The document discusses sequences including infinite and finite sequences, arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and harmonic sequences. It provides examples and explanations of key terms like general term, common difference, and common ratio. Several word problems are worked through as examples.
The document discusses sequences including infinite and finite sequences, arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and harmonic sequences. It provides examples and explanations of key terms like general term, common difference, and common ratio. Several word problems are worked through as examples.
The document discusses sequences including infinite and finite sequences, arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and harmonic sequences. It provides examples and explanations of key terms like general term, common difference, and common ratio. Several word problems are worked through as examples.
The document discusses sequences including infinite and finite sequences, arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and harmonic sequences. It provides examples and explanations of key terms like general term, common difference, and common ratio. Several word problems are worked through as examples.
2, 4, 8, 16, 32,… terms An finite sequence is a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, 4,…, n}, where n is some natural number. 2, 4, 6, 8, …, 98, 100 general term Terms of a Sequences Because a sequence is a function, it may be described as f(n) = an = 2n , where n is a natural number. Example: Write the first three terms of the sequence whose general term is given by an = n3 + 1. a1 = 13 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 Replace n with 1. a2 = 23 + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9 Replace n with 2. a3 = 33 + 1 = 27 + 1 = 28 Replace n with 3. The first three terms are 2, 9, 28, and 65. Terms of a Sequences Example: If the general term of a sequence is given by an = 4n2 + 5, find a.) a10, b.) the two-hundredth term of the sequence.
a.) a10 = 4(10)2 + 5 Replace n with 10.
= 4(100) + 5 = 405 b.) a200 = 4(200)2 + 5 Replace n with 200. = 4(40000) + 5 = 160005 Terms of a Sequences Example: Find a general term an of the sequence whose first five terms are a.) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25; b.) – 1, 2, 7, 14, 23. a.) These numbers are the product of 5 and the first five natural numbers, so a general term might be an = 5n. b.) These numbers are 2 less than the squares of the first five natural numbers, so a general term might be an = n2 – 2. Applications Using Sequences
Example: A mathematics lecture room has 20 rows with 8 seats in the first row, 12 seats in the second row, 16 seats in the third row and so on. Write an equation of a sequence whose term corresponds to the seats in each row. How many seats are there in the tenth row?
Since each row has 4 more seats than the previous row, the general term would be an = 8 + 4(n – 1) where n is 1, 2, 3, …, 20. To find the number of seats in the tenth row, evaluate a10 = 8 + 4(10 – 1) = 8 + 4(9) = 8 + 36 = 44. Arithmetic Sequences In a sequence, when the difference of any two consecutive terms is a constant, the sequence is an arithmetic sequence.
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, …
d=5 The common difference is the constant, d. Arithmetic Sequences Example: Write the first five terms of the arithmetic sequence whose first term is 3 and whose common difference is 4. a1 = 3 a2 = 3 + 4 = 7 a3 = 7 + 4 = 11 a4 = 11 + 4 = 15 a5 = 15 + 4 = 19 The first five terms are 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19. Arithmetic Sequences The general term, an, of an arithmetic sequence is given by Example: a = a + (n – 1)d n 1 where a1 is the first term and d is the common difference. Consider the arithmetic sequence whose first term is 3 and common difference is 4. Write an expression for the general term an. an = a1 + (n – 1)d = 3 + (n – 1)4 = 3 + 4n – 4 = 4n – 1 Arithmetic Sequences Example: Find the fifth term of an arithmetic sequence whose first three terms are 6, 11, 16. The fifth term of the sequence is a5 = a1 + (5 – 1)d = a1 + 4d. a1 is the first term of the sequence, so a1 = 6. d is the common difference of terms, so d = a2 – a1 = 11 – 6 = 5. Thus, a5 = a1 + 4d = 6 + 4(5) = 6 + 20 = 26 Geometric Sequences A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each term (after the first) is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a constant r.
