FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANT QUESTION BANK

CHAPTER -1 SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY

1. Give Definition of the Mass and Weight, Volume and Density, Temperature.

ANS: Mass and Weight-- Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in
it while weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object. The mass of a substance
is constant whereas its weight may vary from one place to another due to change
in gravity. The mass of a substance can be determined very accurately by using an
analytical balance
Volume-- Volume has the units of (length)3. So volume has units of m3 or cm3 or
dm3.A common unit, litre (L) is not an SI unit, is used for measurement of volume
of liquids. 1 L = 1000 mL, 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
Density: Density of a substance is its amount of mass per unit volume.SI unit of
density = SI unit of mass/SI unit of volume = kg/m3 or kg m–3This unit is quite
large and a chemist often expresses density in g cm–3.
Temperature--There are three common scales to measure temperature — °C
(degree celsius), °F (degree Fahrenheit) and K (kelvin). Here, K is the SI unit.

K = °C + 273.15
Note—Temperature below 0 °C (i.e. negative values) are possible in Celsius scale
but in Kelvin scale, negative temperature is not possible.

2. What are Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures.

Ans: Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout the sample.
The components of such mixtures cannot be seen under a powerful microscope.
They are also called solutions. Examples of homogeneous mixtures are air,
seawater, gasoline, brass etc.
Heterogeneous mixtures consist of two or more parts (phases), which have
different compositions. These mixtures have visible boundaries of separation
between the different constituents and can be seen with the naked eye e.g., sand
and salt, chalk powder in water etc.

3. Define the law of multiple proportions. Explain it with one example.

Ans.When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then
the different masses of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of
the other, bear a simple ratio to one another. For example- carbon
combines with oxygen to form two compounds CO and CO2.
Compound CO CO2
Mass of C 12 12
Mass of O 16 32
Masses of oxygen which combine with a fixed mass of carbon (12g) bear a simple
ratio of 16:32 or 1:2.
4. What do mean by molarity .Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution
prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough water to form 250 mL of the solution.
Ans.The number of moles of solute dissolved per litre (dm3) of the solution is
called molarity
Since molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute /Volume of solution in litres
=(Mass of NaOH/Molar mass of NaOH)/0.250 L
=(4 g / 40 g 0.1 mol)/0.250L =0.1 mol/0.250 L
= 0.4 mol L-1
= 0.4 M

5. Define –(a) Average atomic mass (b) Molecular mass (c) Formula mass
Ans. (a) Average atomic mass- Atomic mass of an element is defined as the
average relative mass of an atom of an element as compared to the mass of an
atom of carbon -12 taken as 12.
(b) Molecular mass- it is sum of atomic masses of the elements present in
a molecule.
Formula mass- it is sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a formula unit
of a compound

CHAPTER -2 CHEMICAL BONDING

1. Define Ionic bonding and covalent bonding.

Ans: Ionic Bond - The bond formed by transfer of electrons due to which cation and anion are
formed is called Ionic Bonding.
Covalent Bonding: The bond formed by sharing of electrons is called Covalent bonding.

2. Define Coordinate covalent bonding.

Ans: The bond in which both the electrons are shared by only one atom (lone pair of electrons
are shared) is called Coordinate covalent bonding.

3. Define Orbit and Orbital.

Ans: Orbit : The circular path around the nucleus in which the electrons are continuously rotating
is called Orbit. It is the main energy shell where the electrons are present.
Orbital: The probable space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electrons
are maximum is called as Orbital.

4. State the four Quantum number.

Ans: The Four Quantum number are as follows:
1. Principal Quantum Number
2. Angular or orbital Quantum Number
3. Magnetic Quantum number
4. Spin Quantum number

5. Define Metallic bonding.

Ans: The bond formed as a result of simultaneous attraction of an electron by two o r more than
two positive ions of the metal is called as metallic bond and they are electrostatic in nature.
6. Define Hydrogen bonding.
Ans: The force of attraction between one covalently bonded hydrogen atom of one molecule
and one electronegative atom of another molecule is called as Hydrogen Bonding which is
denoted by Dotted line.

7. State the Different properties of Metals.

Ans: Metals exhibit certain characteristic properties which are as follows:

(i) High thermal and electrical conductivity.

(ii) High melting and boiling points.
(iii) High density and mechanical strength.
(iv) High ductility and malleability.
(v) Metallic lustre.

