History

of
Architecture
 Gothic
Baroq
ue
Byzantine
Ancient Egpt Rococ
3100-2686 B.C. o
Classic Romanesque Renaissance
al
• Classical Architecture
o Classical architecture, architecture of ancient Greece and
Rome, especially from the 5th century BCE in Greece to the
3rd century CE in Rome, that emphasized the column and
pediment.
o Greek architecture was based chiefly on the post-and-beam
system, with columns carrying the load.
Examples of key Classical Architecture form

Casa Batlló in Barcelona Galeries Lafayette Home of Jules Lavirotte.

• Modernist Architecture
• Modernism was born in the first half of the 20th century.
• It can be said it began in Germany with Bauhaus, or France with Le Corbusier, or the U.S.
with Frank Lloyd Wright.
• However, Le Corbusier’s contribution to the understanding of Modern architecture is most
notable, particularly for his ability to synthesize the precepts he adopted in his works,
design, and discourse.
Examples of key Modernist Architecture form

Weissenhof-Siedlung House, Stuttgart, Galeries Lafayette Home of Jules Lavirotte.

designed by Le Corbusier.
• Beaux-Arts

• This academic style originated in the Fine Arts School in Paris in the mid-1830s.
• It established a language that referred to other periods, such as French Neoclassicism,
Gothic architecture, and the Renaissance, however, it also employed contemporary
materials such as glass and iron.
• Although it emerged in France, this style influenced American architecture and served as a
reference to architects such as Louis Sullivan, “the father of the skyscraper." The buildings
from this movement exhibit sculptural ornamentation blended with modern lines.

Examples of key Beaux-Arts form

Opera House , San Francisco Grand Palais in Paris The Grand Central Terminal ,
New York
• Neo –Classical Architecture

• Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that

began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style principally derived from the
architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles, and the work of the Italian
architect Andrea Palladio.
• The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic
ornament, and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of
the Late Baroque architectural tradition.
• Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical
Architecture for contemporary
Examples buildings.
of key Neo-Classical Architecture form

United States Capitol Legacy The Vitruvian Man Library of Sainte-Geneviève Labrouste
• Rococo Architecture
• A style of architecture and decoration, primarily French in origin, which represents
the final phase of the Baroque around the middle of the 18th cent. characterized by
profuse, often semiabstract ornamentation and lightness of color and weight.
• Rococo describes a type of art and architecture that began in France in the mid-1700s.
• It is characterized by delicate but substantial ornamentation.
• Often classified simply as "Late Baroque," Rococo decorative arts flourished for a short
period before Neoclassicism swept the Western world. Rococo is a period rather than a
specific style. Often this 18th-century era is called "the Rococo”.
Examples of key Rococo Architecture form

The Helblinghaus in Innsbruck,

Austria
Salon de la Princesse: A Rococo interior fromIntegrated rococo carving, stucco and
the Hotel de Soubise, Paris that demonstrates fresco at Zwiefalten Abbey
highly elaborate ceiling work.
• Egyptian Architecture
o Ancient Egyptian history begins prior to the Pre-Dynastic Period (c. 6000 - 3150 BCE)
and continues through the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323 - 30 BCE).
o The most well known example of ancient Egyptian architecture are the Egyptian
pyramids; yet, excavated temples, palaces, tombs and fortresses have all been
studied by architects.
o Due to location, most ancient Egyptian buildings were built of mud brick and limestone
readily available materials by slaves.
o Monumental buildings were built via the post and lintel method of construction, and
many buildings were aligned astronomically.
Examples of key Egyptian Architecture form

Pyramid of Giza The Great Sphinx Ancient Temple in Upper Egypt (South),
Egypt.
• Byzantine Architecture
o The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 CE, when Constantine the Great moved the
Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine
Empire in 1453.
o However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman empires, and
early Byzantine
Examples architecture
of key Byzantine is stylistically
Architecture formand structurally indistinguishable from
Roman architecture.

The capitals from Basilica of

San Vitale Bridge, Spain.

