Ucsp Pivot
Ucsp Pivot
Ucsp Pivot
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Nature, Goals and Perspectives
in Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will
be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If
you get all the answers correct (100% ), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand
new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
Week
What’s In
Before you proceed, go back with some of the important concepts about culture that
is the main focus of the discussion.
Way of life
Priorities in life
Relationships with
others
What’s New
Learning Task 2: #PIN-POINT
Using the given illustration above, identify the concepts that you can relate to
culture, society and politics.
After doing the activity, give your own definition of culture, society and politics.
Culture
__________________________________________________________________________________
Society
_________________________________________________________________________________
Politics
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your
understanding about culture.
Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further
knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this
lesson.
Since our course is Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, we can deepen our
understanding of ourselves as members of society by studying these three specialized
fields, namely: anthropology for culture, sociology for society and political science for
politics
A lot of us are likely confused with the difference between sociology and
anthropology. Confusion might come from their commonalities as the two are dealing
with society and culture. Both of them study human behavior and the different
factors that affects our social relations. Since these two fields are most likely similar
to each other, let us first draw out its differences
To find out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us study
the similar and various concepts between each field below:
Anthropology Sociology
Goals The goals of anthropology are The goals of Sociology are the
the following: following:
After finding out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us now
proceed with another discipline in social science that plays another important role
in our life.
Politics impacts our lives directly or indirectly, whether we are aware of its
effects or not. If there is a crime that took place, we call a police, and this scheme is
part of government. If there was a fire that occured, we call the fire department, and
that’s also a part of government. Military is government as well, let alone our civil
liberty and our rights which have influences on us daily. In school, you were asked
to read by heart the Constitution. When you are apprehended by an authority, you
asked your violation and insisted on your legal rights. Even inside your house, there
are still set of rules that are being enforced and followed. All these things are related
to a field called Political Science.
Description/Explanation
What’s More
Find your own social location by creating your own social map. Fill up every
important feature given on each box to understand yourself better.
Race Religion
Gender
Language/Dialect
1. What do you think is the importance of finding your social location in your
own society?
2. How do the following features (race, gender, religion, class, etc.) affect you in
pursuing your present and future plans? Do they provide opportunities or
serve as constraints?
3. How does government respond to the needs of those people who belong to
the same social location where you are located right now?
Learning Task 4:
Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that studies the culture of dead
people. Archaeologists rely on the pieces of evidence that they exhumed from
discovered old cities and civilizations. We learn many things about our past based
on their findings.
Today, people can store information digitally and put it in formats that can
last for a long period. In relation, let us do an activity by describing yourself to the
future generation through clues about you and the present society where you live.
As a student of this generation, you are tasked to make a historical footprint
of your contemporary society so that people of future generations will understand
how people of today lived, and what their personality, values, set of beliefs, and ideas
were. You have to provide them with one written evidence that describes your society
and two objects with explanation that represent your present society.
Drawing or picture of two objects that represent your society with explanation
It Matters because
______________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: Photo Analysis of Social Issues
Assessment
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds
to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
For numbers 1-4, identify the branch of science described in each item. Choose your
answer from the given choices below:
1. Its goal is to look for the similarities and differences among the culture of
societies around the world. In doing so, we could be able to understand more
about human nature, and be more tolerant on other people’s behavior and
actions.
2. This is the study of society, patterns of social interactions, and culture of
everyday life.
3. Its main concern is to learn how to use power over others to maintain social
order and harmony among citizens.
4. If we want to know why certain social phenomena happened, such as the
television program Eat Bulaga’s Kalyeserye gaining millions of tweets
worldwide, this field of social science answers these occurrences.
For numbers 5-8, identify the most appropriate discipline to be used in the following
research scenarios and recent development that happened in our country. Choose
your answer from the given choices below:
For numbers 9-15, choose the best answer for each item.
