Final Chem

2024-2025
Chemistry
PrOjeCt
Subject
Study Of Alloys
PM SHRI
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Sangli
By Atharv Sawant
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the CHEMISTRY project titled ‘STUDY OF
CONSTITUENTS OF ALLOYS’ has been successfully completed
by Atharv Sawant of Class XII in partial fulfillment of
curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) in the year of 2024-25.
INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our Chemistry teacher
Mrs Sarita Kakde for his guidance, support and encouragement
throughout the duration of the project. Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. Without their motivation
and help the successful completion of this project would not have been possible.
Atharv Sawant
INDEX:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SOME COMMON ALLOYS
3. PREPERATION OF ALLOYS
4. ANALYSIS OF AN ALLOY
5. USES OF ALLOY
Introduction:
An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a non-metal. An alloy of
mercury with another metal is called amalgam. Alloys are usually harder than their
components but very often less ductile and less
malleable. Thus the hardness of gold is increased by addition of copper to it. The
melting point of an alloy is always lower than the melting points of the constituent
metals. Other properties such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture,
mechanical strength, ductility, color etc. also under goes a change when an alloy is
made from its constituents (metals). This change of properties is very useful and makes
an alloy beneficial.
Some of the alloys along with their composition is given below.
1. Brass:-
It consists copper-50-90%.
Zinc. : 20-40%
and small amounts of tin, lead and iron.
2. Bronze: It consists copper 60-90%.
3. Tin: 5-35%
and also contains small amounts of lead, iron and zinc.

Duralumin: It consists A1 : 95%, Cu = 4%
Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5%
4. Gun Metal: It consists copper 85 - 90%
5. Zinc. : 1-3%
6. Tin: 8-12%
The composition of alloys may differ slightly depending upon the quality of the alloy
though the main components remain the same.
Some common alloys:
Amalgam
Any alloy of mercury is called an amalgam. Most metals are
soluble in mercury, but some (such as iron) are not. Amalgams are
commonly used in dental fillings because they have been relatively
cheap, easy to use, and durable. In addition, until recently, they
have been regarded as safe. They are made by mixing mercury
with silver, copper, tin, and other metals. The mercury content of
dental fillings has recently stirred controversy, based on the
potentially harmful effects of mercury.
Mercury amalgams have also been used in the process of mining
gold and silver, because of the ease with which mercury

amalgamates with them. In addition, thallium amalgam is used as the liquid material in
thermometers, because it freezes at -58°C, whereas pure mercury freezes at -38°C.
Brass
A decorative brass paperweight (left), along with zinc and copper

samples.
Brass is the term used for alloys of copper and zinc in a solid
solution. It has a yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It was
produced in prehistoric times, long before zinc was discovered, by
melting copper with calamine, a zinc ore.
The amount of zinc in brass varies from 5 to 45 percent, creating
a range of brasses, each with unique properties. By comparison,
bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.
Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes.
Brass is relatively resistant to tarnishing and is often used for

decorative purposes. Its malleability and acoustic properties have
made it the metal of choice for musical instruments such as the
trombone, tuba, trumpet, and euphonium. Although saxophones

And harmonicas are made out of brass; the saxophone is a
woodwind instrument, and the harmonica, a free reed aero phone.
In organ pipes designed as "reed" pipes, brass strips are used as
the "reed."
Aluminum makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. It
forms a transparent, self-healing, protective layer of aluminum
oxide (Al2O3) on the surface. Tin has a similar effect and finds its
use especially in seawater applications (naval brasses).
Combinations of iron, aluminum, silicon, and manganese make brass
resistant to wear and tear.
Bronze
Bronze refers to a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin
as the main additive, but sometimes with other element s such as
phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon. Typically, bronze is
about 60 percent copper and 40 percent tin. The use of bronze was particularly
significant for early civilizations, leading to the name "Bronze Age." Tools, weapons,
armor, and building materials such as decorative tiles were made
of bronze, as they were found to be harder and more durable
than their stone and copper predecessors.
In early use, the natural impurity arsenic sometimes created a superior natural
alloy, called "arsenical bronze."
Though not as strong as steel, bronze is superior to iron in nearly every application.
Bronze develops a patina (a green coating on the exposed surface), but it does not
oxidize beyond the surface. It is considerably less brittle than iron and has a
lower casting temperature. Several bronze alloys resist corrosion (especially by
seawater) and metal fatigue better than steel; they also conduct Heat
and electricity better than most steels.
Bronze has myriad uses in industry. It is widely used today for
springs, bearings, bushings, and similar fittings, and is particularly

common in the bearings of small electric motors. It is also widely
used for cast metal sculpture and is the most popular metal for
top-quality bells and cymbals.
Commercial bronze, otherwise known as brass, is 90 percent
copper and 10 percent zinc. It contains no tin

Preparation of alloys:
Alloys are prepared from the techniques of fusion, compression or simultaneous electro
- deposition. Generally the components are mixed together in proper properties in a
fuse clay crucible, melted and stirred with a piece of charcoal to avoid oxidation. The
molten mixture is now allowed to cool. When an alloy is obtained e.g. brass is prepared
by above melted.
Analysis of an alloy:
The complete analysis of an alloy involves two steps.
1. Qualitative Analysis:
This involves identification of the components of the alloys.
2. Quantitative Analysis:
This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It involves the separation of
the components from the alloy quantitatively followed by determination of percentage of
each component volumetrically or gravimetrically.
In this project we will carry out qualitative analysis only.
Objectives of Project:
In this project, our aim is to know the various metals present in the given sample of
alloy.
Uses of Alloys:
i) To modify chemical reactivity:- When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too

reactive to be used but its alloy with
mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used as reducing agent.
ii) To increase hardness:-
Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also zinc is added to copper to
make copper hard in form of brass.
iii) To increase tensile strength:-
Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and aluminium (95%) has high tensile
strength.
iv) To lower the melting point:-
Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn (30%) and Pb (70%) has very less meting point as
compared to melting points of Sn and Pb.
v) To modify the color:-
Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden color.

vi) To resist corrosion:-
Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with time but stainless steel, an
alloy of iron and carbon get not rusted the composition of stainless steel is :
Iron - 98%
Carbon - 2%

Final Chem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Chem

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Chem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2024-2025

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

Mrs Sarita Kakde for his guidance, support and encouragement

2. SOME COMMON ALLOYS

Some of the alloys along with their composition is given below.

and small amounts of tin, lead and iron.

2. Bronze: It consists copper 60-90%.

and also contains small amounts of lead, iron and zinc.

4. Gun Metal: It consists copper 85 - 90%

Mercury amalgams have also been used in the process of mining

gold and silver, because of the ease with which mercury

A decorative brass paperweight (left), along with zinc and copper

solution. It has a yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It was

produced in prehistoric times, long before zinc was discovered, by

melting copper with calamine, a zinc ore.

The amount of zinc in brass varies from 5 to 45 percent, creating

a range of brasses, each with unique properties. By comparison,

bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.

Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes.

Brass is relatively resistant to tarnishing and is often used for

trombone, tuba, trumpet, and euphonium. Although saxophones

Bronze refers to a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin

as the main additive, but sometimes with other element s such as

phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon. Typically, bronze is

springs, bearings, bushings, and similar fittings, and is particularly

Commercial bronze, otherwise known as brass, is 90 percent

copper and 10 percent zinc. It contains no tin

This involves identification of the components of the alloys.

i) To modify chemical reactivity:- When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too

Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden color.

You might also like