satisfy their
curiosity of the natural
and physical world.
SOME INDIVIDUALS &THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
• Nicholaus Copernicus
- Developed (Copernican Model)
heliocentrism, it is the name given to the
astronomical model published in 1543.
- It positioned the Sun near the center of the
Universe,
motionless, with Earth and the other planets
orbiting around it in circular paths.
- Copernican Model was banned &
ignored by Rome (16th century)
- idea judged to be heretic &
unacceptable to be taught to Catholics.
CHARLES DARWIN
• Famous for his Theory of Evolution
by Means of Natural Selection.
- Came from a line of intellectually
gifted and wealthy family.
-Joined the 5 year voyage through HMS
Beagle on the island of Galapagos.
- Published The Origin of Species in
1859.
• Challenge religious and unscientific
ideas
that are deemed prominent during
those days.
- Provided the framework for doing
scientific activities marked by
observations & experiments.
SIGMUND FREUD
• Famous figure in the field
of psychology
• Method of
Psychoanalysis- a
scientific way to study
human mind & neurotic
illness.
- This method was
unorthodox focuses
human sexuality and &
the evil Nature of man.
Human sexuality is the way
people experience and express
themselves sexually. This involves
biological, erotic, physical, emotional,
social, or spiritual feelings and
behaviors.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Development of Science in
Mesoamerica:
• Ex: Maya civilization
Inca civilization
Aztec civilization
• Maya civilization
• Lasted for about 2,000 years.
• Well-known for their works in
Astronomy understanding celestial
bodies, predicting eclipse & the use of
astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting.
• Weave cloth, & first people to
produce rubber products around 3,000 years.
-one of the world’s first civilization to use a writing, the
Mayan hieroglyphics.
-skilled in Mathematics, and developed number systems
based on numeral 20.
• Inca civilization
• 1438-1533
• Stone buildings
• Irrigation system
• Calendar with 12 mos,
• First suspension bridge
• Quipu (knotted ropes)
• Inca textiles
• Aztec civilization
• were a Mesoamerican culture that
flourished in central Mexico in the
post-classic period from 1300 to
1521
- Contributions:
1. Mandatory education
2. Chocolates
3. Antispasmodic medication
4. Chinampa
5. Aztec calendar
6. Invention of canoe
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
• India
• Well known for manufacturing iron and
metallurgical works.
• Traditional medicine
• Notable in the field of astronomy
• Known for their mathematics (Aryabhata 476-550)
INDIA
CHINA
• Substantial contributions:
- Medicine
- Astronomy
- Science & Mathematics
- Arts & Philosophy
- Music & among others
CHINA
CHINA
– Technology
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
• Are predominantly occupied by the Muslims.

• The period of Muslim Scholarship or the
Golden Age of Islam lasted until 13th
century
• Placed greater value on Science Experiments
rather than Plain Thought Experiments
• Ibn al-Haytham
• Regarded as Father of Optics
(empirical proof)
Intromission Theory of Light
• Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

• Mathematics
- The concept of algorithm
- Algebra derived from al-jabar
The beginning of the title
of one of his publications.
• Ibn Sina
- Pioneered the science of
Experimental Medicine
- Discovery of contagious disease&
Introduction of Clinical
Pharmacology.
• Jabir Ibn Hayyan Father of Chemistry
• The foundation of Modern chemistry.
• Golden Age of Islam

started around 11th-
13th century
Mongols conquered
Islam.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
• Medicine
• Alchemy
Development of Science in Africa
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
- Egyptians are good in 4
fundamental
mathematical
operations
and other mathematical
skills.
- Have basic knowledge
on Algebra &
Trigonometry.

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LESSON 1

• This lesson will give light to the development of

• Since time immemorial Science has

• Science as a body of knowledge.

• Science as a personal and

• Scientific Revolution" refers to historical changes

- Some rulers and religious leaders

• Are predominantly occupied by the Muslims.

• Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

• Golden Age of Islam

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