9. Food habits like the way of cooking foods, habits of dressing up, relationship
with family members or with in-laws, and many others are some of the focuses
of this anthropological field.
a. Archaeology c. Linguistics
b. Biological anthropology d. Cultural & social anthropology
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Concepts, Aspects, and Changes
of Culture and Society
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in/of Culture and Society
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
10
Week
What’s In
This self-learning module will help you understand the concepts of culture
and society. Particularly, you will learn culture and society as a complex whole, as
well as other aspects. This module will help you understand culture as that field
which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of
society. In addition, the module will help you understand the features of culture and
society, and the significant changes or transformation happening in the present
society.
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What’s New
S A F U R P V G D A D A
Y E W Z D R A S M R V T
M K B R T A Y I O T L T
B P X G H C B K N I O I
O T R A I T S Q A F S T
L X B E L I E F S A O U
S Z B T E C J Y U C L D
K N O W L E D G E T Q E
E G B M I S V A L U E S
S C K L A W S M S V D G
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Anselmo is a proud
grandfather to his 12 grandchildren. Culture is
He often shared his childhood 7.____________________
experiences with them including
stories during the old times. He also TRNASMIEDTT
demonstrated Filipino values such
as saying “po & opo”, pagmamano,
etc. All these traits were being
transferred to and practiced by his
grandchildren.
What is It
Did you have a hard time looking for words pertaining to culture and society?
Now let’s try to go deeper. Analyze the following questions and write your answers on
a separate sheet.
1. How are the words in your activity connected to the study of culture and
society?
2. Can culture and society be completed without these things? Why?
3. How do you define the terms “culture” and “society”?
4. Can a society function without culture, or can a culture exist without society?
Why?
5. What are the characteristics or aspects of culture? Please enumerate them on
the space provided.
Answer _______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
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CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE
1. Culture is social because it is the product of behavior.
Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product of society. It
develops through social interaction. No man can acquire culture
without association with others.
3. Culture is shared.
Culture is not something that an individual alone can possess.
Culture, in sociological sense, is shared. For example, people of a
society share all customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals,
etc.
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4. Culture is learned.
Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Unlearned behavior then, is not
culture. Shaking hands, saying thanks, etc. are cultural behaviors.
Not all behaviors are learned, but most of these can be. Combing
hair, standing in line, telling jokes, criticizing the president, and
going to movies all constitute behaviors that need to be learned.
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17
What I Can Do
Products/Foods Church
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
Programs/Activities
__________________________
__________________________
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Culture is learned.
Ex. Dancers learn the steps thru
_______
the help of choreographer and
teachers.
Culture is transmitted.
_________________________________
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REFLECTION
#mypledge
Make your own pledge by stating your deep appreciation on the
collaboration between our culture and society as means of developing
harmonious relationship among people in the society.
I,_______________________, do solemnly
pledge___________________________________________.
Assessment
POST-TEST
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds
to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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now, most people sing their favorite songs in videoke. Their ways of
enjoying music has gone through changes but still lives up until today.
Therefore, culture is __.
a. learned c. continuous
b. shared d. transmitted
6. In the United States, once a person reached the age of 18, he/she can
live freely outside the guidance of parents, while here in the Philippines,
we are family-oriented, meaning some are free to live with parents until
they grow old. This statement simply means that culture is __.
a. Culture is continuous. c. Culture is social.
b. Culture is varied. d. Culture is transmitted.
7. Gentriseños are known for celebrating Valenciana festival. In times of
barangay fiestas, people actively participate in the so-called “karakul.”
Carmela has observed this specific way of life of the Gentriseños since
childhood. At present, this custom is still embedded in her heart. This
story tells us that culture is acquired by being bornt into a particular
society. What aspect of culture does it describe?
a. symbolic c. encompassing
b. intergrated d. learned
8. One of the characteristics of culture is being continuous and
cumulative. No culture remains constant or unchanged; it is subject
to slow but constant change. Culture is responsive to the changing
conditions of the physical world; hence, it is dynamic. Which scenario
below best fits as an example of the given statements on culture?
a. The Department of Education conducts learning instruction
through blended learning modalities and not the face-to-face
strategy which people are already used to.
b. The Department of Health pursues and promotes proper self-care
or health care to avoid virus-related illnesses.
c. The Department of Interior and Local Government strictly
implements directives on preventing drug-related activities and
many other correlated events.
d. The Department of Public Works and Highways pursues and
supports the administration’s “Build, Build, Build Program,” in
order to invite foreign and local investors.
