Bio Chem

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READING ASSIGNMENT
A. FOUNDATION
1.DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. MATTER - is anything that takes up space and can be weighed. In
other words, matter has volume and mass.
- is a substance made up of various types of particles that occupies
physical space and has inertia.
SOLID - is that state of matter which has a fixed shape, mass, and
volume.
LIQUID -is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape
of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of
pressure.
GAS - is a substance that has no fixed size or shape.
b. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS — Chemical elements are the building
blocks for all matter—that is, everything that takes up space in the
universe.
ex. Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Sodium (Na), Iron
(Fe), Lead (Pb) and. Gold (Au)
c. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS - is a letter or pair of letters used to

represent a chemical element.
d. ATOMS - is the basic building block of chemistry.
e. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES - are the particles found inside an atom
and are responsible for forming the structure of an atom.
f. ION - is a chemical species which holds a positive or negative
charge of some
g. MOLECULE - are composed of two or more atoms held together by
chemical bonds.
h. COMPOUND - a material composed of two or more components.
Ex. Water, carbon dioxide and table salt
i. FREE RADICAL - A molecule with an unpaired electron that is
reactive with other molecules or atoms.
- The homolytic bond-making between two free radicals that terminate
the two radicals is called the termination reaction.
j. CHEMICAL BONDS - is a force of attraction between atoms or ions.
- Bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons.
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer energy level of an
atom that may be involved in chemical interactions. Valence
electrons are the basis of all chemical bonds.
k. IONIC BONDS - involves a metal that transfers one or more
electrons to a nonmetal.
- Ionic bonds are formed when atoms transfer electrons from their
valence shells to other atoms. This transfer is usually observed when
metals transfer electrons to nonmetals.
l. CATION - is an ion, or charged particle, with a positive charge.
- In other words, a cation has more protons than electrons. If you
come across the word ion in a chemistry or physics class, cation and
anion won't be far behind. An ion is a particle that has an electrical
charge.
m. ANION - are ions that are negatively charged.
ex. Chlorine: Cl. –
Hydroxide: OH. –
Iodide: I. –
Dichromate: Cr2O. 72-
Oxide anion: O. 2-
Sulfate anion: SO. 42-
n. ELECTROLYTE - are chemicals that conduct electricity when
dissolved in water.
- They regulate nerve and muscle function, hydrate the body, balance
blood acidity and pressure, and help rebuild damaged tissue.
o. COVALENT BOND - A chemical bond formed when electrons are
shared between two atoms.
Properties of Covalent Compounds:
● The covalent compounds exist as gases or liquids or soft solids.

● The melting and boiling points of covalent compounds are generally
low.
● Covalent compound is insoluble in water but dissolve in organic
solvents.
● They are non-conductors of electricity in solid, molten or aqueous
state.
p. HYDROGEN BOND - is an attraction between two atoms that
already participate in other chemical bonds.
q. CHEMICAL REACTION - a chemical change that occurs when two
or more substances combine to form a new substance.
r. METABOLISM - refers to a series of chemical reactions that occur in
a living organism to sustain life.
- Metabolism is the total amount of the biochemical reactions involved
in maintaining the living condition of the cells in an organism.
ex. Such as: Breathing. Circulating blood. Controlling body temperature.
s. ENERGY - is defined as the capacity or ability to do work.
- is defined as the capacity or ability to do work.
- synonyms of energy are force, might, power, and strength.
1. POTENTIAL ENERGY - The energy possessed by a body as a
result of its position or condition rather than its motion.
2. KINETIC ENERGY - is a property of a moving object or particle and
depends not only on its motion but also on its mass.
- kind of motion may be translation (or motion along a path from one
place to another), rotation about an axis, vibration, or any
combination of motions.
t. CHEMICAL ENERGY - is energy stored in the bonds of chemical
compounds, like atoms and molecules.
u. ACTIVATION ENERGY - is defined as the minimum amount of extra
energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into a
product
- It can also be described as the minimum amount of energy needed
to activate or energize molecules or atoms so that they can undergo
a chemical reaction or transformation.
v. CATALYST - a substance that changes the rate of a chemical
reaction but is itself unchanged at the end of the process.
Ex. Iron - used as a catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen
and hydrogen, through the Haber process.
Zeolites - commonly used as catalysts for organic reactions such as
petroleum cracking, and the synthesis of hydrocarbons.
w. SYNTHESIS - is the production of chemical compounds by reaction
from simpler materials.
- It's simply a matter of making connections or putting things together.
We synthesize information naturally to help others see the
connections between things.
x. ANABOLISM - is the process by which the body utilizes the energy
released by catabolism to synthesize complex molecules.
- is the breakdown of complex molecules into numerous simple ones
y. DECOMPOSITION REACTION - as a chemical reaction in which
one reactant breaks down into two or more products.
ex. Carbonic acid in soft drinks decomposes to give carbon dioxide gas.
z. CATABOLISM - is the breakdown of complex molecules into
numerous simple ones
aa. EXCHANGE REACTION - is a combination of synthesis reaction
and decomposition reaction where in a sense both are occurring
over the course of the same chemical reaction.
bb. REVERSIBLE REACTION - The change that can be reversed easily
to obtain a substance in its original form
cc. OXIDATION - is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a
molecule, atom or ion.
dd. REDUCTION - is a chemical change that involves the transfer of
electrons or oxygen among atoms.
ee. OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION - commonly known as redox
reactions, are reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from
one species to another.
: Oxidation is loss of electrons. Reduction is gain of electrons

Bio Chem

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c. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS - is a letter or pair of letters used to

● The covalent compounds exist as gases or liquids or soft solids.

: Oxidation is loss of electrons. Reduction is gain of electrons

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