5, 10, 20, 40, 80, …
r=2
The constant r is called the common ratio of
the sequence. Geometric Sequences Example: Write the first five terms of a geometric sequence whose first term is 2 and whose common a = 2ratio is 6. 1
a2 = 2(6) = 12 a3 = 12(6) = 72 a4 = 72(6) = 432 a5 = 432(6) = 2592 The first five terms are 2, 12, 72, 432, and 2592. Geometric Sequences In the geometric sequence whose first five terms are 2, 12, 72, 432, and 2592, notice the general pattern of the terms.
a1 = 2 a2 = 2(6) = 12 or a2 = a1(r) a3 = 12(6) = 72 or a3 = a2(r) = (a1 ∙ r) ∙ r = a1r2 a4 = 72(6) = 432 or a4 = a3(r) = (a1 ∙ r2) ∙ r = a1r3 a5 = 432(6) = 2592 or a5 = a4(r) = (a1 ∙ r3) ∙ r = a1r4
(subscript – 1) is the power
Geometric Sequences The general term, an, of a geometric sequence is given by an = a1 rn – 1 where a1 is the first term and r is the common ratio.
Example: Find the fifth term of the geometric sequence whose first term is 6 and whose common 1 ratio is . n 1 2 1 an = a1rn – 1 6 2 5 1 4 1 1 1 6 3 a5 6 6 6 2 2 16 16 8 Geometric Sequences Example: Find the ninth term of the geometric sequence whose first three terms are 3, –12, 48.
Since r is the common ratio of the terms,
a2 12 r 4. a1 3
a9 = a1r9 – 1 = 3(– 4)8 = 196,608 Geometric means are the terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of a geometric sequence. Example 4: Finding Geometric Means
Find the geometric mean of and .
Use the formula.
Check It Out! Example 4
Find the geometric mean of 16 and 25.
Use the formula.
A Harmonic Progression is a sequence of quantities whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression. * The series formed by the reciprocals of the terms of a geometric series are also geometric series. * There is no general method of finding the sum of a harmonic progression. Example The Sequence
“s1 , s2 , … , sn”
is a Harmonic Progression if
“1/s1 , 1/s2 , … , 1/sn”
forms an Arithmetic Progression.
Method For Re-checking a Harmonic Progression A Harmonic Progression is a set of values that, once reciprocated, results to an Arithmetic Progression. To check , the reciprocated values must possess a rational common difference. Once this has been identified, we may say that the sequence is a Harmonic Progression. Harmonic Means are the terms found in between two terms of a harmonic progression. Determine which of the following are Harmonic Progressions. 1) 1 ,1/2 , 1/3 , 1/4 , ... Step 1: Reciprocate all the given terms.
* The reciprocals are: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , …
Step 2: Identify whether the reciprocated
sequence is an Arithmetic Progression by checking
if a common difference exists in the terms.
Answer: It is a Harmonic Progression. 2) 1 , 1/4 , 1/5 , 1/7 , ... Step 1: Reciprocate all the given terms.
* The reciprocals are: 1 , 4 , 5 , 7 , …
Step 2: Identify whether the reciprocated
sequence is an Arithmetic Progression by
checking if a common difference exists in
the terms. Answer: It is NOT a Harmonic Progression. Determine the next three terms of each of the following Harmonic Progressions. 1) 24 , 12 , 8 , 6 , … Solution: 24 , 12 , 8 , 6 , … = 1/24 , 1/12 , 1/8 , 1/6
* To find the common difference:
1/12 – 1/24 = 2/24 – 1/24 = 1/24 You can subtract the second term to the first term, the third to the second term, the forth to the third term, and so on and so forth. To get the next three terms: th 5 Term = 1/6 + 1/24 = 4/24 + 1/24 = 5/24 * Reciprocate = 24/5 6th Term = 5/24 + 1/24 = 6/24 = 1/4 * Reciprocate =4 7th Term = 1/4 + 1/24 = 6/24 + 1/24 = 7/24 * Reciprocate = 24/7 Find the Harmonic Mean between the following terms. 1) 12 and 8 Step 1: Reciprocate all the given terms.
* The reciprocals are: 1/12
and 1/8
Step 2: Arrange the given
terms as follows: 1/12 Harmonic Mean 1/8
1’st term 2’nd term 3’rd term
*For this problem, we will use the formula:
tn = t1 + (n – 1)d We may now substitute the values in the problem to the formula to find the common difference (d) and the Harmonic Mean as follows: t3 = t1 + (3 - 1)d 1/8 = 1/12 + 2d 1/8 – 1/12 = 2d (3 – 2) / 24 = 2d (3 – 2) = 48d 1 = 48d d = 1/48 *After getting the Common Difference, add it to the first term to get the Harmonic Mean between the two terms. t2 = t1 + d = 1/12 + 1/48 = (4 + 1) / 48 = 5/48 *Reciprocate = 48/5 Insert three Harmonic Means between the following terms: 1) 36 and 36/5 Step 1: Reciprocate all the given terms.