9. Which of the following refers to the “way of life” of individuals in a
community?
a. Society c. Manner
b. Culture d. Organization
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11. Which of the following words can best describe culture and society as
a complex whole?
a. interdependent c. interrelated
b. interactive d. All choices are correct
12. Analyze all the given statements. Trace which one is the best statement
about the complexity of culture and society.
a. Society can exist without culture.
b. Culture can exist without society.
c. Society can operate without culture command.
13. People carry and transmit culture, but they are not culture.
Edward B. Tylor described culture as “a complex whole.” Which of the
following choices supports Tylor’s description of culture?
a. Culture as complex whole means it encompasses traits and
values of the society.
b. Culture as complex whole means it includes laws and norms in
the government.
c. Culture as complex whole means it deals with everything that a
person learns and shares as a member of the society.
d. Culture as complex whole means it refers to the beliefs and
traditions of modern Filipinos.
14. Which statement is wrong about the concept of culture?
a. Culture is a way of life transmitted through social interaction.
b. Every society has its own distinctive culture.
c. Culture refers to a group’s ways of behaving and thinking.
d. Culture can evolve into anything.
15. Does culture affect our lives in terms of the way we view society and
interact with other people?
a. Yes c. Uncertain
b. No d. Maybe
Additional Activities
#i-can-FILL-it!
Complete the following phrases…
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Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Cultural Relativism and
Ethnocentrism
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
23
Weeks
3-4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
What’s In
Before we proceed, let us go back with some of the important concepts about
culture, which is the focus of our discussion.
According to E.B. Taylor; culture is a “complex whole,” which encompasses
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artefacts’, symbols, knowledge, and
everything that a person learns and shares as a member of a society.
Likewise, a society is understood or sometimes judged based on their culture.
What comprises a culture? Let us refresh our mind by answering the matching type
test below.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884):
145. Public Domain.
24
Check your answers and make sure you are very familiar with the key terms
listed before we start another lesson.
What’s New
Am I Different?
Learning Task 2: Fill in “‘Me’ and My Culture” table by describing how you
behave and practice your own culture under similar circumstances.
Marriage Marriage
Behavior Behavior
25
Child-rearing Child-rearing
Religion Religion
And so I am Different
2. Are their respective cultures the same as your own culture? In what ways
are they similar and in what ways do they differ?
________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you think that the cultures of these groups are bad? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________
5. Which of the two sets of cultures is the best, their cultures or your own
culture? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
26
6. If one culture behaves in a particular act, does it mean that all cultures
can behave the same way? Discuss further.
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your
understanding about culture.
What is Ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s own culture is better than others. They
tend to compare, evaluate, and even judge other people’s ways based on the values
and standards set in one’s own culture. Their worldview is based on the beliefs,
assumptions, expectations, and values shaped by one’s language, behavior, customs,
values, religions and other aspects.
Due to ethnocentric beliefs, many people are blinded from seeing things in
another perspective. Ethnocentric people tend to dislike or make false judgment on
other cultures. They tend becoming biased and judge another culture as bad and
wrong.
Even though we deny it, most of us are ethnocentric at some point in our lives.
Some do not even realize that they are being ethnocentric at that moment. Below are
some of the examples of ethnocentrism:
a. The American society sees themselves as a world leader. As a result, they
interfere in the political affairs of other countries and try to control them,
leading to misunderstanding and miscommunication amongst nations
which sometimes result to war.
b. During the time of Adolf Hitler, Germans believed that they are a superior
race. This led to the death of 6 million Jews whom they considered as an
inferior race.
c. European countries go beyond their ethnocentric biases and saw non-
European cultures as uncivilized and underdeveloped countries of savages
and barbarians. They used this perspective to justify colonialism and
imperialism.
d. Cases of hate crimes and terrorism violence can usually be traced back to
religious conflicts and misunderstandings.
27
viewpoint. Another way to say this is that others should understand an individual’s
beliefs and activities in terms of that person’s own culture.
