BAAO COMMUNITY COLLEGE

San Juan, Baao, Camarines Sur

Email add: [email protected]
College of Education

JESUS B. RANCES, LPT

MARICON B. RANCES, LPT
Instructor, Baao Community College
Instructor, Baao Community College
 Architecture is both the process and the
product of planning, designing,
and constructing buildings or other structures.
Architectural works, in the material form of
buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols
and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often
identified with their surviving architectural
achievements.
 The practice, which began in the prehistoric
era, has been used as a way of expressing culture
for civilizations on all seven continents. For this
reason, architecture is considered to be a form of
art. Texts on architecture have been written since
ancient times.
Architecture can mean:
▪A general term to describe buildings and other
physical structures.
▪The art and science of designing buildings and
(some) nonbuilding structures.
▪The style of design and method of construction of
buildings and other physical structures.
▪A unifying or coherent form or structure.
▪Knowledge of art, science, technology, and
humanity.
▪The design activity of the architect, from the
macro-level (urban design, landscape
architecture) to the micro-level (construction
details and furniture). The practice of
the architect, where architecture means offering
or rendering professional services in connection
with the design and construction of buildings, or
built environments.
 Building first evolved out of the dynamics
between needs and means. As human cultures
developed and knowledge began to be formalized
through oral traditions and practices, building
became a craft, and "architecture" is the name
given to the most highly formalized and respected
versions of that craft.
In Norway: wood and In Ireland: Yola hut In Romania: peasant houses in
the Dimitrie Gusti National
elevated-level Village Museum (Bucharest)
 Early human settlements were mostly rural. Hence,
Expending economies resulted in the creation of urban
areas which in some cases grew and evolved very rapidly,
such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro
of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
Neolithic settlements and "cities" include Göbekli Tepe and
Çatalhöyük in Turkey, Jericho in the Levant, Mehrgarh in
Pakistan, Knap of Howar and Skara Brae, Orkney Islands,
Scotland, and the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture settlements
in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine.
Göbekli Tepe from Miniature of a Excavated dwellings
Turkey, founded in 10th regular Cucuteni- at Skara Brae
millennium BC and (Mainland, Orkney,
abandoned in 8th Trypillian house, full
millennium BC of ceramic vessels Scotland, UK)
 In many ancient civilizations such as those of Egypt and
Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant
engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many
ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to
symbolically represent the political power of the ruler or the
state itself.
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such
as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than
religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. As
the Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical
orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture
as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building
practices.
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient
times. These texts provided both general advice and
specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples
of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century
BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most
important early examples of canonic architecture are
religious.
Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian Ancient Greek Ancient Roman
architecture: Reconstr architecture: architecture: architecture: The Maison
uction of the Ishtar The Great Pyramid of The Parthenon on Carrée from Nîmes
Gate in the Pergamon Giza (Giza, Egypt), the Athenian Acropolis, (France), one of the best-
Museum (Berlin, Germ circa 2589-2566 BC, made of marble and preserved Roman temples,
any), circa 575 BC by Hemiunu limestone, 460-406 BC circa 2 AD
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient
times. These texts provided both general advice and
specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples
of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century
BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most
important early examples of canonic architecture are
religious.
Indian architecture: Chinese architecture: The Japanese Khmer architecture:
The Kandariya architecture: The Bakong (near Siem
Mahadeva Hall of Prayer for Good Reap, Cambodia),
Temple (Khajuraho, M Harvests, the main The Himeji
Castle (Himeji, Hyōg earliest surviving
adhya Pradesh, India), building of the Temple of Temple Mountain at
circa 1030 Heaven (Beijing, China), o Prefecture, Japan), Angkor, completed in
1703-1790 1609 881 AD
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE,
incorporating architectural forms from the ancient
Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features
to suit the religious and social needs of the society.
Examples can be found throughout the Middle East,
Turkey, North Africa, the Indian Sub-continent and in
parts of Europe, such as Spain, Albania, and the Balkan
States, as the result of the expansion of the Ottoman
Empire.
Moorish architecture: Mughal Ottoman architecture:
Grand arches of Persian The interior side view
the Mosque–Cathedral architecture: architecture:
of The Jameh The Taj of
the
the main dome of
Selimiye
Córdoba (Córdoba, Spa Mahal in Agra (India Mosque in Edirne (Turk
in) Mosque in Isfahan
(Iran) ) ey)
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were
formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and
written contracts have survived, particularly in relation
to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was
usually one with that of master mason, or Magister
lathomorum as they are sometimes described in
contemporary documents.