* The reciprocals are: 1/36
and 5/36
Step 2: Arrange the given
terms as follows: 1’st term
Harmonic Means
2’nd , 3’rd , and 4’th term
5/36
5’th term *For this problem, we will use the formula:
tn = t1 + (n – 1)d We may now substitute the values in the problem to the formula to find the common difference (d) and the Harmonic Means as follows: t5 = t1 + (5 - 1)d 5/36 = 1/36 + 4d 5/36 – 1/36 = 4d (5 - 1) / 36 = 4d (5 - 1) = 144d 4 = 144d d = 4/144 = 1/36 *After getting the Common Difference, add it to the first term, then add it to the second term, and then add it to the third term to get the Harmonic Means between the two terms. t2 = t1 + d = 1/36 + 1/36 = 2/36 = 1/18 *Reciprocate = 18 t3 = t2 + d = 2/36 + 1/36 = 3/36 = 1/12 *Reciprocate = 12 t4 = t3 + d = 3/36 + 1/36 = 4/36 = 1/9 *Reciprocate =9 Therefore, the three means between 36 and 36/5 are 18, 12, and 9. Activity Determine if the following are harmonic progressions or not:
1) 1/12 , 1/24 , 1/36
2) 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 3)1/5 , 1/10 , 1/15 Find the next three terms in the following harmonic progressions:
2) 1 and 1/10 Finite Series A sum of the terms of a sequence is called a series.
A series is a finite series if it is the sum of a
finite number of terms. Sequence Series 2, 4, 6, 8 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20 5, 10, 20, 40 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 = 75 Infinite Series A series is an infinite series if it is the sum of all the terms of the sequence. Sequence Series 2, 4, 6, 8, … 2+4+6+8+… 5, 10, 20, 40, … 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 + … When the general term of a sequence is known, summation notation is used for denoting a series. The Greek uppercase letter sigma, Σ, is used to mean “sum.” Infinite Series 3 The expression (2n 1) is read “the sum of 2n – n 1 1 as n goes from 1 to 3.” This expression means the sum of the first three terms of the sequence whose general term is an = 2n – 1. Often the variable i is used instead of n. 3 (2i 1) (2 1 1) (2 2 1) (2 3 1) i 1 index of 1 3 5 summation 9 Infinite Series Example: 5 Evaluate (n2 2). i 0
5 (n 2 2) 02 2 12 2 22 2 32 2 i 0 2 2 4 2 5 2
2 3 6 11 18 27 67 Partial Sums The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is a finite series known as a partial sum, Sn. S1 = a1 S2 = a1 + a2 S3 = a1 + a2 + a3 In general, Sn is the sum of the first n terms of a sequence. n Sn an i 1 Partial Sums Example: Write the series using summation notation. 4 + 10 + 16 + 22 + 28 Since the difference of each term and the preceding term is 6, this is an arithmetic sequence with a1 = 4 and d =a 6.= a + (n – 1)d = 4 + (n – 1)6 n 1 = 4 + (n – 1)6 = 4 + 6n – 6 = 6n – 2 5 4 + 10 + 16 + 22 + 28 6i 2 i 1 Partial Sums Example: Write the series using summation notation. 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + 243 Since each term is the product of the preceding term and 3, this is a geometric sequence with a1 = 3 and r = 3. an = a1rn – 1 = 3(3)n – 1 = 3 13 n – 1 = 31 + (n – 1) = 3n 5 i 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + 243 3 i 1 Example: Find the sum of the first four terms of the sequence 5 n whose general term isan . 3n 45 i 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 S4 i 1 3i 31 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 1 3 6 9 12 48 18 8 3 36 36 36 36 77 5 2 36 36 Partial Sums of Arithmetic Sequences The partial sum Sn of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is given by n Sn (a1 an) 2 where a1 is the first term of the sequence and an is the nth term. Example: Find the sum of the first four terms of the arithmetic sequence 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, … n Sn (a1 an) 2 4 S4 (3 21) 2 2(24) 48 Example: Find the sum of the first 25 even integers.
