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Q1 MATH 10 NOTES

🧮 COVERAGE OF EXAMS:

1. Arithmetic Sequence, Mean and Series

2. Geometic Sequence, Mean and Series

3. Problem Solving on Sequences

4. Polynomials (Standard Form, Degree, Leading

Term, Leading Coefficient, Constant)

5. Long Division and Synthetic

6. Problem solving regarding long division and

synthetic

7. Remainder, Factor and Rational Root Theorems

8. Factoring (Finding the Roots and Factors of

Polynomial Equations

9. Forming polynomials given the roots

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 1
 INTRO: SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES

this is a succession of numbers in a specific order

it is a pattern - arrangement of objects

function whose domain is a finite or infinite set of

positive integers / set of natural numbers or a
subset of consecutive positive integers

TERM

each number in a sequence

formed according to some fixed rule or property

loosely referred to as the sequence itself

TYPES OF SEQUENCES

Finite sequence - definite number of terms, has first and

last term

Infinite sequence - no definite number of terms, no first

and last term

Extremes - first and last terms

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 2
 Means - terms between the first and last terms

🧮 A SEQUENCE IS THE CORRESPONDENCE OR RULE ITSELF. FORMULA

MAY BE GIVEN AS AN EQUATION.

🧮 > Finding the next term or the missing term in a sequence

= examine the pattern.
> Finding the first few terms of a sequence, let us say
first five terms given the general or nth term, just
substitute numbers 1 to 5 for n and perform the indicated
operation.

GENERAL OR NTH TERM:

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 3
 LESSON 1: ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE, MEAN AND
SERIES
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence where every term after the first term is obtained
by adding a constant, called the common difference (d)

Ascending order sequence = positive common difference

Descending order sequence = negative common difference

🧮 REMEMBER:

an = nth term
a1 = 1st term
n= number of terms

formula for n=

an = a1 + (n − 1)d

d= common difference

formula for d= successive term - preceding term

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 4
 RECURSIVE FORMULA: formula you have to use over and over again
to get the terms of the sequence

🧮 RECURSIVE formula:

an = an −1 +d

🧮 EXPLICIT formula:

an = a1 + (n − 1)d

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 5
 ARITHMETIC MEANS
term or terms in between two terms

Example: Terms between 2 and 34. 2, _, _, 34

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 6
 if there’s only one mean needed, simply add the two given
terms and divide them by two

ARITHMETIC SERIES
expression denoting the sum of the terms of a sequence

🧮 If the nth term is given:

Sn = n
(a1 + an )
2

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 7
 🧮 If the nth term is not given:

Sn = n
[2a1 + (n − 1)d]
2

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 8
 LESSON 2: GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES, SERIES AND
MEANS
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
sequence where each term after
the first term is obtained by multiplying the preceding term
by a
non-zero constant called the common ratio (r).

🧮 Common ratio (r) = successive term ÷ preceding term

🧮 GEOMETRIC sequence and general nth term formula:

a1 r n− 1
an =

Example: Write down the 8th term in the geometric sequence 1, 3,

9…

GEOMETRIC MEANS
terms between any two given nonconsecutive terms of a
geometric sequenceE

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 9
 🧮 GEOMETRIC MEAN FORMULA FOR ONE MEAN: a1 ∗ an = a n 1 (get
the square root of the product of the first and last
terms)

Even index = two sets of geometric means (first set = same

signs, second set = alternating signs)

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 10
 🧮 GEOMETRIC MEAN FORMULA FOR SEVERAL MEAN: use the formula
for geometric sequence, an = a1 r n− 1

GEOMETRIC SERIES
sum of finite and infinite geometric sequences

FINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES FORMULA:

🧮 S n =a1 (1−rn )
1−r

🧮 Sn = sum of first n terms

a1 = first term
n = number of terms to be added
r = common ratio

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 11
 INIFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES:

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 12
 🧮 S ∞ =a1
1−r

LESSON 3: PROBLEM SOLVING INVOLVING

SEQUENCES
Make sure that you remember every formula, steps
and processes in arithmetic & geometric sequences,
means, and series

POLYA’S FOUR STEP PROCESS IN SOLVING A PROBLEM

1. Understand the problem - “what is asked or required to

do?” , the missing terms or values

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 13
 2. Make a plan - represent and organize date to form a
strategy in solving, the formula for the equation