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of
abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onward, the
movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried
architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-
European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

Also, a significant part of the Middle Ages architectural

heritage is numerous fortifications across the continent.
From the Balkans to Spain, and from Malta to Estonia, these
buildings represent an important part of European heritage.
Byzantine Romanesque
architecture: Apse Gothic architecture: Brâncovenesc architecture:
of Santa Maria architecture: Stained glass windows of The Stavropoleos
Maggiore (Rome), Interior of the Sainte-Chapelle in Church (downtown Bucharest,
decorated in the Paris, completed in 1248,
5th century with the Durham mostly constructed
Romania), with elaborate
paintings on the façade, 1724
this
mosaic
glamorous Cathedral (Durham, between 1194 and 1220
UK), 1093-1133
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a
revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of
Renaissance humanism, which placed greater emphasis on the role
of the individual in society than had been the case during the
Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects –
Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the
individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between
artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and
the appellation was often one of regional preference.
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by
a burgeoning of science and engineering, which affected the
proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still
possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural
calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
The Florence The The Hall of The Villa La
Cathedral (Florence, Ital Tempietto (R Perspective from Villa Rotonda (Vicenza,
y), 1294–1436, by Arnolfo Farnesina (Rome),
di Cambio, Filippo ome), Italy), 1567 - c. 1592,
Brunelleschi and Emilio by Donato by Baldassare Peruzzi,
De Fabri Bramante, 1505-1510 by Andrea Palladio
1444-1514
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of
new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began
to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics
and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical
aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the
"gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and
concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually
from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of
Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish
baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century,
for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis
to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and
feasibility.
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for
mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a
criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once
within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became
cheaper under machine production.

Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental.

Housebuilders could use current architectural design in their
work by combining features found in pattern books and
architectural journals.
 Neoclassical Historicist
Baroque Rococo architecture: architecture (in this
architecture: The pièce de la architecture: The west case Gothic Revival):
The Château de facade of the Petit Interior of the All
vaisselle d'or (Palace Trianon (Versailles), Saints (London), 1850–
Maisons (France), of 1764, by Ange-Jacques
1859,
Butterfield
by William
by François Mansart, Versailles, Versailles, Gabriel
1630–1651 France)
Orientalist architecture: Revivalist architecture of a Beaux-Arts Art Nouveau
The Éden- national style (in this architecture: The CEC architecture: The
Théâtre (Paris), early case Romanian Revival): Palace on Victory Entrance of
1880s-demolished in The Cihoski House on the Castel
Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest), Avenue (Bucharest), 8 Béranger (Paris),
1895, by William June 1897 – 1900,
Klein and Albert Duclos late 19th-early 20th century, 1895–1898,
unknown architect by Paul Gottereau by Hector Guimard
Around the beginning of the 20th century, general
dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture
and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of
thought that served as precursors to Modern architecture.
Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in
1907 to produce better quality machine-made objects. The
rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed
here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in
Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural
bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of
a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft,
and technology.
When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde
movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings.
Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to
develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social
and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and
working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the
academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly
declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects
was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references
and ornament in favor of functional details. Buildings displayed their
functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete
surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such
as Frank Lloyd Wright developed organic architecture, in which the form
was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote
harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime
examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.
Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and
Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the
inherent qualities of building materials and modern
construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms
for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means
and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution,
including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-
rise superstructures. Fazlur Rahman Khan's development of
the tube structure was a technological break-through in
building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had
morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic
epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's
World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.
Early Modern Expressionist architecture: Art Deco architecture: International Style:
architecture: The Einstein The Théâtre des The Glaspaleis (Hee
Tower (Potsdam, Champs-Élysées (Paris), rlen, the
The Fagus near Berlin, Germany), Netherlands), 1934–
Factory (Alfeld, 1919–1922, by Erich 1910–1913, by Auguste 1935, by Frits
Germany), 1911, Mendelsohn Perret Peutz and Philip
by Walter Gropius Johnson
Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the
decorative richness of historical styles. As the first
generation of modernists began to die after World War II, the
second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph,
Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the
aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with
expressive sculpture façades made of unfinished concrete.
