MODULE 10: THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS (CONTINUATION)

C. The Development of Architecture

 Architecture in the Ancient World
 Architecture in the Medieval World

WEEK NUMBER: 10

TIME ALLOTMENT: 3

OBJECTIVES/ LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this module, the students will be able to:
1. Acquire the ability to perceive harmonious combination of lines, forms, sizes,
textures, ideas, and colors;
2. Acquire the ability to perceive, recognize, and make balanced compositions;
3. Acquire the ability to make rhythm arrangements;
4. Acquire the ability to make pleasing proportions in margins, space divisions, and the
selection and arrangement of objects;
5. Acquire the ability to select and arrange objects for emphasis; and
6. Appreciate beautiful compositions or designs.
7. Draw an Architectural design.

LEARNING CONTENT:

THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS (CONTINUATION)

Introduction
The proper arrangement of the different art elements in order to produce something
beautiful is called design. The design of things makes objects differ from one perception to
another. Good design is the result of careful and correct application of the principles of
design. The most important factor for an artist to remember is to execute these principles in
order to achieve beauty and better perception.

Discussion

C. The Development of Architecture

The beginning of architecture must be placed within the Neolithic Age, the New
Stone Age, which lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000 BC. Before the Neolithic Age (during
Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods), man used caves for shelter and most probably for
religious ceremonies.

The development of Western architecture can be divided into four formal periods: (1)
Ancient world; (2) Medieval period; (3) the Modern world; (4) the Contemporary world.

Architecture in the Ancient World

In the Ancient World, architecture can be categorized into four (4) areas:

(1) Architecture of Mesopotamia; (2) Architecture of Ancient Egypt; (3) Aegean and
Ancient Architecture; and (4) Etruscan and Ancient Roman.

 Architecture of Mesopotamia

The temple became the predominant building type in Mesopotamia. Since there was
no local supply of stone, mud bricks and fired bricks were the principal building materials.

1. Architecture of the Sumerians-The typical building of the Sumerians was the ziggurat.
The architectural emphasis is a centralized arrangement of the structure which has a
vertical axis that conveys a sense of stability and order. The temple on top of the ziggurat
represents the god-centered structure of the society and this society's dependence on God.
 An architectural design of the Ziggurat of Ur (Iraq), 2100 BC

2. Architecture of the Assyrians - The palace of King Sargon II stood as a representative of

the Assyrian sculpture. It was built above the ground level of the city to impart the idea that
the King stood between the gods and his people.

3. Architecture of the Neo-Babylonians (575 BC) - The Ishtar-Gate in Babylon was built for
King Nebuchadnezzar II. This gate is lined with several beasts done in brightly colored
glazed bricks and dedicated to the goddess Ishtar.

4. Architecture of the Persians - The Royal Palace at Persepolis is a representative of Persian

architecture. The repetitive vertical line represented by columns and ceremonial figures is
the overriding element of form displayed in the Royal Palace.

An architectural plan of a mastaba, 3000 BC

 Architecture of Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian architecture in the Valley of the Nile used readily available
materials such as seeds, papyrus, and palm branch ribs. Timber and wood were utilized
more than stone. The two types of Egyptian architecture are the simple steriometric shape
of mass and rhythmically articulated columnar hall. Tombs, pyramids, and temples
displayed these types of architecture.

1. Architecture of the Old Kingdom (3000-2130 BC)

The mastaba (Arabic for "bench"), the Step Pyramid of Zoser (near Cairo), and the
pyramids at Giza (near Cairo) are examples of architecture built during this period.

The mastaba is a rectangular brick or stone structure with slopping flat or recessed
sides, erected over subterranean tomb chamber. The simple steriometric and solid form of
the mastaba expressed the Egyptian aspiration for permanence, security, and concern for
afterlife.
 The Step Pyramid of Zoser is a complex structure consisting of an enclosed rectangle
of 545 x 278 outlets surrounded by a 10-meter high wall of limestone. The the architectural
form of this pyramid conveys supremacy even after his death. and power of the king.

The pyramids at Giza signify the height of the pharaonic power. The form symbolizes
permanence, stability, and transcendence.

2. Architecture of the Middle Kingdom (2130-1580 BC)

Among the characteristic remains of the Middle Kingdom are the rock-cut tombs at
Beni-Hasan. Frosted by a shallow columned portico, the tombs contained the fundamental
units of Egyptian culture: portico or vestibule, columned hall, and sacred chamber.

Rock-cut tomb at Beni-Hasan, after 2130 BC

3. Architecture of the New Kingdom (1580-322 BC)

If the most impressive monuments of the Old Kingdom are its pyramids, those of the
New Kingdom are the grandiose temples. An example of an architectural masterpiece in this
period was the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut located at Deir el-Bahri. It was
constructed in 1500 BC.

