03 Lec

Control Methods in
Hydrographic Surveying
Horizontal Control Methods
Introduction
In the hydrographic field, the topographic survey, established to
frame geographically the coastal territory to create the land marks for
hydrographic surveying.
Is carried out commencing from previously established
topographic stations with co-ordinates already determined by geodetic
survey operations.
The primary control Produces the adopted geodetic reference
system (Datum).
Horizontal Control Methods
The horizontal determination can be obtained by:
a. classical methods of survey (astronomical observations and
measurements of angles and distances)
b. photogrammetric methods of survey
Classical Methods
• Triangulation
• Trilateration
• Traverse
Classical Methods
Triangulation
The survey technique called
triangulation is created by
primarily measuring angles,
determination of points of a
triangular network, with
every triangle having at least
one common side.
Classical Methods
Triangulation
The aim is to determine the
co-ordinates of certain
points.
The points are connected so
that they form a sequence
of triangles.
The Baseline and all the
angles of the various
triangles are measured.
Classical Methods
Trilateration
This method is similar to
triangulation as the co-
ordinates of a number of
points are calculated by
connecting the points in order
to form a network of triangles
with common sides.
The principal measurements
are distances and not angles.
Classical Methods
Traverse
The traverse surveys are
frequently used in topography
when undertaking more
specific surveys over large
areas or where lines of sight
are obscured.
Classical Methods
Traverse
These surveys are conducted by
determining the coordinates of
numerous points, connected to
form a polygonal network.
the stations in a traverse have to
be accessible and each station is
visible from both the preceding
and the following station marks
for measurement of angles and
distances
Classical Methods
Traverse
These surveys are conducted by
determining the coordinates of
numerous points, connected to
form a polygonal network.
the stations in a traverse have to
be accessible and each station is
visible from both the preceding
and the following station marks
for measurement of angles and
distances
Photogrammetric method
Photogrammetry is a widespread technique for topographic surveying
of the ground or objects through the use of photographs taken from
different view points.
Conventional Photogrammetry is divided into two categories:
a. Terrestrial Photogrammetry - the photographs are taken from

points on the ground
b. Aerial Photogrammetry - Photographs are taken from aircraft
There are three quantities connected in different ways at various points
of the survey.
a. The three-dimensional co-ordinates (X, Y, Z) of the
photographed objects.
b. The horizontal co-ordinates (x, y) of the images of the objects
photographed on the plane of the film.
c. The entire parameters of the orientation, required to establish
the position of the camera during the photograph.
Aerial Photogrammetry
• Can be produced in different ways,
depending on the kind of chart to be
created and on the kind of camera to be
used.
• Generally employs cameras with nadir
photographs (also called nadir point),
that is with the optic axis coincident with
the vertical axis.
Vertical Control Methods
The Vertical determination can be obtained by:
a. Geometric/Spirit levelling
b. Trigonometric Levelling
c. Altimetry with GPS (GNSS Vertical Control)
Geometric/Spirit levelling
Levelling are operations which
allow the measurement of
difference orthometric heights
(or Geoid elevations) between
points or their difference in
elevation.
Geometric/Spirit levelling
The distance between the start point A and the final point B of the levelling
line, is divided into a number lines no greater than 100 meters with the
stadia set at the division points.
Trigonometric Levelling
Is based on the use of a
theodolite for the
measurement of zenithal
angles.
It is employed for any distance,
from a few meters to over 10
kms.
it is often used for the
determination of the elevations
of positions in triangulation.
Altimetry with GPS (GNSS)
GPS generates the base-line components between the surveyed positions, from
which the XYZ geocentric co-ordinates are obtained in the WGS84 reference
system.
The ϕ, λ & h ellipsoidal co-ordinates are obtained with transformation formulae.

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Control Methods in

Conventional Photogrammetry is divided into two categories:

a. Terrestrial Photogrammetry - the photographs are taken from

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