But an even younger postwar generation critiqued
modernism and Brutalism for being too austere,
standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the
richness of human experience offered in historical buildings
across time and in different places and cultures.
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism
and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture,
which includes such things as bio morphism and
zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the
primary source of inspiration and design. While it is
considered by some to be merely an aspect of
postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its
own right and a later development of expressionist
architecture.
Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology
emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against
modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the United States,
Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and
Vittorio Gregotti, Michele Valori, Bruno Zevi in Italy, who collectively
popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at
expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and
precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined
contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the
aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high
classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles.
Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a
"decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed
inside and embellished on the outside) and upheld it against modernist
and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic
forms)
 Multicolour The Dancing
Piazza d'Italia (New Team Disney Building (Los interior of House (Prague,
the Cambridge
Angeles, USA), 1990, Czech
Orleans, USA), 1978, by Michael Graves
Judge Business
School (Cambrid Republic),
ge, the UK), 1996, by Vlado
by Charles Moore 1995, by John
Outram
Milunić and Fra
nk Gehry
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas,
landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-
behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic
investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions
and processes in the landscape, and the design of
interventions that will produce the desired outcome.
The scope of the profession includes landscape design; site
planning; stormwater management; environmental
restoration; parks and recreation planning; visual resource
management; green infrastructure planning and provision;
and private estate and residence landscape master planning
and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and
management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape
architecture is called a landscape architect.
Interior architecture is the design of a space which has been created by
structural boundaries and the human interaction within these boundaries. It
can also be the initial design and plan for use, then later redesigned to
accommodate a changed purpose, or a significantly revised design for
adaptive reuse of the building shell. The latter is often part of sustainable
architecture practices, conserving resources through "recycling" a structure
by adaptive redesign. Generally referred to as the spatial art of
environmental design, form and practice, interior architecture is the
process through which the interiors of buildings are designed, concerned
with all aspects of the human uses of structural spaces. Put simply, interior
architecture is the design of an interior in architectural terms.
Naval architecture, also known as naval engineering, is an engineering
discipline dealing with the engineering design process, shipbuilding,
maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval
architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development,
design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine
vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction,
trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main
activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being
modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair).
Naval architecture also involves the formulation of safety regulations and
damage control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to
meet statutory and non-statutory requirements.
Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of
cities, towns, and villages. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the
design of individual buildings, urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of
buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire
cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.

Urban design is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes elements of many built

environment professions, including landscape architecture, urban planning,
architecture, civil engineering and municipal engineering. It is common for
professionals in all these disciplines to practice urban design. In more recent
times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic
urban design, landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design, and sustainable
urbanism.
 The beginning of architecture must be
placed within the Neolithic Age, the New Stone
Age, which lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000
BC. Before the Neolithic Age (during Paleolithic
and Mesolithic periods), man used caves for
shelter and most probably for religious
ceremonies.
 The oldest traces of early man are tools
made of stone. Some of these tools are more
than 200,000 years old. One of the earliest
pieces of sculpture is the Venus of Willendorf
made between 30,000 and 25,000 BC and found
in Krems, Austria. The cave paintings of Altamira
in Spain were dated between 15,000 and 10,000
BC.
 The development of Western architecture
can be divided into four formal periods:
1. Ancient World
2. Medieval Period
3. The Modern World
4. The Contemporary World
 In the Ancient World, architecture can be
categorized into four (4) areas:
1. Architecture of Mesopotamia
2. Architecture of Ancient Egypt
3. Aegean and Ancient Architecture
4. Etruscan and Ancient Roman.
 The temple became
the predominant building
type in Mesopotamia.
Since there was no local
supply of stone, mud
bricks and fired bricks
were the principal
building materials.
1. Architecture of the Sumerians – The typical
building of the Sumerians was the ziggurat. The
architectural emphasis is a centralized
arrangement of the structure which has a
vertical axis that conveys a sense of stability and
order. The temple on top of the ziggurat
represents the god-centered structure of the
society and this society’s dependence on God.
2. Architecture of the Assyrians – The palace
of King Sargon II stood as a representative of
the Assyrian sculpture. It was build above the
ground level of the city to impart the idea that
the king stood between the gods and his
people.
