3-Deret Aritmatika

Number Sequences
and Series
(Mathematic)
Wahyuni, S.Si., M.Sc.
Contents of This Class
Arithmetic & Geometric progressions
The Binomial Series
Trigonometry
Geometry Shapes
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Arithmatic
In an Arithmetic Sequence the difference between
one term and the next term is a constant.
01
Introduction
A sequence, terms., arithmetic sequence, and
common difference.
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers usually separated by
commas.
It contains elements or terms that follow a pattern or rule to
determine the next term in the sequence.
The numbers in sequences are called terms.
An arithmetic sequence is an ordered list of terms in which the
difference between consecutive terms is a constant. The value added
to each term to create the next term is the common difference.
common difference
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12  14 2
7, 3, -1, -5, -9  -13 -4

The terms of a sequence are labelled according to their position in the sequence.
The first term of the sequence is t1 or a.
The number of terms in the sequence can be represented by n.
The general term of the sequence (general rule) is tn. This term is dependent on the value of n.
The n value gives the
1 2 3 4 5 relative position of each
n term.
What assumptions are made?
n N
tn t1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 The tn value gives the
3, 6, 9, 12, 15 actual terms of the sequence.
This is a finite arithmetic sequence

where tn represents the nth term of the sequence.
What would change to write an infinite arithmetic sequence?
3, 6, 9, 12, 15,…
Arithmetic Sequences
Given the sequence -5, -1, 3 …
a) What is the value of t1? -5 t4? 7
t3? 3
b) Determine the value of the common difference.
d = t2 - t1 Note: the common difference
= ( -1) - ( -5) may be found by subtracting
any two consecutive terms.
=4
c) What strategies could you use to determine
thevalue of t10?
Deriving a Rule for the General Term of an Arithmetic Sequence
Terms t1 t2 t3 t4 tn
Sequence -5 -1 3 7
Sequence Expressed
using first term and -5 -5 + (4) -5 + (4) + (4) -5 + (4) + (4) + (4) -5 + (4) +… + (4)
common difference
General Sequence t1 t1  d t1  d  d t1  d  d  d t1  ( n  1) d
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence that has a constant

common difference, d, between successive terms.
tn = t1 + (n - 1)d.
General term or First term Position of Common
nth term term in the sequence difference
The first term of an arithmetic sequence is (a)  We add, (d)  to
get the next term. There is a pattern, therefore there is a formula we
can use to give use any term that we need without listing the whole
sequence. This is called an explicit rule:
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by:
The value of the term The position the

First term
you are looking for term is in (term The common
number) difference
-5, -1, 3 …
parameters t1 and d must be defined
Determine the value of t10.
Write the expression for the general term.
Explicit Definition
tn = t1 + (n - 1) d tn = t1 + (n - 1) d
= -5 + (n - 1) 4
t10 = -5 + (10 - 1) 4
= -5 + 4n - 4
= -5 + (9) 4
tn = 4n - 9
t10 = 31
t1 = -5 t10 = 4(10) - 9
n = 10
t10 = 40 - 9 t1 = -5
d =4 n = var
t10 =? t10 = 31
d =4
Examples: Find the 14th term of the arithmetic sequence
4, 7, 10, 13,……
an = a1 + (n – 1) d
a14 = 4 (14  1)3 You are looking for
 4  (13)3 the term!
 4  39
 43
The 14th term in this sequence is the number 43!
Examples: Find the 14th term of the arithmetic sequence with
first term of 5 and the common difference is –6.
a = 5 and d = -6
an = a1 + (n – 1) d You are looking for the
t14 = 5 (14  1)-6 term! List which variables
from the general term are
= 5 + (13) (-6) provided!
= 5 + -78
= -73
The 14th term in this sequence is the number -73!
Examples: In the arithmetic sequence 4,7,10,13,…,
which term has a value of 301?
301  4  (n  1)3
301  4  3n  3 You are
301  1  3n looking for n!
300  3n
100  n
The 100th term in this sequence is 301!
Arithmetic Sequence
Add some value each time on to infinity.
For example:
1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, …
This sequence has a difference of 3 between each
number.
It’s rule is an = 3n – 2.
Arithmetic Sequence
In general, we can write an arithmetic sequence like this:
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, …
a is the first term.
d is the difference between the terms (called the “common
difference”)
The rule is:
xn = a + d(n-1)
(We use “n-1” because d is not used on the 1st term.)
Arithmetic Sequence
Find the first term and the common difference of
each:
1.) 4,9,14,19, 24
First term (a): 4
Common difference (d): a2  a1 = 9 – 4 = 5
2.) 34, 27, 20,13,6, 1, 8,....
First term (a): 34
Common difference (d): -7
Arithmetic Sequence
For each sequence, if it is arithmetic, find the common
difference.
-3, -6, -9, -12, … 1. d = -3
1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, … 2. d = 1.1
41, 32, 23, 14, 5, … 3. d = -9
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, … 4. Not an arithmetic sequence.
Exercise
Identify the first term and common difference, then
write a recursive rule for each of the sequences below:
Example
Find the 10th and 25th term given the following information.
Make sure to write the appropriate rule for the sequence
to help you!!
a) 1, 7, 13, 19 ….
b) The first term is 3 and the common difference is -21
c) The second term is 8 and the common difference is 3
Arithmetic Sequence
Write the explicit rule for the sequence
19, 13, 7, 1, -5, …
Start with the formula: xn = a + d(n-1)
a is the first term = 19 Find the 12th term of this
d is the common difference = -6 sequence.
The rule is: Substitute 12 in for “n”
x12 = 19 - 6(12-1)
xn = 19 - 6(n-1) x12 = 19 - 6(11)
x12 = 19 – 66
x12 = 19 - 6(12-1)
x12 = -47
Examples:
Write a recursive and an explicit rule for
the sequences. Find the 30th term
a) {16, 13, 10, 7, 4, …}
b) {-1.5, 1, 3.5, 6, 8.5, …}