8. What is polar and non-polar covalent bonding?

1. Ans: When two atoms of the same element involves in a covalent bond to form a molecule,
the shared pair of electrons will be at the exact midway between the two atoms non polar
covalent bond is formed.

2. A covalent bond formed between two different atoms is known as Polar covalent bond.

9. Draw the shapes of s, p ,d Orbitals

Ans:
10. Why metals are malleable and ductile.
Ans: Metals are malleable and ductile. The delocalized electrons in the 'sea' of electrons in the
metallic bond, enable the metal atoms to roll over each other when a stress is applied.

11. State the Characteristic of Ionic compound

1. Ans: They are generally hard crystalline in nature.

2. Ionic bonds are unidirectional and rigid.

3. They have high melting point and high boiling point because of the strong electrostatic force
of attraction.
4. They are generally non-conductor of electricity but in aqueous medium they are good
conductors of electricity.
5. They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent.

12. State the characteristic of Covalent compound.

Ans:

1. They have low melting and boiling points.

2. The covalent compounds are generally amorphous in nature.
3. They exist mostly as solid, gases or liquids.
3. They are poor conductors
4. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent.
5. The covalent bond is directional and as such there is a possibility of position isomerism and
stereo isomerism amongst these compounds.

13. State the different types of hydrogen bonding.

Ans: Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding ---Hydrogen bond between the molecules

Intramolecular Hydrogen bonding ---Hydrogen bond within the same one molecule
 UNIT IV CONCEPT OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1. Define Degree of Ionization .

Ans: The fraction of the total number of molecules ionized in the electrolytic solution is known
as Degree of Ionization.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ions
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑

2. What is Reference Eletrode?

➢ Ans: The Electrode which have standard Potential value and with which we can compare the
potential of an other electrodes is called a Reference Electrode.

3. Name the Factors affecting degree of Ionization.

Ans: The factors affecting degree of Ionization are – Nature of Electrolyte, Temperature, Dilution
of solvent and Nature of Solvent.

4. What is Electrochemical Cell?

Ans: The device which changes the chemical energy into electrical energy is called
Electrochemical Cell.

5. What is Buffer solution? Give Example

Ans: The solution which the resist the change in pH of the solution is called buffer solution. For
Example the solution of Acetic Acid and salt of Acetic acid behave as Acidic Buffer.

6. What is pH? Draw the pH scale.

Ans: The negative logarithm of 𝐻3 𝑂+ ion to the base 10 is called pH of the solution. It is the
measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution. The pH value ranges from 0 to 14.

7. What is Electrode and give example.

Ans: An Electrode is a conductor which passes or allow to flow the electrons from one end to
other end. The Electrode can be defined as “A metal strip or rod dipped in an electrolytic
 solution of its own ions and on whose surface the oxidation and reduction reaction takes place
is called electrode. They are mainly of three types:

a. Active Metal Electrode: Zn, Cu, etc.

b. Inert Electrode of metal or non metal: Pt, Graphite, etc.
c. Gaseous Electrode: H2, Cl2, etc.

8. What is Half Cell?

Ans: The Electrode and the solution in which it is dipped is collectively known as Half cell. The
Half cell is constructed by dipping the metal or non metal strip into an electrolytic solution of its
own ion. The representation of the half cell is shown by inserting single vertical line between an
electrode and active ions.

9. What is Electrolysis?
Ans: The Chemical Change caused by the passage of an electric current through a solution of
an electrolyte is called Electrolysis. OR

The process in which an electric current is passed through the solution of an electrolyte and
due to the passage of electric the cations and anions moves towards their respective
electrodes is called Electrolysis.

9. What is Eletrorefining?
Ans: The metals are purified by electrolysis method which is called electrorefining.

10. What is Electroplating?

Ans: The process of coating an inferior metal with a superior metal by electrolysis is known as
electroplating.

11. State the Faradays law of Electrolysis.

Ans: Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis : In electrolysis, when an electric current is passed
through an electrolyte, then the amount of the mass of an element deposited on the cathode,
is directly proportional to the amount of current passed, Q, through the electrolytic solution;
and the equivalent weight (atomic weight) of the metal.

W∝𝐐
W ∝ 𝐈×𝐭
W = E×𝐈×𝐭
where I = the current in amperes (A),
t = time in second
E = a constant of proportionality called electrochemical equivalent of the substance.

Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis : When the same quantity of charge is passed through the
different series of electrolytic cell containing different electrolytes, then the amount of products
obtained at the different electrodes are directly proportional to their equivalent weights.