3. Architecture of the Neo-
Babylonians (575 BC) – The
Ishtar-Gate in Babylon was
built for King
Nebuchadnezzar II. This gate
is lined with several beasts
done in brightly colored
glazed bricks and dedicated
to the goddess Ishtar.
4. Architecture of the Persians –
The Royal Palace at Persepolis is
a representative of Persian
Architecture. The repetitive
vertical line represented by
columns and ceremonial figures
is the overriding element of form
displayed in the Royal Palace.
 Ancient Egyptian architecture in the Valley
of the Nile used readily available materials
such as seeds, papyrus, and palm branch ribs.
Timber and wood were utilized more than
stone. The two types of Egyptian architecture
are the simple stereometric shape of mass and
rhythmically articulated columnar hall. Tombs,
pyramids, and temples displayed these types of
architecture.
 The mastaba (Arabic for “bench”), the
Step Pyramid of Zoser (near Cairo), and the
pyramids at Giza (near Cairo) are examples of
architecture build during this period.
 The mastaba is a rectangular brick or stone
structure w/ slopping flat or recessed sides,
erected over subterranean tomb chamber. The
simple stereometric and solid form of the
mastaba expressed the Egyptian aspiration for
permanence, security and concern for afterlife.
 The Step Pyramid of Zoser is a complex
structure consisting of an enclosed rectangular
of 545 x 278 outlets surrounded by a 10 meter
high wall of limestone. The architectural form
of this pyramid conveys the supremacy and
power of the king even after his death.
 The Pyramid at Giza signify the height of
the pharaonic power. The form symbolizes
permanence, stability and transcendence.
 Among the characteristic remains of the
Middle Kingdom are the rock-cut tombs at Beni-
Hasan. Frosted by a swallow columned portico,
the tombs contained the fundamental units of
Egyptian culture: portico or vestibule,
columned hall, and sacred chamber.
If the most impressive monuments of the old
kingdom are its pyramids, those of the new
kingdom are the grandiose temples. An
example of an architectural master piece in
this period was the mortuary temple of Queen
Hatshepsut located at Deir el-Bahri.it was
constructed in 1500 BC.
The mortuary temple represents another
version of the combination of the horizontal
and vertical axes. The structures arises from
the valley floor in three colonnaded terraces
connected by ramps. Queen Hatshepsut wanted
it to be the symbol of peace on earth. This
temple provided adequate setting for the
religious services to a defied Queen.
The architectural style and form in this period
was focused on sequences, progression,
symmetry, balance, and harmony with the
natural setting. Other temples established at
this time were the mortuary temple of Ramses
II, the temples of the ancient gods, the temple
of Amun-Re at Karnak and the Temple of Amun-
Mut-Khonsu at Luxor.
1. Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 BC)
The Palace at Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC) is an
example of Aegean architecture. The oblong shape of the
court and the general layout of the palace shows a
centralized arrangement. The rigid layout of the storage
magazines puts forward the values of efficient
administrations and order. It was a setting of harmonious
living. The arrangement of the storage jars and the
drainage system testifies to efficiency and practically.
The Mycenacan Architecture (1400-1200 BC)
The Citadel of Tiryns was a representative
architecture of this era. The citadel consisted of
heavy walls that reveals a defensive character.
Through the walls, at interval, run corbeled
galleries, which probably served defensive
purposes. The architectural form of this era
signified and safety; perhaps also
dominance and power.
2. Ancient Greek Architecture
Ancient Greek Architecture is essentially
columnar and trabeated. The columns taper
towards the top. The effect is a muscular-like
human quality of columns. The spacing of the
column towards the corners is sometime narrower,
which also makes for the better, dynamic visual
appearance.
 In elevation, the Greek temple consists
of three parts: the platform or base, the
columns, and the superstructure and
entablature. The combination of three parts is
called architectural order.
Doric order was the earliest of the Greek
architectural orders. The columns rest on the
three-stepped platform or base. The capital
consist of two elements, a lower, called
echinus (circular and cushion-like) and an
upper, the abacus (square) that provides the
immediate support of the entablature.
 The Doric order is massive and severe in
appearance. It is a muscular order. The Corinthian
order was developed much later, a variant of the
ionic order. It does not consist of volutes but of
stylized acanthus leaves. The Ionian and Corithian
orders were regarded as feminine. The Corinthian
and ionic orders from an inverted bell shape.