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul The Colosseum in Basilica of San

Vitale from Ravenna ,Italy.
• Roman Architecture
o Roman architecture continued the legacy left by the earlier architects
of the Greek world, and the Roman respect for this tradition and their
particular reverence for the established architectural orders,
especially the Corinthian, is evident in many of their large public
buildings.
o However, the Romans were also great innovators and they quickly
adopted new construction techniques, used new materials, and
uniquely combined existing techniques with creative design to
produce a whole range of new architectural structures such as the
The Capital of The Capital of
basilica, triumphal
Examples arch,
of key monumental
Roman aqueduct,
Architecture form Amphitheatre, Tuscan Order. Composite
granary building, and residential housing block. Order

Parthenon,Rome The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. The Alcantara Bridge, Spain.

• Gothic Architecture
o Greek architecture stretches from c. 900 B.C.E. to the first century C.E. (with the earliest extant
stone architecture dating to the seventh century B.C.E.).
o Greek architecture influenced Roman architecture and architects in profound ways, such that
Roman Imperial architecture adopts and incorporates many Greek elements into its own
practice.

Examples of
key Gothic Architecture form

The Capital of Ionic Order

. The Theatre of Apollo , Delphi. The Capital of Doric OrderThe Capital of Corinthian
Order
• Renaissance Architecture

o Renaissance architecture is European architecture between the early 15th and early 17th
centuries.
o It demonstrates a conscious revival and development of certain elements of classical
thought and material culture , particularly symmetry and classical orders. Stylistically,
Renaissance architecture came after the Gothic period and was succeeded by the Baroque .
o During the High Renaissance , architectural
Examples of concepts
key Renaissance derived form
Architecture from classical antiquity were
developed and used with greater surety.
The Capital of
Tuscan Order.

Cathedral of Pienza The Dome of St Peter’s Basilica, Palazzo Medici Riccard , Florence.
Rome.
• Baroque Architecture
o Baroque architecture developed in Rome in the early 17th century, directly following the
Renaissance. Its popularity was directly tied to the Catholic Church which was increasingly
re-gaining influence at the time.
o The extravagant style of Catholic Baroque cast a striking contrast to the austere and modest
style of protestant churches.
o It quickly spread from central Italy to France, the Iberian peninsula, and Austria.
o Baroque is characterized primarily by its opulence, whether it be in rich ornamentation
or liberal use of gold. Other elements frequently used were twisted columns and forced
perspective.
o Today, it is recognized as one of the major architectural styles in Europe.
Examples of key Baroque Architecture form

MADRID,SPAIN OLOMOUC, CZECH REPUBLIC. VIENNA, AUSTRIA

• Art Nouveau Architecture
• At the turn of the 20th century, a new architectural movement
swept through Europe, creating some of the most spectacular
monuments in history.
• From about 1890 to the start of World War I, Art Nouveau
architecture swept across the continent, making use of new
technologies for a highly ornamental, elaborate style.
Examples of key Art Nouveau Architecture form

Casa Batlló in Barcelona Galeries Lafayette Home of Jules Lavirotte.

• Islamic Architecture
o This architectural tradition is predominantly found in two types of places:
Muslim-majority countries and lands conquered by Muslims during the
Middle Ages. In addition to Arab states like Algeria, Egypt, and Iraq.
o Though often associated with the Islamic mosque Muslims’ place of
worship ,this approach to architecture is also apparent in other edifices,
from palaces and public buildings to tombs and forts.
o Whether religious or secular, however, the splendid style is defined by several
common characteristics.

Examples of key Islamic Architecture form

Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey The facade of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque Muqarnas Vaulting
• Art Deco Architecture
o Art Deco, also called style moderne, movement in the decorative
arts and architecture that originated in the 1920s and developed
into a major style in western Europe and the United States during
the 1930s.
o Art Deco design represented modernism turned into fashion. Its
products included both individually crafted luxury items and
mass-produced wares, but, in either case, the intention was to
create a sleek and antitraditional elegance that symbolized
wealth and sophistication.
Examples of key Art Deco Architecture form

Shiv Shanti Bhuvan,

Mumbai.
Soona Mahal ,Churchgate, The staircase spine structure, Chrysler Building in New York City,
Mumbai. a typical in Mumbai’s Art Deco building. by William Van Alen.
• Indian Architecture

o Indian architecture, belonging to different periods of history, bears the stamp of respective
periods. Though the cities of Indus Valley provide substantial evidence of extensive town
planning, the beginnings of Indian architecture can be traced back to the advent of Buddhism
in India.