Hence according to first law

𝑊𝛼 𝑄
𝑊 = 𝐸 × 𝑄
Then Q= 96500 Coulomb, W becomes gram equivalent mass that is E
∴ 𝐸 = 𝑍 × 96500
𝐸
𝑍=
96500
 𝑍 𝐸1
∴ 𝑍1 =
2 𝐸2

12. State the Nernst Equation for single electrode.

Ans: The equation showing relation be the potential of the non standard electrochemical cell
and the concentration of the solution is known as Nernst Equation.

13. Give the standard condition of a cell.

Ans: Temperature – 25oC , Concentration – 1M and Pressure – 1 atm

14. Draw the diagram of an Electrochemical Cell.

Ans:

15. Calculate the pH of 0.002 M HCl solution.

16. Calculate the pH of 0.001 H2SO4 Solution.
17. Calculate the pH of0.05 M NaOH solution.

1. Metallic conductor and electrolytic conductor.

Metallic conduction Electrolytic conduction

1. Electric current flows by 1. Electric current flows by
movement of electrons. movement of ions.
2. No chemical change 2. Ions are oxidized or
occurs. reduced at the electrodes.
3. It does not involve the 3. It involves transfer of
transfer of any matter. matter in the form of ions.
4. Ohm's law is followed. 4. Ohm's low is followed.
5. Resistance increases with 5. Resistance decreases with
increase of temperature. increase of temperature.
6. Faraday law is not 6. Faraday law is followed.
followed.
 1. State the Arrhenius theory of Ionization.

Ans: Arrhenius put forth, in 1884, a comprehensive theory which is known as theory
of electrolytic dissociation or ionic theory. The main points of the theory are:

1. An electrolyte, when dissolved in water, breaks up into two types of charged

particles, one carrying a positive charge and the other a negative charge.
These charged particles are called ions. Positively charged ions are termed
cations and negatively charged as anions.
2. The process of splitting of the molecules into ions of an electrolyte is called
ionization. The fraction of the total number of molecules present in solution
as ions is known as degree of ionization or degree of dissociation.
3. The extent of ionization or the degree of ionization depends upon the
nature of electrolyte. Strong electrolytes such as HCl etc. ionize
completely in water. Weak electrolytes such as acetic acid (CH3COOH)
ionize only slightly.
4. The number of positive and negative charges on the ions must be equal so
that the solution as a whole remains neutral.

CHAPTER -5 SOLUTION AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY

1. Calculate
(a) molality
(b) molarity and
(c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI solution is 1·202 g mL-
1.

Ans:
Step I. Calculation of molality of solution
Weight of KI in 100 g of the solution = 20 g
Weight of water in the solution = 100 – 20 = 80 g = 0-08 kg
Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127 = 166 g mol-1.

Step II. Calculation of molarity of solution

Step III. Calculation of mole fraction of Kl

Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage
Sol: (i) Mole fraction: It is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of the solute to the
total number of moles in the solution. If A is the number of moles of solute dissolved in B
moles of solvent, then Mole fraction of solute

(ii) Molality: It is defined as die number of moles of a solute present in 1000g (1kg) of a
solvent.

NOTE: Molality is considered better way of expressing concentration of solutions, as

compared to molarity because molality does not change with change in temperature since
the mass of solvent does not vary with temperature,
(iii) Molarity: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution.
NOTE: Molarity is the most common way of expressing concentration of a solution in
laboratory. However, it has one disadvantage. It changes with temperature because
volume of a solution alters due to expansion and contraction of the liquid with temperature.
(iv) Mass percentage: It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100g of solution.

2.4. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass
in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of acid if the
density of the solution is 1·504 g mL-1 ?
Sol: Mass of HNO3 in solution = 68 g
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g mol-1
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1·504 g mL-1

2.5. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the
molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of
solution is 1 .2 g m L-1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Sol: 10 percent w/w solution of glucose in water means 10g glucose and 90g of water.
Molar mass of glucose = 180g mol-1 and molar mass of water = 18g mol-1

2.6. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of
Na2C03 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
Sol: Calculation of no. of moles of components in the mixture.

2.7. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a solution obtained

by mixing 300 g of a 25% and 400 g of a 40% solution by mass.
Sol:

Q- State the Factors affecting the solubility of a solid in liquid :

1. Nature of solute and solvent : Like dissolves like. For example, While sodium chloride and sugar dissolve
readily in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not. On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene
dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not.
2. Temperature : In a nearly saturated solution, If (solH > 0), the solubility increases with rise in
temperature and If (solH < 0) the solubility decreases with rise in temperature.
3. Effect of pressure : Does not have any significant effect as solids and liquids are highly incompressible.