Etruscan and Ancient Roman Architecture
The Etruscan house was a simple rectangular structure
which grew progressively more complex. The Etruscan
temple was intended to function primarily as an interior
space.it was a place of shelter protected by the wide
overhang of its roof.
Ancient roman architecture is a combination of axis
and center. The romans were the first to develop interior
architectural space on large scale. The typical roman values
of order, persistent, tenacity on reaching the goal,
superiority over the barbarians, and the outgoing
conquering mentality are all embodied in the roman
apartment house, the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre of
Rome (70-83 AD),the basilica Ulpia in Rome ,the pantheon,
the Baths of Caracalla and the Basilica of Maxentius in
Rome.
Architectural in the Medieval World
The architectural form and style in this era are
classified into: (1) Early Christian and Byzantine
Architecture; (2) Islamic Architecture; (3)
Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque
Architecture; and (4) Gothic Architecture
Early Christian Architecture
Early Christian architecture consisted of two
buildings types: the Christian Basilica, a rectangular
building with an apse for the altar at one end, and as
far as the form is concerned, based on the straight
line, interpreted as path; and the martyrium, a
circular building, interpreted as center. Example of
this type are the architectured form of Santa Sabina,
Santa Costanza, Old St. Peters Basilica, and the
Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.
 Byzantine architecture is represented by San
Vitale Dome and Hagia Sophia. Byzantine architects
created a totally spiritualized space. The dome of
heaven served as a point of departure. The
spiritualized space of the dome of heaven is reached
only after passing through some preparatory low
and difficult spaces, symbolizing the necessary
persistent effort a Christian must exert to reach his
final destination.
Islamic Architecture (850-1600 AD)
The most important contribution of Islamic
architectural is the development of a new kind of
interior space, using the roman and byzantine dome
as a point of departure. Besides the mosque as the
principal building types of Islamic Architecture are
the Great Mosque of Samarra on the Tigris River, the
Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and the
Mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra, India.
Carolingian, Ottonian, And Romanesque Architecture
[800-900 AD]
Carolingian architecture was characterized by an
emphasis on the westwork, on the temporal power of the
emperor. The pope and the emperor join hands in perfect
quality. This architecture was exemplified by St. Micheal
Church in Fulda, Hesse, Germany.
Ottonian architecture is an architectural style which
flourished during the reign of Emperor Otto the great
[936-975]. The style was developed in mid 10th century
and lasted until the mid-11th century. The Ottonian
preserves the Carolinian double ended feature with apses
at either end of the church.
 Romanesque architecture (100-1200 AD) was
characterized by the bay system, cross- or groin-vaulting,
semi-circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive
enclosing walls, and the incorporation of towers into the
church building proper. Three types of church buildings
were established during this period: pilgrimage churches,
monastic churches, and imperial cathedrals. The prevailing
type of Romanesque church was the elongated basilica-type
design along the path. Examples of Romanesque
architecture were the cathedral Santiago de Compostela
(pilgrimage church), Cluny Abbey in France, Imperial
Cathedral of Germany, St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy,
Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio in Milan Italy, and Cathedral of
Pisa in Tuscany, Italy.
Gothic Architecture [1150-1500 AD]
The gothic age produced just one primary building
type, the city cathedral. The feature of the Gothic style
are; the pointed arch, the flying buttress, and the rib
vault that reflects the transcendental character of gothic
culture. The outside of the cathedral is related to the
interior space. Towers and spires express the
transcendental character as well. Gothic architecture are
carved or moulded architecture-the press, door jambs,
and widow frames, of gothic structure are carved and
moulded. Examples of Gothic architecture were the choir
of Abbey Church of Saint Denis, Laon Cathedral in Paris,
Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres Cathedral, Reims
Cathedrals, and Amiens Cathedral in France, Salisbury
Cathedral in England, and St. Elizabeth Cathedral in
Germany.
Architecture in the Modern World
Architecture in the Modern World is
divided into Renaissance Architecture and
Baroque Architecture.
The Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600 AD)
The dome is a double shell structure built according
to Gothic style. Spaces and enclosing surfaces are on
simple proportional relationships. Basic module utilized
the paneling of white and colored marbles. Structures
follow the system of rectangles and circles. Renaissance
architecture makes man standing in the center of the
dome, revealing self-sufficient individuality of man,
acting not by the grace of God, but more by the power of
his own agency. The structures established during this
time were the Santo Spirito, Pazzi Chapel, Palazzo Medici
Riccardi, and Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, Italy and
Basilica of Sant’Andrea in Mantua, Italy.
