MATHEMATICS

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Sequence The nth term of an Arithmetic Sequence

The 𝑛th term of the arithmetic sequence with first term

the set 𝟏,𝟐, 𝟑, …, 𝒏 where n is a natural number 𝑎1 and common difference 𝑑 is
o A sequence is a function whose domain is either

𝒂𝒏=𝒂𝟏+(𝒏−𝟏)𝒅
or the set of positive integers
o Every element in the sequence is called a term
and denoted by a1, a2, a3, a4, Finding the General Term of an Arithmetic
o From the definition, a sequence is said to be Sequence
finite if its domain is the set {1, 2, 3, …, n} and is
said to be infinite if its domain is the set of Example.
positive integers
-1, 1, 3, 5, …
o There are 2 kinds of sequence: Finite sequence
and Infinite sequence Find first the common difference.
d = 1-(-1)
=2
The Terms of a Sequence
This will be our basis in the General Term
Consider the function an=2n

𝒂𝒏=𝟐𝒏+𝟏 Now, we get our first term

This function 𝑎𝑛 is considered as the general term of

a1 = 2(1)
-1 = 2 (Subtract/Add a number to get
the sequence. our first term)
Let’s find the first 5 terms of the sequence. -1 = 2-3
-1 = -1
For n=1, a1=2(1) +1 =2+1=3
So, our general term for the arithmetic
For n=2, a2=2(2) +1 =4+1=5
sequence will be
For n=3, a3=2(3) +1 =6+1=7 an=2n-3

For n=4, a4=2(4) +1 =8+1=9

Arithmetic Means

If 𝑎, 𝑡1, 𝑡2, …, 𝑡𝑚, 𝑏 is an arithmetic sequence, then

For n=5, a5=2(5) +1 =10+1=11

𝑡1, 𝑡2, …, 𝑡𝑚 are the arithmetic means between a

Suppose n=12, then, a12=2(12) +1 =24+1=25 and b, also a and b are called arithmetic extremes.

Arithmetic Sequence 1) Find the common difference using

𝒂𝒏=𝒂𝟏+𝒏−𝟏𝒅
the formula
o A sequence where each succeeding term is
obtained by adding a fixed number is called an
arithmetic sequence. The fixed number is called 2) Then just find the means using the
the common difference, d. common difference.
o To identify if a pattern is an arithmetic sequence,
we must examine consecutive terms. If all Arithmetic Series
consecutive terms have a common difference you
can conclude that the sequence is arithmetic. The sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence forms
an arithmetic series.
Common Difference
The sum Sn of the first n terms of an arithmetic series
To find the common difference, d, simply subtract is
the first term from the second term,

𝒅=𝒂𝒏–𝒂𝒏−𝟏
n
S n = ( a1 + a n )
2

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n To find a general formula for the sum of finite

Sn= [2 a1 + ( n−1 ) d] geometric series, first multiply the expanded series by
2 the common ratio and subtract to product from the
Geometric Sequence original series:

A geometric sequence is a sequence where each

term after the first is obtained by multiplying the
preceding term by a nonzero constant called the
common ratio. Finite Geometric Series

The common ratio, r, can be determined by dividing If 𝑎1, 𝑎2, …, 𝑎𝑛 is a geometric sequence with common
any term in the sequence by the term that precedes it. ratio r, then the sum of the n terms is

To find the next term in a geometric sequence,

multiply the preceding term by the common ratio, r.

Arithmetic Sequence vs Geometric Sequence

o An arithmetic sequence is a sequence obtained Infinite Geometric Series

If 𝑎1, 𝑎2, … is an infinite geometric sequence

by adding a common difference (d) to the

is only applicable when the common ratio r, is − 1 < 𝑟

preceding terms in order to obtain the next terms.
o A geometric sequence is a sequence obtained by
multiplying a common ratio to the preceding < 1, then the geometric series has sum
terms in order to obtain the next terms
Find Polynomial Dividend from Divisor
The nth term of a Geometric Sequence Remainder and Quotient

If 𝑎𝑛 is the nth term of a geometric sequence with Example: When a certain polynomial is divided by (
common ratio 𝑟 ≠ 0, then x +2) its quotient is ( x−9 ) and the remainder is 7.
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1𝑟𝑛−1
What is the polynomial?

𝑎1 is the first term

r is the common ratio

n is the number of terms

Geometric Means

If 𝑎, 𝑡1, 𝑡2, …, 𝑡𝑚, 𝑏 form a geometric sequence,

then 𝑡1, 𝑡2, …, 𝑡𝑚 are the geometric means
o

between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then a and b are the

geometric extremes
o To insert terms, let us identify first the common Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem
ratio by using the formula
When a polynomial is divided by x – a, if the

r=
√
n−k an
ak
remainder is zero, we say that x – a is a factor of the
polynomial. Through the remainder theorem, we now
know that the remainder is related to evaluation of the
polynomial at the point x = a. We are then led to the
n is the number of terms

k is the first term replacement (for 𝑎1, k=1)

factor theorem.

Remainder Theorem
r is the common ratio If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x-a, then the
remainder is
Geometric Series

The indicated sum of a geometric sequence is called Factor Theorem

geometric series. If P(a) = 0, then x-a is a factor of P(x).

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Conversely, if x - a is a factor of P(x), then P(a) = 0.

Example 1

Factoring Polynomials

Factoring a polynomial is the process of decomposing Example 2

a polynomial into a product of two or more
polynomials

We say that a polynomial is completely factored if

each polynomial factor can no longer be written as a
product of another polynomials of lesser degree or
called irreducible polynomials

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Polynomial Equations

A polynomial equation of degree n in one variable x is

an equation that can be written in the form

Where 𝑎𝑛, 𝑎𝑛−1, 𝑎𝑛−2, …, 𝑎0 are real numbers.

Examples of Polynomial Equations

Linear equation = x−9=0

2
Quadratic equation = x + 2 x−7=0
3
Cubic equation = x +2 x−1=0

The value of the variable that will satisfy the Get the roots of the polynomial equation below
polynomial equation is called the root/s of the
equation root/s of the equation

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

If P(x) is a polynomial equation of degree n and with

real coefficients, then it has at most n real roots

Rational Roots Theorem

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