Q- What is Henry’s law

Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional
to the pressure of the gas. The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure
of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution”. This is
expressed as: p = KH x Here KH is the Henry’s law constant.

Q- What are Colligative Properties.

The properties that depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to the
total number of particles present in the solution are called colligative properties.
There are four colligative properties: 1. Relative Lowering of vapour Pressure 2. Elevation in Boiling Point 3.
Depression in freezing point 4. Osmotic pressure

Q- What is Osmotic pressure?

The excess pressure that must be applied to solution to prevent the passage of solvent into solution
through a semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure. • Osmotic pressure is a colligative
property as it depends on the number of solute particles and not on their identity.

Q- What is Adsorption:

(i) The accumulation of molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid is termed
as adsorption. (ii) It is a surface phenomenon. (iii) The concentration of adsorbate increases only at the
surface of the adsorbent.

Q- What is Absorption:

(i) It is the phenomenon in which a substance is uniformly distributed throughout the bulk of the solid. (ii) It
is a bulk phenomenon. (iii) The concentration is uniform throughout the bulk of solid.

Q- Explain Physical adsorption

(i) If the adsorbate is held on a surface of adsorbent by weak van der Waals’ forces, the adsorption is called
physical adsorption or physisorption. (ii) It is non-specific. (iii) It is reversible. (iv) The amount of gas
depends upon nature of gas, i.e., easily liquefiable gases like NH3, CO2, gas adsorbed to greater extent than
H2 and He. Higher the critical temperature of gas, more will be the extent of adsorption. (v) The extent of
adsorption increases with increase in surface area, e.g. porous and finely divided metals are good
adsorbents. (vi) There are weak van der Waals’ forces of attraction between adsorbate and adsorbent. (vii)
It has low enthalpy of adsorption (20 – 40 kJ mol-1). (viii) Low temperature is favourable. (ix) No
appreciable activation energy is needed. (x) It forms multimolecular layers. •

Q- Explain Chemical Adsorption.

Chemical adsorption or chemisorption: (i) If the forces holding the adsorbate are as strong as in chemical
bonds, the adsorption process is known as chemical adsorption of chemisorption. (ii) It is highly specific.
(iii) It is irreversible. (iv) The amount of gas adsorbed is not related to critical temperature of the gas. (v) It
also increases with increase in surface area. (vi) There is strong force of attraction similar to chemical bond.
(vii) It has enthalpy heat of adsorption (180 – 240 kJ mol-1). (viii) High temperature is favourable. (ix) High
activation energy is sometimes needed. (x) It forms unimolecular layers.

Q- What is True solution, Colloids and suspension.

True Solution : It is homogeneous. (ii) The diameter of the particles is less than 1 nm. (iii) It passes through
filter paper. (iv) Its particles cannot be seen under a microscope.

• Colloids: (i) It appears to be homogeneous but is actually heterogeneous. (ii) The diameter of the
particles is 1 nm to 1000 nm. (iii) It passes through ordinary filter paper but not through ultra-filters. (iv) Its
particles can be seen by a powerful microscope due to scattering of light.

• Suspension: (i) It is heterogeneous. (ii) The diameter of the particles are larger than 1000 nm. (iii) It does
not pass through filter paper. (iv) Its particles can be seen even with naked eye.

Q- What is Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium?

Dispersed phase: It is the substance which is dispersed as very fine particles. • Dispersion medium: It is the
substance present in larger quantity.

Q- Classification of colloids on the basis of nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion
medium, the colloids are classified into two types namely, a) Lyophobic sols b) Lyophilic sols

Lyophobic sols: (i) These colloids are liquid hating. (ii) In these colloids the particles of dispersed phase have
no affinity for the dispersion medium. (iii) They are not stable. (iv) They can be prepared by mixing
substances directly. (v) They need stabilizing agents for their preservation. (vi) They are irreversible sols. •

Lyophilic sols: (i) These colloids are liquid loving. (ii) In these colloids, the particles of dispersed phase have
great affinity for the dispersion medium. (iii) They are stable. (iv) They cannot be prepared by mixing
substances directly. They are prepared only by special methods. (v) They do not need stabilizing agents for
their preservation. (vi) They are reversible sols.

Q- What are Emulsions and Emulsifying agent?