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)
The original meaning of the term “baroque” was
odd, irregular, and grotesque. In 1880, the term lost its
derogatory flavor and became associated mainly with the
architecture of Barromini and Guarini. Baroque art grew
out of Renaissance art.
The architecture form of the Baroque architecture
consists of two centers and a path connecting them. One
center, the interior, is located under the tomb and is
occupied by the main altar. The other center, the exterior
is made up of the oblisk. The path connects the exterior
and interior space of the façade.
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)
Both centers, interior and exterior, convey the
meaning of goal, of arrival, arrival at the end of a
pilgrimage, and final arrival at the end of our life-
path under the dome of heaven. This type of
architecture is exemplified by the St. Peter’s Basilica
and San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane in Rome and the
Royal Church of San of Lorenzo in Turin, Italy.
Architecture in the Contemporary World
Contemporary architecture is characterized by the
use of industrial material especially steel, glass and
concrete deprived of ornamentation and assembled so as
to form simple geometrical volumes freely laid out in
space.
The development of architecture prior to the
international style includes Romanticism (1750-1850 AD)
and beyond; Architecture of the Engineers (1800-1900
AD); Architecture of the Chicago School; Architecture of
Art Nouveau; Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism; and
Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright up to 1914.
Architecture of Romanticism
The architecture of Romantic Classicism was
more linear, stiffer, geometrically more regular, and
more academic than its Italian counterparts.
Romantic Naturalism expressed freedom from rules
and an escape from the harsh rigor of reason into
the world of intuition and the natural. The forms of
architecture of Romantic Naturalism is not linear but
spatial, more painterly, and picturesque. The use of
natural materials was favored.
 The architecture of Romanticism remained
essentially lifeless. The indiscriminate use of
forms from the past without concern for function
and technique made these forms devoid of
meaning. Examples of Romantic architecture are
the Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux, and
German Embassy in Petersburg, and the Street
Façade of Altes Museum.
 The architecture of the Engineers such as
bridges, railroad stations, and large halls for work
and exhibitions were the first to exhibit new ideas
and paved the way for contemporary architecture.
This new architecture was made possible through
the availability of new building materials, iron and
steel, that revolutionized the whole building
industry.
Examples of the architecture of Engineers are
the Severn Bridge of England and Wales and the
bridges over the Mena Strait.
 The Eiffel Tower proved that the new materials
– iron and steel – produced by industry could convey
architectural meanings and values better than the
old traditional materials.
Contemporary architecture comes to a first
climax and synthesis in the Architecture of the
International Style, which some call the
Architecture of Rationalism and Functionalism.
 The architecture of the International Style was,
above all, characterized by the spirit of functionalism
which believed that architectural forms expressed the
functions well, and as such, were good friends.
The architects of the International Style showed a
seemingly genuine concern for the emotional and
physical well-being of men. Urban planning was intended
to provide a healthy city environment. Famous
architects from this period were Walter Gropius,
LeCorbusier, and Mies. Some of the buildings constructed
during this era are the Bauhaus Building in Germany,
Tugendhat House in Czech Republic, the Villa Savoye in
France, and Centennial Hall and Einstein Tower in
Germany.
The Development of Architecture in the Philippines

Architecture During The Pre-spanish Period

Before the coming of Spaniards, Filipino
houses were made of light materials-bamboo
palm, vine, grass, and wood. The pre-Spanish
Filipino house had a pyramidal roof. The walls
were low; the floor was raised a few feet above
the ground.
Architecture during the Spanish Period
In the early part of the Spanish regime, houses still
used light materials. Later on, stronger materials like
adobe stones were used. Churches were built on the
eastern side of the plaza and Casa Real or Casa Judicial
on the opposite side. Native houses were situated away
from the town center. At the time Governor-General
Lavezares, stronger palisades were built to protect the
Walled City. Later, the palisades were replaced by
stonewalls. The construction of the massive walls of
Intramuros was an engineering feat. Gates including the
entrance to Fort Santiago were accorded some
architectural treatment.