Examples:
Are the following sequences arithmetic?
Explain.
1) 2, 5, 8 , 11,. . . .
2) 46, 47, 49, 51, . . . .

Geometric
Sequences
01
Introduction
A sequence, terms., Geometric sequence, and
common difference.
Geometric Sequence
In a Geometric Sequence each term is found by
multiplying the pervious term by a constant.
For example:
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, …
The sequence has a factor of 2 between each number.
It’s rule is
x n = 2n
Geometric Sequence
In general we can write a geometric sequence like this:
a, ar, ar2, ar3, …
a is the first term
r is the factor between the terms (called the
“common ratio”).
The rule is xn = ar (n-1)
𝑎2
0 st
We use “n-1” because ar is the 1 term. 𝑟=
𝑎1
𝑎𝑛 = Suku ke-n
Geometric Sequence
For each sequence, if it is geometric, find the common ratio.
2, 8, 32, 128, … 1. r=4

1, 10, 100, 1000, … 2. r = 10
1, -1, 1, -1, … 3. r = -1
20, 16, 12, 8, 4, … 4. Not a geometric sequence.
Geometric Sequence
Write the explicit rule for the sequence Find the 12th term of this
3, 6, 12, 24, 48, … sequence. Substitute 12 in for “n.”
Start with the formula: xn = ar(n-1) x12 = (3)(2)(12-1)
a is the first term: 3 x12 = (3)(2)(11)
r is the common ratio: 2 x12 = (3)(2048)
The rule is: x12 = 6,144
xn = (3)(2)(n-1)
(Order of operations states that we would take care of

exponents before you multiply.)
The Binomial
Series
02
Pascal’s triangle
A binomial expression is one that contains two terms
connected by a plus or minus sign. Thus (p+q),
(a+x)2, (2x+y)3 are examples of binomial expression.
Expanding (a+x)n for integer values of n from 0
to 6 gives the results shown at below
Problem.
Determine, using Pascal’s triangle method, the expansion of
(2 p−3q)5
Comparing (2 p−3q)5 with (a+x)5 shows that a=2p and x=−3q
Using Pascal’s triangle method: (a +x)
5 = a5 +5a4x +10a3x2 +10a2x3+…
Hence
(2p −3q)5 = (2p)5 +5(2p)4(−3q)
+10(2p)3(−3q)2
+10(2p)2(−3q)3
+5(2p)(−3q)4 +(−3q)5
i.e. (2p−3q)5 = 32p5−240p4q+720p3q2
−1080p2q3+810pq4−243q5
The binomial series
The binomial series or binomial
theorem
The binomial series or binomial theorem is a formula
for raising a binomial expression to any power without
lengthymultiplication.The general binomial expansion
of (a+x)n is given by:
where, for example, 3! denote 3×2×1 and is termed ‘factorial 3’.

With the binomial theorem n may be a fraction, a
decimal fraction or a positive or negative integer.
In the general expansion of (a+x)n it is noted that the
4th term is:
The number 3 is very evident in this expression.
If a=1 in the binomial expansion of (a+x)n then:

which is valid for −1< x < 1
When x is small compared with 1 then:
Problem.
Use the binomial series to determine the expansion of (2+x)7
The binomial expansion is
given by:
When a=2 and n=7:

=
i.e.
(2+x)7 = 128+448x+672x2+560x3
+280x4+84x5+14x6+x7
Problem.
Evaluate (1.002)9 using the binomial theorem correct to (a) 3 decimal places
and (b) 7 significant figures
Substituting x=0.002 and n=9 in the

general expansion for (1+x)n gives:
Thank You
Do you have any questions?
yayu@com
Trigonometry
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the
measurement of sides and angles of triangles, and their
relationship with each other. There are many applications in
engineering where knowledge of trigonometry is needed.

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Number Sequences

Arithmetic & Geometric progressions

The Binomial Series

7, 3, -1, -5, -9  -13 -4

This is a finite arithmetic sequence

An arithmetic sequence is a sequence that has a constant

The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by:

The value of the term The position the

b) {-1.5, 1, 3.5, 6, 8.5, …}

2) 46, 47, 49, 51, . . . .

2, 8, 32, 128, … 1. r=4

(Order of operations states that we would take care of

where, for example, 3! denote 3×2×1 and is termed ‘factorial 3’.

The number 3 is very evident in this expression.

If a=1 in the binomial expansion of (a+x)n then:

When a=2 and n=7:

Substituting x=0.002 and n=9 in the

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