Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 17 views

    METALS

    Uploaded by

    rodger

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    METALS

    Uploaded by

    rodger
    17 views2 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    17 views2 pages

    METALS

    Uploaded by

    rodger

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    METALS TESTING

    Northern Technology & Testing began metals testing in-house in


    1997. Metals testing is used to provide vital information about
    METALS transformer operation and in locating potential fault sites within
    the transformer. Not only can the method provide information
    HOME needed to pin-point fault locations but it can also detect excessive
    wear in oil circulation pumps. We routinely analyze for seven
    metals: iron, copper, aluminum, lead, silver, tin and zinc.
    Analysis for other metals can be done on request.

    NTT has recently introduced state-of-the-art equipment to


    analyze your insulating fluids for metals at low concentration
    levels. As a result, significant price reductions are now available.
    As always, we provide rapid turnaround with NTT’s well-
    established QA/QC program.

    AA Spectroscopy
    High energy faults can generate metal particles, which are then
    dispersed in the oil. Identifying the types of metal particles and
    their concentrations by atomic absorption (AA) provides answers
    that help localize the fault within the tank.

    Several methods exist for determining low concentrations of


    metals present in a liquid matrix such as transformer oil. Among
    them include electromechanical, nuclear-activation analysis, X-
    ray fluorescence, emission spectrometry, and atomic absorption
    spectroscopy (AA).

    AA analysis depends on the selective absorption of discrete


    frequencies in the radiation spectrum by free metal atoms.
    During the analysis, an oil sample is burned, and the metals are
    turned into free metal atoms by this high-temperature
    incineration. During incineration, the instantaneous intensity of
    the radiation spectrum is measured and compared against
    standards to determine the presence and concentration of any free
    metal atoms. The most practical way to do this is to burn the oil
    sample in a high-temperature graphite furnace. The advantages
    of this method are that the oil sample can be placed directly in a
    disposable graphite sample tube and burned in the tube without
    any further preparation and, more importantly, the detection
    levels of this method are better able to determine lower
    concentrations of metals. Another, less suitable method is to
    dilute the oil with hexane and then burn it.
    Detection Limits
    Metals analysis by AA spectroscopy with a graphite furnace:
    Aluminum 0.3 ppb
    Copper 0.01
    Iron 0.1
    Lead 0.01
    Silver 0.01
    Tin 5
    Zinc 0.01

    Metals and their possible sources in transformers

    Aluminum Windings, corona shields, ceramic bushings


    Copper Windings, bronze & brass components
    Iron Core and tank
    Lead Solder joints
    Lead, Tin, Silver, Connectors, lugs, bolts and peripheral
    Zinc components

    Copyright © 1996-2001 NTT. All Rights Reserved.

    You might also like