Emulsification: It is the process of stabilizing an emulsion by means of an emulsifier. • Emulsifying agent or

emulsifier: These are the substances which are added to stabilize the emulsions. Examples - soaps, gum

Types of emulsions: a) Water dispersed in oil: When water is the dispersed phase and oil is the dispersion
medium. E.g. butter b) Oil dispersed in water: When oil is the dispersed phase and water is the dispersion
medium. E.g. milk •
 UNIT IX POLYMERS

1. What are monomers and polymer?

Ans: Polymers the macromolecules of high molecular weight which is built up by linking together of
a large number of small molecules called as monomers.
Monomer is the Simple organic molecules which can form polymers by linking together with
chemical bonding.

2. State the condition required by monomer to form polymer.

Ans: The condition required to forma polymer is 1. monomer should contain double bond or
triple bond 2. Monomer should have functional groups

3. Give classification of Polymers.

POLYMERIC MATERIAL

Based on the Based on mode of Based on thermal

Based on Source
structure synthesis property and uses

Natural Polymer Homopolymer Thermosetting

Synthetic
Co-polymer Thermoplastic
Polymer

Elastomer

Fiber

4. What is Elastomer?
Ans: A Polymer substance in which its original length can be increased by 10 to 15%,without
breaking it on applying force on it and after removal of the external force, retains its original shape
and volume is called elastomers.

5. What is Vulcanization of rubber?

Ans: Vulcanization or vulcanization is a chemical process for converting rubber or related polymers
into more durable materials via the addition of sulfur or other equivalent "curatives" or
"accelerators". These additives modify the polymer by forming crosslinks (bridges) between
individual polymer chains. Vulcanized materials are less sticky and have superior mechanical
properties.

6. Give full form of PE, PTFE, PVC and PS.

Ans: PE- Polyethylene, PTFE – PolytetraFluoro Ethylene, PVC – Poly Vinyl Chloride and PS –
PolyStyrene

7. Give example of Thermoplastic.

Ans: PE- Polyethylene, PTFE – PolytetraFluoro Ethylene, PVC – Poly Vinyl Chloride and PS –
PolyStyrene, PET – Poly Terphthalate, Poly Acrylonitrile

8. Give Example of Thermosetting plastics.

Ans: Bakelite, Epoxy Resin, Melamine and silicone

DEFINITIONS:
1. POLYMER: A polymer is a large molecule which is formed by repeated linking of small similar or
dissimilar type of molecule called as monomers.
2. POLYMERISATION: The process by which the simple molecules (monomers) are linked together by
covalent bonds and form big or giant molecules (macromolecules) is called as polymerization.
3. MONOMER: The basic structural units of high polymers are called as monomers.
4. DEGREE OF POLYMERISATION: In any polymer molecule the number of repeating units ‘n’ is called
as degree of polyemrisation.
5. OLIGOMERS: If the Degree of polymerization is less than about 25 units, the polymer is called as
oligomer.
6. THERMOPLASTIC: A plastic which soften on application of heat with or without pressure but regain
its original shape on cooling is called as thermoplastic.
7. THERMOSETTING PLASTIC: A plastic which does not soften on application of heat and does not
regain its original shape on cooling ( i.e. cannot be remolded) is called as thermosetting plastic.
8. ELASTOMER: A polymer in which its original length can be increased by 10-15% without breaking it
on applying force on it and after removal of the external force, retains its original shape and volume
is called as Rubber.
1. WHAT IS ADDITION POLYMERISATION? OR EXPLAIN ADDITION POLYMERISATION WITH A
SUITABLE EXAMPLE.
1.
Ans: In addition polymerization, monomer units are bounded together under suitable conditions
without any loss of material. The monomer contains unsaturation of bonds (double bonds or triple
bonds). Thus the polymerization is done by breaking of bonds. For Example, Polyethene is formed by
addition polymerization of ethylene monomers under the influence of pressure, heat and suitable
catalyst.

n. CH2=CH2 polymerization CH2 – CH2 n

Ethene (monomer) Polyethylene
Other examples
Monomer Formula Polymer formed
1. Vinyl Chloride CH2=CH-Cl Polyvinyl chloride
2. Vinyl Cyanide CH2=CH-CN Polyvinyl cyanide

2. WHAT IS CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION? OR EXPLAIN CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION

WITH A SUITABLE EXAMPLE.
Ans: Condensation Polymerisation occurs when two similar or dissimilar molecules which has
some functional group react to form one larger molecules accompanied by the elimination of some
simple molecules. Each monomer contains two or more reactive or functional groups. For example,

The reaction between hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid to form nylon 6,6 with the elimination
of water molecules.

