Revierwer For 2ND Quarter Science

REVIERWER FOR 2ND QUARTER
SCIENCE
Atom- An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element.
An atom consists of a central nucleus that is surrounded by one or more negatively
charged electrons. The nucleus is positively charged and contains one or more relatively
heavy particles known as protons and neutrons
S orbital= l=0
P orbital= l=1
D orbital= l=2
F orbital= l=3
Electron Configuration- Electron configurations describe where

electrons are located around the nucleus of an atom. For example, the electron
configuration of lithium, 1s²2s¹, tells us that lithium has two electrons in the 1s subshell
and one electron in the 2s subshell
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2…..
Chemical Bonding- Chemical Bonding refers to the formation of a chemical bond
between two or more atoms, molecules, or ions to give rise to a chemical compound.
These chemical bonds are what keep the atoms together in the resulting compound.
Two types of bond

Ionic- ionic bond, also called electrovalent bond, type of linkage formed from the
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Such a
bond forms when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to
another atom.
Covalent- A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of

electrons between two atoms. These electrons are simultaneously attracted by the two atomic
nuclei. A covalent bond forms when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms
is too small for an electron transfer to occur to form ions.
EXAMPLES:
NaCl= Ionic
H2O= Covalent
Properties of bonds
Conductivity- the quality or power of conducting or transmitting: such as. : the
reciprocal of electrical resistivity. : the quality of living matter responsible for the transmission of
and progressive reaction to stimuli
Ionic- Low Conductivity

Covalent- Very Low Conductivity
Hardness- Hardness is the ability of a material to resist deformation, which is

determined by a standard test where the surface resistance to indentation is measured. The
most commonly used hardness tests are defined by the shape or type of indent, the size, and
the amount of load applied
Ionic- These are hard, because of the crystalline
nature
Covalent- These are not very hard, though
exceptions are silicon, diamond, and carbon.
Melting and Boiling Points- The melting point of a substance is the

temperature at which its solid and liquid phases are in balance. The boiling point of a substance
is the temperature at which its vapour pressure equals the external pressure.
Ionic- High
Covalent- Low
Malleability- Malleability is the quality of something that can be shaped into

something else without breaking, like the malleability of clay. Malleability — also called
plasticity — has to do with whether something can be molded.
Ionic- Non malleable

Covalent- Non malleable
Ductility- Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed

without fracture. It is therefore an indication of how 'soft' or malleable the material is. The
ductility of steels varies depending on the types and levels of alloying elements present.
Ionic- Non-ductile
Covalent- Non-Ductile
Volatility- A tendency to change quickly and unpredictably. price volatility. the
volatility of the stock market. : a tendency to erupt in violence or anger.
Ionic- Low
Covalent- High
Solubility-Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will

dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a
characteristic property of a specific solute–solvent combination, and different substances have
greatly differing solubilities
Ionic- Usually insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as ether, alcohol,
benzene, tetrachloromethane, propanone, and other
Covalent- Usually soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents such as ether,
alcohol, benzene, tetrachloromethane,propanone, and other
Ion- an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a
result of having lost or gained one or more electrons
Cation- A positive charge ion

Anion- A Negative charge ion
Carbon- Carbon (from Latin carbo 'coal') is a chemical element with the symbol C and
atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to
form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up
about 0.025 percent of Earth's
1 Meth 1-4 ane

2 Eth 5-8 ene
3 Prop 9-10 yne
4 But
5 Pen
6 Hex
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Deca
Organic Compounds- An organic compound is a member of a class of
chemicals containing carbon atoms bound to one another and other atoms by covalent
bonds and found in the cells of living organisms. Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are typical
elements which, in addition to carbon, make up organic compounds
Carbohydrates- Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and

unhealthy foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn,
and cherry pie. They also come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms
are sugars, fibers, and starches.
Lipids- Lipids are fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body.
They're part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells. They
help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones
Proteins- Protein is found throughout the body—in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and
virtually every other body part or tissue. It makes up the enzymes that power many chemical
reactions and the hemoglobin that carries oxygen in your blood. At least 10,000 different
proteins make you what you are and keep you that way.
Nucleic Acid- Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all
cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of
genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to
make proteins.
Mole- The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many
elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is “mol”
Avogadro’s number= 6.02 x 10^23

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REVIERWER FOR 2ND QUARTER

Electron Configuration- Electron configurations describe where

Two types of bond

Covalent- A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of

Ionic- Low Conductivity

Hardness- Hardness is the ability of a material to resist deformation, which is

Melting and Boiling Points- The melting point of a substance is the

Malleability- Malleability is the quality of something that can be shaped into

Ionic- Non malleable

Ductility- Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed

Solubility-Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will

Cation- A positive charge ion

1 Meth 1-4 ane

Carbohydrates- Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and

Avogadro’s number= 6.02 x 10^23

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