The mortuary temple represents another version of the combination of the horizontal
and vertical axes. The structure arises from the valley floor in three colonnaded terraces
connected by ramps. Queen Hatshepsut wanted it to be the symbol of peace on earth. This
temple provided adequate setting for the religious services to a deified queen. The
architectural style and form in this period was focused on sequences, progression,
symmetry, balance, and harmony with the natural setting. Other temples established at this
time were the Mortuary Temple of Ramses II, the Temples of the Ancient Gods, the Temple
of Amun-Re at Karnak and the Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu at Luxor.

Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu at Luxor, 1390-1290 BC

 Aegean and Ancient Greek Architecture

1. Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 BC)

The Palace at Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC) is an example of Aegean architecture.
The oblong shape of the court and the general layout of the palace shows a centralized
arrangement. The rigid layout of the storage magazines puts forward the values of efficient
administration and order. It was a setting of harmonious living. The arrangement of the
storage jars and the drainage system testifies to efficiency and practicality.

2. The Mycenacan Architecture (1400-1200 BC)

The Citadel of Tiryns was a representative architecture of this era. The citadel
consisted of heavy walls that reveal a defensive character. Through the walls, at intervals,
run corbeled galleries, which probably served defensive purposes. The architectural form of
this era signified security and safety; perhaps also dominance and power.

3. Ancient Greek Architecture

Ancient Greek Architecture is essentially columnar and trabeated. The columns
taper towards the top. The effect is a muscular-like human quality of the columns. The
spacing of the columns towards the corners is sometimes narrower, which also makes for a
better, dynamic visual appearance.

Classical Greek Orders

The Ionic, Doric, and Corintha Classical Orders

Doric order was the earliest of the Greek architectural orders. The columns rest on
a three-stepped platform or base. The capital consists of two elements, a lower, called
echinus (circular and cushion-like) and an upper, the abacus (square) that provides the
immediate support of the entablature.

 Etruscan and Ancient Roman Architecture

The Etruscan house was a simple rectangular structure which grew progressively more
complex. The Etruscan temple was intended to function primarily as an interior space. It
was a place of shelter protected by the wide overhang of its roof.
 Ancient Roman architecture is a combination of axis and center. The Romans were the
first to develop interior architectural space on a large scale. The typical Roman values of
order, persistence, tenacity in reaching the goal, superiority over the barbarians, and the
outgoing conquering mentality are all embodied in the Roman apartment house, the
Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre of Rome (70-83 AD), the Basilica Ulpia in Rome, the
Pantheon, the Baths of Caracalla, and the Basilica of Maxentius in Rome,

Architecture in the Medieval World

The architectural form and style in this era are classified into: (1) Early Christian and
Byzantine Architecture; (2) Islamic Architecture; (3) Carolingian, Ottonian, and
Romanesque Architecture; and (4) Gothic Architecture.

 Early Christian Architecture

Early Christian architecture consisted of two building types: the Christian Basilica, a
rectangular building with an apse for the altar at one end, and as far as the form is
concerned, based on the straight line, interpreted as path; and the martyrium, a circular
building, interpreted as center. Example of this type are the architectured form of Santa
Sabina, Santa Costanza, Old St. Peter's Basilica, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in
Jerusalem.

Byzantine architecture is represented by San Vitale Dome and Hagia Sophia.

Byzantine architects created a totally spiritualized space. The dome of heaven served as a
point of departure. The spiritualized space of the dome of heaven is reached only after
passing through some preparatory low and difficult spaces, symbolizing the necessary
persistent effort a Christian must exert to reach his final destination.

Façade and Plaza of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, 1600-1657

Aerial perspective (central portion of Colonade not built) Site as Plan

 Islamic Architecture (850-1600 AD)
The most important contribution of Islamic architecture is the development of a
new kind of interior space, using the Roman and Byzantine dome as a point of departure.
Besides the mosque as the principal building types of Islam, there were the palace, the
tomb, and the fort. Examples of these types of Islamic architecture are the Great Mosque of
Samarra on the Tigris River, the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and the Mausoleum
Taj Mahal in Agra, India.

Simplified diagram of the Taj Mahal floor plan

The Mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra, India, 1632-1654

 Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque Architecture (800-900 AD)

Carolingian architecture was characterized by an emphasis on the westwork, on the
temporal power of the emperor. The Pope and the emperor join hands in perfect quality.
This architecture was exemplified by St. Michael Church in Fulda, Hesse, Germany.

Ottonian architecture is an architectural style which flourished during the reign of

Emperor Otto the Great (936-975).
The style was developed in the mid-
10th century and lasted until the
mid-11th century. The Ottonian
preserves the Carolinian double
ended feature with apses at either
end of the church.