-nH O
n H2N – (CH2)6 – NH2 + n HOOC – (CH2)4 – COOH 2 HN – (CH2)6 – NH - C – (CH2)4 – C
Hexamethylene Diamine Adipic acid O
O n
Nylon 6,6

2. STATE THE TWO CHARACTERISTIC OF A MONOMER TO FORM A POLYMER.

Ans: The monomer should have the following characteristics to manufacture a polymer
 1. The molecules which have double or triple bonds. For example, Ethene, Actylene, Vinyl cyanide,
Styrene, etc.
2. The molecules which have two or more reative functional groups like Adipic acid (HOOC – (CH2)4
– COOH), Hexametheylene diamine (H2N – (CH2)6 – NH2), etc.

1. THERMOSETTING AND THERMOPLASTIC

Sr. Thermoplastic Thermosetting Plastic
No.

1 They are formed by addition They are formed by condensation

polymerization polymerization.

2 Adjacent polymer chains are held Adjacent polymer chains are held together by
together by weak Vander Waal’s forces. strong covalent bonds called crosslinks.

3 They are soften on heating and harden on They do not soften on heating.
cooling.

4 They are weak, soft and less brittle. They are strong hard and more brittle.

5 They can be remoulded. They cannot be remoulded because once set

they are permanently set.

6 They are soluble in organic solvents. They are insoluble in organic solvents.

7 They have low molecular weights. They have high molecular weights.

2. NATURAL RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER.

Sr. Natural Rubber Synthetic Rubber

No.

1 It is an elastic material obtained from a It is a rubber like product obtained by chemical

milky emulsion (latex) of rubber tree. reaction.

2 It is a polymer of Isoprene molecules. Synthetic rubbers can be prepared by other

organic monomer having properties like
isoprene.

3 Tensile strength is less. Tensile strength is more.

4 Tendency to water adsorption capacity is Tendency to water adsorption capacity is less.

more.

5 Elasticity decreases with lapse of time. Elasticity does not change much with lapse of
time.

6 Soluble in vegetable oil, mineral oil and in Insoluble in vegetables oil, mineral oil and
petrol. petrol.

7 Undergoes reaction with acids and Do not react with acids and oxidizing agents.
oxidizing agents.

8 It swells in some organic solvents and It is not affected by organic solvents.

becomes brittle and breaks.
1. GIVE THE CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMER ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, MONOMER
AND THERMAL BEHAVIOUR.
Ans: Polymeric materials can be classified by several ways as described below. There are large
numbers of monomers, hence it is possible to make polymers with great range of properties.

Classification on the basis of Origin:

1. Natural Polymers – Obtained from nature like from plants and animals, etc. For example, Starch,
cellulose, protein, etc.
2. Synthetic polymer – Prepared in the laboratories are called as synthetic or man-made polymers.
For example, PVC, Polystyrene, Teflon, etc.
Classification on the basis of mode of synthesis:
1. Addition Polymerisation:
In addition polymerization, monomer units are bounded together under suitable conditions
without any loss of material. The monomer contains unsaturation of bonds (double bonds or
triple bonds). Thus the polymerization is done by breaking of bonds. For Example, Polyethene is
formed by addition polymerization of ethylene monomers under the influence of pressure, heat
and suitable catalyst.

Other examples
Monomer Formula Polymer formed
1. Vinyl Chloride CH2=CH-Cl Polyvinyl chloride
2. Vinyl Cyanide CH2=CH-CN Polyvinyl cyanide
3. Styrene CH2=CH-C6H5 Polystyrene
Tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 Polytetrafluoroethylene

2. Condensation Polymerization:
Condensation Polymerisation occurs when two similar or dissimilar molecules which has some
functional group react to form one larger molecules accompanied by the elimination of some
simple molecules. Each monomer contains two or more reactive or functional groups. For
example,
The reaction between hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid to form nylon 6,6 with the
elimination of water molecules.