Early Churches of Intramuros
The first buildings of architectural importance in
Intramuros were the San Agustin Church and the Manila
Cathedral. Chief characteristics of these buildings were
their massiveness and stability. The San Agustin Church is
one of the few churches constructed in the Philippines
with a true barrel vaulting that enabled the church to
withstand the severest earthquakes.
The Manila Cathedral which was destroyed by
earthquakes in 1863 was rebuilt under Father Urcioni,
also an architect. It had three naves, a sacristy behind
the main altar, and a huge octagonal tower and façade in
the Renaissance style. In the early years, the parish priest
manage the church construction in provinces.
Early Churches in Northern Luzon
The Our Lady of Purificacion Parish Church in
Binmaley, Pangasinan, St. John Cathedral and St.
Therese Church in Dagupan City, Pangasinan, Saint
Paul’s Metropolitan Cathedral in Vigan, Ilocos Sur,
the Paoay Church and Bacarra Church in Ilocos
Norte, and other churches in Region 1 have
something in common. Nearly all of them are in barn
style, of large dimensions, and have high pitched
roofs which give a squat silhouette. Despite the
repairs and reconstruction made after the last war,
the injured portions are still discernible.
 The church in San Fernando City, La Union gives the
appearance of a false front when seen from the sides.
This is the result of the restoration of the façade, the
only portion of the church accorded with architectural
treatment originally.
The church is of quasi-classic architecture. Comice
and band separate the first story from the second. Pillars
flash the main portal. Similar pillars repeated in the
second story where they flash a choir light. The third
story is lesser in height. The edges of each story were
treated differently-the second story with stylized
acanthus; third story with volutes; fourth story with pies
de gallo and is caped in a curved pediment supported by
engaged pillars.
 The Bauang Church in La Union is also of quasi-classic
style. The façade is a tall rectangle whose inclined sides
probably followed the pitch of the tile roof that covered the
nave originally. Four tall composite pillars adorn the
rectangle in the traditional manner. False doors are on each
sides of this portal. The capitals of the pillars are of two
sections separated by two bands. Three anahaw leaves adorn
the lower section.
The Binmaley and Lingayen Churches in Pangasinan,
which were damaged in 1945, lost their roofs but were
replaced with galvanized iron roofing in recent years. Both
have a plain façade. The façade of La Purificacion Parish
Church in Binmaley is quadrangular and of five stories. The
Lingayen Church has octagonal towers with six stories. The
towers of the Binmaley and Lingayen Churches are topped by
bell-shaped cupolas suggestive of the sugar vats of the
region.
 The Dagupan Church is a distinct contrast to
Lingayen and Binmaley Church. It shows the
traditional manipulation of space into vertical zones
achieved by four pairs of pilasters. Two niches, with
the images of St. Agustin and St. Francis, flank the
choir lights at a lower level.
St. Paul’s Metropolitan Cathedral in Vigan, Ilocos
Sur, is said to be the first building in Ilocos region to
have a tile roof. The façade of the cathedral is of
the classic order. Doric and Ionic capitals, triglyphs,
and dentils make up the organs. In this niche is the
equestrian image of Santiago, beneath it in the
heavy cornice is the coat of arms of the apostles.
 The Laoag Church in Ilocos Norte, completed in the 19th
century, was build by the Augustinians. Its façade is unique. Two
squat piers buttress the façade. The second story of the façade
is triangular in shape while the lower story is decorated with
Romanesque-Byzantine pillars. The bell tower stands apart from
the structure.
The Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte stands as rarity among
churches in Luzon because of the presence of 26 tapering
buttresses with each buttress crowned by blunt-ended
pinnacles. From a distance, the squat edifice looks like a fort.
The façade is very plain. The three story bell tower is set apart
from the structure.
The three story high bell tower of the Bacarra Church in
Ilocos Norte is set apart from the church proper. The cupola is
like an inverted muscovado sugar vat. Pilasters supporting
pediments flank the window opening.
Pampanga Bacolor San Guillermo Parish
▪Ariola, M.M (2014). Introduction to Art
Appreciation: A Textbook in Humanities
(Second Edition). C & E Publishing, Inc.,
Quezon City, Philippines.
▪Sanchez, C.A., Abad, P.F., Jao, L.V., &
Sanchez, R.A(2012). Introduction to the
Humanities(Sixth Edition). Rex Book Store,
Manila, Philippines.