3. Carry out the plan - perform the necessary operations or

steps in the strategy, solve your equation

4. Look back - “Is the answer reasonable? Does it satisfies

the condition of the
problem? Is there another or better way of arriving at the
answer?” , check your answer

LESSON 4: POLYNOMIALS
Polynomial expressions - algebraic expressions in the form
of an xn + an− 1 xn− 2 + ... + a1 x1 + a0 , an = 0
degree- highest or greatest power of a variable in an
equation

coefficients - real numbers used to multiply to a

variable

variable - letter that represents the unknown value in

an expression

constant (a0 ) - only contains a number

- no variables/ only coefficients

POLYNOMIAL NON-POLYNOMIAL

1. No variable appears in the 1. A variable appears in the

denominator denominator
2. All exponents are positive 2. There’s a negative exponent

3. No variable appears under 3. A variable appears under

the radical sign the radical sign

4. All exponents are whole

4. One exponent is a fraction
numbers

standard form - degrees of the polynomial expression are

arranged in descending order

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 14
 🧮 2x4 − 7x3 + 10x2 − x + 8
Leading term (an ) = 2x4
Leading coefficient = 2
Degree = 4
Constant term = 8

ADDING POLYNOMIALS

1. Place like terms together

2. Add the like terms

SUBTRACTING POLYNOMIALS

1. Reverse the sign of each term (turn “+” to “-” and vice
versa if applicable)

2. Then add as usual

MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIALS (WITH THE SAME BASE)

1. Copy the common base

2. Add exponents

MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIALS

1. Follow the FOIL METHOD

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 15
 = x2 + x + 9x + 9
DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS(WITH SAME BASE)

Dividing is done by subtracting exponents in the forms of

synthetic or long division

LONG DIVISION

EXAMPLE: Divide (2x2 + 5x − 25)by(x + 5)

SYNTHETIC DIVISION

shorthand of the long division that only works when

dividing by a polynomial of degree one

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 16
 🧮 IMPORTANT REMINDERS FOR DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS:
1. Replace zero for missing terms in the expression
2. If there’s a remainder write your quotient in the
form:
Q= quotient, R= remainder, D= divisor

R
Q+
D

LESSON 5: THEOREMS

REMAINDER THEOREM
If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x - r), the remainder
R is a constant and is equal to P(r)

🧮 R= P(R)

Two ways to find the remainder when P(x) is

divided by (x – r):
1. Use synthetic division

2. Calculate P(r)

Two ways to find the value of P(r):

1. Substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x)

FACTOR THEOREM
if zero is obtained as a remainder when r is
substituted to dividend polynomial P(x), then the
divisor polynomial x – r is factor of dividend P(x)

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 17
 FACTOR THEOREM PROOFS

1. If P(r ) = 0, the (x – r) is a factor of P(x)

2. If (x – r) is a factor of P(x), then P(r ) = 0

RATIONAL ZERO THEOREM

when a polynomial function defined by P(x)= an xn + an
n− 1
−1x + ... + a1 x + a0 with real number coefficients
and where n is a non-negative integer, the possible
rational
p
zeros of P(x) are of the form q , where p is a factor
of a0 and q is a factor of an .
get the factors of p (leading coefficient) and q
(constant term) then divide the p by q.

🧮 p
RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM: q = possible roots/factors

LESSON 6: POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

SPECIAL EQUATIONS- factors are combined
to form product not do not need long
solutions

FACTORIZATION

reverse process of getting special products

considered complete when all factors are prime or

couldn’t be factored anymore

COMMON TYPES OF FACTORING:

Common Monomial Factors - get the Greatest Common Factor

then simply divide each term of the given polynomial by
the GCF

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 18
 Difference of two squares - x2 − y2 = (x + y)(x − y) when
there are two terms, one is negative and other is
positive, and both perfect squares

Perfect square trinomials: x2 + 2xy + y2 = (x + y)2

-first and last terms are perfect
squares and middle term is twice the product of the
square roots of first and last term

Sum or Differences of Two Cubes:

SUM: x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 − xy + y2 )
DIFFERENCE: x3 − y3 = (x − y)(x2 + xy + y2 )

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 19
 General trinomial: where x and y are literal coefficients
and a,b,c, and d are numerical coefficients
:trial and error method

Synthetic division can also be used to factorize

LESSON 7: FORMING POLYNOMIAL ROOTS

Simply substitute the given roots and reverse their signs.
Then multiply the expressions to form the polynomial.

Q1 MATH 10 NOTES 20