-nH O
n H2N – (CH2)6 – NH2 + n HOOC – (CH2)4 – COOH 2 HN – (CH2)6 – NH - C – (CH2)4 – C
Hexamethylene Diamine Adipic acid O
O n
Nylon 6,6

Classification on the basis of Structure:

In the polymerization, one molecule of monomer combines with another molecule of monomer and
forms dimer. This dimer combine with another molecule of monomer and forms timer. In this fashion,
molecules of the monomer are linked with each other and form a long chain molecules called as polymer.
According to the types of nomomers, polymers can be divided in to two classes—

Polymer

Hompolymer
Copolymer

Linear Cross linked Branched Random Blocked

Graft polymer
polymer polymer polymer Polymer polymer
HOMOPOLYMER:

These types of polymers are formed from only one type of monomeric unit. That means the
entire polymer chain is made of one single repeating unit (monomer).
According to the linkage between two molecules of monomer, these polymers are classified in three sub
classes.
(a). Linear Polymer: The monomer units are linked together to form linear chains. These linear polymers
are well packed and therefore they have high density and high tensile strength and high M. P.

--A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A—

(b) Branched Polymer: The molecules of the monomer are having more than two functional groups then
the forming of the polymer have branching of various chains. They are irregularly packed and hence low
tensile strength and M. P. compare to the linear chain polymers.

A A A

-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-

( C) Cross linked Polymer: These are polymers in which monomer unit are cross linked together to form
a three dimensional network structure. These polymers are hard, rigid and brittle because of network
structure.

CO-POLYMERS:
If two or more than two types of molecules of monomer are combined they form Co-
polymer.
(a) Random Polymer: When the molecules of monomer are arrange in a random manner the chain of
polymers are formed as shown below:
(b) Blocked Polymer: When particular sequence of one monomer is followed by the sequence of the
others in the polymer chain then this type of polymer is known as the Blocked co-polymer.

(c) Graft Polymer: When particular sequence of the monomer chain is grafted into the other type of
polymer chain then this polymer is called the graft copolymer.

Classification on the basis of its use and thermal behavior.

According to the characteristics of polymer, i.e. physical, chemical, structural and thermal
properties and uses, all the polymers are of classified as follows.

POLYMERS

Fibers Elastomers Plastics

Thermosetting
Natural Regenerated Synthetic Thermoplastics
plastics

3. GIVE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION, PROPERTIES AND USES FOR THE FOLLOWING: (NOTE: IN EXAM
ANY ONE OR TWO MAY BE ASKED IN THIS FORMAT).
1. Polyethylene:
It is made by addition polymerization of ethane as Monomer unit. They mainly of two types
based on
The pressure applied – HDPE (High density polyethylene-obtained by low pressure)
- LDPE (Low density polyethylene-obtained by high pressure)
 Properties:
1. They are waxy, translucent, odourless and one of the lightest plastic.
2. High resistivity & dielectric strength.
3. They are chemically inert (resistance)
4. They do not absorb moisture.
5. They are acid proof and non conductor of electricity.
Uses:
1. Used in packaging, coaxial cables, making of pipes and tanks for water storage.
2. As insulation in submarine cables, radar line.
3. Fan and blower casing (gas filled polyethylene)
4. For wire covering.

2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

This is the cheapest and most widely used plastic. Vinyl chloride are formed from HCl,
limestone and natural gas. Hence vinyl chloride is polymerized readily to give hard resin
which on addition of a plasticizer (as a catalyst) flexible rubber like material.

Properties:
1. It is colored, non transparent, odourless non-flammable and tough material.
2. They are acid proof and non conductor of electricity.
3. It has good resistance properties against chemicals, oils, weather, etc.
Uses: It is used as electric insulator, in manufacturing of toys, drainage pipes, bathroom curtains,
raincoats, shoes, etc.

4. Polystyrene:
A high strength plastic is obtained by addition polymerization in presence of SnCl4 catalyst.

The other catalyst used are BF3, PbO2, etc. It can be toughened by mixing another polymeric material
Acrylonitrile butadiene to give ABS plastics.

Properties:
1. It is good electrical insulator
2. It is hard, amorphous, transparent polymer.
3. IT has good resistant property against chemical(corrosive chemicals).
Uses: It is used to manufacture audiocassettes, comb brush, handles, bottle caps, jars, storage
containers, etc.

4. Polytetrafluoro Ethylene (PTFE) (Teflon)

The ‘mer’ of PTFE is represented as CF2=CF2. It is manufactured by addition polymerization
technique,
under pressure and inpresence of benzene peroxide catalyst.

Properties:
1. It is good electrical insulator.
2. It has excellent resistance to most of the chemicals and solvents.
3. It is non-flammable.
4. It is transparent/opaque in nature.
Uses: It is used in non lubricated bearings, anticorrosive seals, laboratory equipments gaskets, pipes,
etc.