Romanesque architecture
(100-1200 AD) was characterized by
the bay system, cross- or groin-
vaulting, semi-circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive enclosing walls, and the
incorporation of towers into the church building proper. Three types of church buildings
were established during this period: pilgrimage churches, monastic churches, and imperial
cathedrals. The prevailing type of Romanesque church was the elongated basilica-type
design along the path. Examples of Romanesque architecture were the cathedral Santiago
de Compostela (pilgrimage church), Cluny Abbey in France, Imperial Cathedral of Germany,
St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy, Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio in Milan, Italy, and Cathedral
of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy.
Cathedral of Pisa in Tuscany, Northern Italy, 1063-1118

 Gothic Architecture (1150-1500 AD)

The Gothic Age produced just one primary building type, the
city cathedral. The features of the Gothic style are: the pointed arch, the
flying buttress, and the rib vault that reflects the transcendental
character of Gothic culture. The outside of the cathedral is related to the
interior space. Towers and spires express the transcendental character
as well. Gothic architecture is a carved or moulded architecture-the
press, door jambs, and window frames of Gothic structure are carved or
moulded. Examples of Gothic architecture were the choir of Abbey
Church of Saint-Denis, Laon Cathedral in Paris, Notre Dame de Paris,
Chartres Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, and Amiens Cathedral in France,
Salisbury Cathedral in England, and St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany.
St. Elizabeth Cathedral in
Marburg, Germany

Summary
Architecture started with the Neolithic Age, the New Stone Age, which lasted roughly
from 8000 to 3000 BC. Before the Neolithic Age, man often used existing caves for shelter
and for religious ceremonies. The oldest traces of early man are tools made of stone. Mud
bricks and fired bricks were the principal building material used in Mesopotamia. The
architecture in Egypt consisted of steriometric shape or mass and rhythmically articulated
elements expressed mainly in pyramids and other tombs and temples. Classic Greek
Architecture, best seen their temples, consists of 3 columns; doric, ionic, and corinthian.
The principal building types of Islam architecture were the palace, tomb, and fort. Spiral
buildings and spiral works of art can be found throughout the Islamic architectural history.
The Byzantine architecture is famous for large screens with paintings of saints, Christ, and
Madonna inside churches. Romanesque architecture features rounded arches, low and dark,
heavy walls, and fortress walls and piers. Gothic architecture features pointed arches, with
verticality, no walls and extensive use of glasses.

REFERENCES:
1. Ariola, M. (2014) Introduction to Art Appreciation A textbook in Humanities. Quezon City:
C & E Publishing Inc.
2. Custodiosa A.S, Ph. D. Et.al. (2011). Fifth Edition Introduction to Humanities.
3. Inocian, R. Et.al. (2021). Modular Approach to Art Appreciation. Quezon City: Lorimar
Publishing Inc.
4. Tabotabo C.V. (2013). Arts Appreciation; Introduction to Humanities.

LEARNING TASK/ ACTIVITY 3

WEEK 10

Name: ________________________________ Program & Year:____________________

General Direction:
1. Read the module intended for Week 10.
2. Do the activity given by the instructor.
3. Send your output thru assignment in MS teams.
4. File names of outputs to be submitted shall be named as follows:
<Full Name (Last Name, First Name Middle Initial)> <Course Code> <Course, year
& Section> <Week Number> <Activity Number>
e.g. Dela Cruz, Juan N. PE002 BSA 1A Week 1 Activity 1
LEARNING TASK 3. Architectural Model (Drawing)
a. Draw a proposed house/building design.
b. Use any kind of pencil.
c. Take a video while in the making.
d. Send an edited video not more than two (2) minutes.
e. Send a picture of your architectural model in MS TEAMS assignment tab.

Scoring Rubrics
90-95 Excellent
85-89 Very Satisfactory
80-84 Satisfactory – needs minor assistance in certain topics
75-79 Fair/slightly satisfactory – needs assistance from the instructor with some
difficult items
70-74 Poor – must review the learning unit intensively

Congratulations for finishing Module 10! Keep up the good work.

Prepared by:

JADE MARK PASCUA, LPT

Instructor

Reviewed/Approved:

ABRAHAM G. UCOL
Program Head, Industrial Technology

AIZA P. RUMAUAC, CPA

Program Head, Accountancy and Business Administration

ANGELO K. LAHINA, LPT, MAT

Program Head, Teacher Education

LILY MAE M. KIMAYONG, MBA

Program Head, Hospitality Management

JADE A. BUISEL, REE, RME

Program Head, Engineering and Computer Studies

JEAN RUSSEL B. PAULMITAN, Rcrim, MSCJ

Program Head, Criminology