Examples of key Indian Architecture form

Taj Mahal,Agra Lotus temple,Delhi. Vitthala Temple,Hampi.

• Buddhist Architecture

o Architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to
about the 4th century AD.
o Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
o Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls
(chaityas, also called chaitya grihas), which later came to be called temples in some places.
o The initial function of a stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of Gautama
Buddha.
Examples of key Buddhist Architecture form

Sanchi Stupa, Madhya Pradesh Buddhist Caves The Alcantara Bridge, Spain.
• Neolithic Architecture
o Neolithic Architecture emerged as people changed from living as Nomadic 'Hunter
Gatherers' to permanently settling in specific areas.
o The Neolithic Period - also known as the Stone Age - dates to between 3000 - 1800 BC.
o During the Neolithic period the social and cultural environment moved on to domesticating
animals, planting crops and making use of Neolithic stone tools.
o Moving from food-collecting cultures to food-producing ones.

Examples of key Neolithic Architecture form

Stone Henge Neolithic Houses.

• Post Modern Architecture
o Postmodern architecture began as an international style the first
examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950s,
but did not become a style until the late 1970s and continues to
influence present-day architecture.
o The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the
modernist style are replaced by diverse aesthetics: styles
collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of
viewing familiar styles and space abound.
Examples of key Post Modern Architecture form

Louvre Museum Guggenheim, Bilbao. Sony Tower, New York.

 • Deconstructivist Architecture
o Deconstructivism is a movement of postmodern
architecture which appeared in the 1980s, which gives the
impression of the fragmentation of the constructed
building.
o It is characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity,
orExamples
symmetry. of key Deconstructivist Architecture form
The Capital of The Capital of
Tuscan Order. Composite
Order

Mit Stata Center In Kendall Square ,Cambridge Radius Wadhwa The Capital, Mumbai. Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center.
 • Korean Architecture
o Korean architecture refers to the architecture of Korea. The early stages of Korean
architecture date to the Neolithic period; archaeological evidence of ondol, the unique
Korean floor panel heating system, was found among the remains of the burnished plain
pottery culture.
o For the first century B.C.E., Korean architecture was influenced by the Chinese.
o The architecture of ancient Korea is epitomized by the artful combination of wood and
stone to create elegant and spacious multi-roomed structures characterized by clay
tile roofing, enclosures within protective walls, interior courtyards and gardens, and
the whole placed upon a raised platform, typically of packed earth.
Examples of key Korean Architecture form

House of Kim Jeong-hui

A modern building employing the classic features of the The Muryangsujeon An interior room of a traditional
hanok architectural style of ancient Korea. (Murangsu-jon) hall Korean home in the hanok style.
• Japanese Architecture
o It is considered to have begun in the fifth century BC. Some
evidences of prehistoric architecture from this time has survived
in the form of terra-cotta houses and pit houses built by the
Japanese neolithic tribe, known as Jomon.
o Since that time architecture in Japan has changed considerably,
developing a variety of traditional styles and different types of
designs.
o Japanese contemporary architecture is exiting and at the same
time influential all over the world. The Capital of The Capital of
Examples of key Japanese Architecture form Tuscan Order. Composite
Order

Roman Temple: The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. The Alcantara Bridge, Spain.
The Maison Carrée at Nimes in France.
Contrast with Greek Temple
• Persian Architecture
• Roman Architecture covers the period from the
establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to
about the 4th century AD.

Examples of key Persian Architecture form

Roman Temple: The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. The Alcantara Bridge, Spain.
The Maison Carrée at Nimes in France.
Contrast with Greek Temple
• Chinese Architecture
• Roman Architecture covers the period from the
establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to
about the 4th century AD.

The Capital of The Capital of

Examples of key Chinese Architecture form Tuscan Order. Composite
Order

Roman Temple: The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. The Alcantara Bridge, Spain.
The Maison Carrée at Nimes in France.
Contrast with Greek Temple