5. Acrylonitrile (Orlon)
Orlon fibers are made by addition polymerization of Vinyl cyanide monomer.

Properties: They are water and acid resistance.

Uses: Used in making blanckets andsweaters. Orlon is also known as Polyacrylonitrile or Cashmilon.

6. Polypropylene:
 It is manufactured by addition polymerization of Propylene. It is stronger and more rigid
material than polyethylene due to the presence of CH3 groups attached to the linear
molecular chains.
Properties:
1. Its resistance to chemicals is better than that of polyethylene.
2. It has high flexibility, good heat distortion resistance and fatigue strength.
3. It is attacked by strong acid.
4. They are brittle at low temperature, translucent and flammable.
5. They have poor resistance to UV rays and weathering.
Uses: Used in the manufacturing of Vacuum flasks, Hair dyers, filaments and fibres, refrigerator
parts, electric insulators, Automotive parts, washing machine parts, etc.

7. Phenol formaldehyde (Bakelite):

This is made by condensation polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde in acid or alkaline
medium.
Asbestos, glass fiber pigments and other additives can be added to improve its properties (basically
its strength).

Properties:
1. Phenolic resins are cheaper and has excellent mechanical and physical properties.
2. They are resistant to heat and moisture most, also to the most of the chemicals and solvents.
3. It is strong and rigid.
Uses: Used for electrical accessories, paints and adhesives, Handles, Knots for domestic appliances,
vacuum clearner parts, etc.

8. Epoxy Resin:
Epoxy resin are so called because their starting material is epichlorohydrin and the polymer
before
cross linking contains epoxide groups. The Epoxy resins are formed by the reaction of
Epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A.

This epoxy resins is in linear form and can be converted to thermosets by reacting with many
materials such as
polyamides, polyamines, polysulohides, etc to give three dimensional crosslinked structures.

Properties:
1. Excellent resistant to wear.
2. Tough and heat resistance.
3. The polar nature of the molecules produces excellent adhesion quality in them (known as
araldite).
4. Highly flexible.
5. Low water absorption tendency, dimensional stability and good chemical resistant.
6. Particularly used in moulding containing inserts and encapsulation.

Uses:
1. Used as adhesives in araldite for glass metals, etc.
2. For encapsulating material for electronic components.
3. These resins are applied over cotton rayon and bleached fabrics to impart crease resistance and
shrinkage controls.
4. In production of glass fibre reinforced articles with better mechanical strength.

5. DISUCSS THE APPLICATION OF ELASTOMER IN VARIOUS FIELDS.

Ans. A polymer substance in which its original length can be increased by 10 to 15% without breaking
it on applying force on it and after removal of the external force, retains its original shape and volume
is called as rubber or elastomer.
6. STATE THE DRAWBACKES OF NATURAL RUBBER OR STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL
RUBBER.
Ans. The drawbacks of natural rubber is as follows:
 1. The Crude/raw rubber is soft and sticky at high temperature while at low temperature it
becomes hard and brittle. Therefore Usage temperature range is very limited.
2. It is too weak because of low tensile strength.
3. Due to oxidation in air, it deteriorates and hence its durability is decreased.
4. It is attacked by oxidizing agent like acids.
5. It undergoes permanent deformations when stretched because on stretching the individual
chains slip over each other and get separated.
6. It has bad odor and less elasticity.

7. EXPLAIN THE VULCANIZATION PROCESS OF RUBBER.

Ans: The main characteristics of rubber is its elasticity and tensile strength but natural or synthetic
rubber possess elasticity over a limited period of temperature and cannot regain its original shape.
Also its becomes soft and sticky on heating. To overcome these undesirable properties and to
improve physical properties of rubber, vulcanization is used.
The vulcanization process is carried out by heating crude rubber in presence of sulfur, mixed
with accelerating agent and activator at 100-150 C for a definite period. The added sulphur combines
chemically at the double bond of the polymer chain. This cross linking brings stiffening of the rubber.
The number of cross linking unit length of the polymer(rubber) can by control by adjusting
the quantity of sulfur added.
For example: Soft Rubber Articles-→ 4% sulfur
Hard Rubber Articles→ 45% sulfur (Hard rubber is called Ebonite)

Advantages:
1. Vulcanization removes bas smell.
2. Cross linked structure makes it more stronger than natural rubber.
3. Tensile strength is 10 times more than natural rubber.
4. Good resistant to organic solvents like CCl4, benzene, petrol etc but swell in them.
5. They can be moulded into desired shapes.