Because 2, 4, 6, …, 50 is an arithmetic sequence, the
formulas for Sn is used with n = 25, a1 = 2, and an = 50. n Sn (a1 an) 2 25 S25 (2 50) 2 25 (52) 2 650 The partial sum Sn of the first n terms of a geometric sequence is given by a1(1 r n) Sn 1 r where a1 is the first term of the sequence, r is the common ratio, and r 1. Example: Find the sum of the first five terms of the geometric sequence 3, 12, 48, 192, 768, 3072, … a1(1 r n) Sn 1 r 12 3(1 45) r 4 S5 3 1 4 3(1 1024) 3 3( 1023) 3 1023 Example: Chelsea made P20,000 during the first year she was self- employed. She made an additional 15% more than the previous year in each subsequent year. a.) How much did she make during her fifth year of business? b.) What were her total earnings during the five years? Chelsea’s earnings are modeled by a geometric sequence where n = 5, a1 = 20,000, and r = 1.15 a.) an = a1rn – 1 a5 = 20,000(1.15)4 34,980.13 Continued. Example continued: n b.) S a1(1 r ) n 1 r 20,000(1 1.155) S5 1 1.15 20,000(1 2.0114) 0.15
20,000( 1.0114) 134,853.33
0.15 Chelsea made approximately P34,980.13 during her fifth year of self-employment, and a total of P134,853.33 during the first five years. Infinite Geometric Sequences
The sum S∞ of the terms of an infinite geometric
sequence is given by
a1 S 1 r where a1 is the first term of the sequence, r is the common ratio, and |r| < 1. If |r| 1, S does not exist. Example: Find the sum of the terms of the geometric sequence 4, 8 , 16 , 32 , 3 9 27 a1 S 1 r 8 2 r 4 4 3 3 2 1 3 4 12 1 3 Expanding Binomials Expanding a binomial such as (a + b)n means to write the factored form as a sum. (a + b)0 = 1 1 term
Expanding Binomials (a + b)0 = 1 (a + b)1 = a + b (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4a1b3 + b4 (a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5 1. The expansion of (a + b)n contains n + 1 terms. 2. The first term is an and the last term is bn. 3. The powers of a decrease by 1 for each term; the powers of b increase by 1 for each term. 4. The sum of the exponents of a and b is n. Pascal’s Triangle There are also patterns in the coefficients of the terms. When written in a triangular array, the coefficients are called Pascal’s triangle. Pascal’s Triangle
(a + b)0 1 n=0 (a + b)1 1 1 n=1 (a + b)2 1 2 1 n=2 (a + b)3 1 3 3 1 n=3 (a + b)4 1 4 6 4 1 n=4 (a + b)5 11 5 10 10 5 1 n=5
1 66 15 20 15 6 1
Add the consecutive numbers in the row for n =
5 and write each sum “between and below” the pair. Pascal’s Triangle Example: Expand (a + b)7. Use n = 7 row of Pascal’s triangle as the coefficients and the noted patterns.
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 n=6 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 n=7
(a + b)7 = 1a7 + 7a6b + 21a5b2 + 35a4b3 + 35a3b4
+ 21a2b5 + 7ab6 + 1b7 Factorials An alternative method for determining the coefficients of (a + b)n is based on using factorials.
The factorial of n, written n! (read “n factorial”), is
the product of the first n consecutive natural numbers. Factorial of n: n! If n is a natural number, then n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)(n – 3) . . . ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1. The factorial of 0, written 0!, is defined to be 1. Evaluating Factorials Example: Evaluate each expression.
a.) 6! 8! b.) 3! a.) 6! 6 5 4 3 2 1 720
8! 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 b.) 6720 3! 3 21 Binomial Theorem It can be proved that the coefficients of terms in the expansion of (a + b)n can be expressed in terms of factorials. Following the earlier patterns and using the factorial expressions of the coefficients, we have the binomial theorem.
Binomial Theorem If n is a positive integer, then
n n 1 1 n(n 1) n 2 2 (a b) n an a b a b 1! 2! n(n 1)(n 2) n 3 3 a b bn 3! Binomial Theorem Example: Use the binomial theorem to expand (x + 3)4. 4 4 4 3 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 3 4 (x 3) x x3 x3 x3 3 1! 2! 3!
The (r + 1)st term of the binomial expansion of n ! (a + b)n is a n rb r. r !(n r)! Binomial Expansion
Example: Find the ninth term in the expansion of (3x – 5y)10. n = 10, a = 3x, b = – 5y, r + 1 = 9, therefore r = 8 n! 10! a n rbr (3x)10 8( 5 y)8 r !(n r)! 8!(10 8)! 45 9x 2 390,625 y 8 158, 203,125x 2 y 8