What’s More
Learning Task 3:
In this activity, you will be asked to conduct a simple case study examining
the culture of other people that is somehow different from yours. If you are an
Ilocano, the subject of your study could be people who identify themselves as
Tagalog, Bisaya, Bicolano, or other ethnicity. If you know someone who belongs to
an indigenous group of people, it is much better to have them as subjects. Since you
are not allowed to go out at present because of the threat of COVID-19 pandemic,
look for someone who is near to your place or whom you have contact with through
social media.
Be guided with the following questions as you write your case study:
1. Describe the group of people that you chose. Who are they? What
do they do? Where did they come from? What do you know about
them?
28
Unity in Diversity:
Pagkakaisa sa kabila ng pagkakaiba-iba
Learning Task 5:
On a separate sheet, create a slogan that promotes respect and tolerance towards
other cultures all over the world.
It Matters because
__________________________________________________________________________________
29
What I Can Do
Learning Task 7: #i-beg to Disagree because
State your reason why you beg to disagree to the given statements below. You have
to remember that you are a CULTURAL RELATIVIST; you have to place yourself in
the shoes of these people in order to understand them better. Culture is not good or
bad, neither it is right or wrong, but instead it is relative.
1. One society can call another society as evil such as those nations where
terrorist live. These places are also called an “axis of evil”.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Western culture is superior and opposite of non-Western culture.
________________________________________________________________________
4. The Mangyan tribe of Mindoro are backwards people because they are
uneducated.
________________________________________________________________________
5. We have to avoid going to places like Siquijor and Capiz because monsters
called Aswang infest these places.
________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds
to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
30
2. Lisa was a proud cultural relativist. She sees that Ilocanos are thrifty because
of their geographical location. Likewise, she sees nothing wrong about it. What
did Lisa exhibit in that situation?
a. She believes anything goes in one’s own culture.
b. She measures behavior by how the other culture regards this practice.
c. She has no concept of right or wrong.
d. She measures which cultures are related to others.
3. What might be the result of ethnocentrism on a global scale?
a. Other people may be treated as savage or morally corrupt.
b. There is no way to determine which is right or wrong.
c. Native people often wish to colonize superior culture.
d. Believing one’s own culture is superior makes one a morally corrupt
savage.
4. For better opportunities, many Filipinos were forced to work abroad, exposing
themselves to unfamiliar culture. Culture shock is a feeling of disorientation
experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to other’s way of life or
set of attitudes. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of culture shock?
a. Feeling homesick when in a new place
b. Feeling like the new culture is superior to your own
c. Obsessing about the cleanliness of food and water in a new place
d. Feeling the hostility towards natives or locals
5. Which of the following statements is a positive effect of ethnocentrism?
a. Rina posted on her Facebook wall saying that eating fried tarantula is
“yuckie.”
b. Greg posted a statement which says, “Ang galing ng Pinoy, angat sa
iba, kaya’t tayo ay magkaisa.”
c. Shiela posted a picture of Carlos P. Romulo with a caption, “This little
brown monkey that you are referring to does not eat banana peelings.
He is a Filipino not an American.
d. Wendel tweeted, “Nakakatakot na ang panahon ngayon daming taong
gumagala na tadtad ng tattoo ang katawan.”
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Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Significance of Cultural, Social,
Political and Economic Symbols
and Practices
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
32
Weeks
The module is about the significance of cultural, social, political and economic
symbols and practices (MELC 4).
What’s In
Learning Task 1: Analyze the images below and Identify which shows ethnocentrism
or cultural relativism. Write your answers on your paper.
33
What’s New
Learning Task 2: The ICEMAN and the ALPS (this activity is adapted from
slideshare.net accessed May 25, 2020)
In 1991, hikers in the Alps found a dead body and notified the authorities.
They thought that person might have died on a recent hike, but extensive scientific
testing revealed the body to be around 5,000 years old! Since the “Iceman” was frozen
for all this time, his body clothing, and tools were all preserved intact, giving us a
rare glimpse of what it must have been like to live in the Neolithic Era.
The discovery of the Iceman has also given us a mystery to solve. The autopsy’
revealed many signs of violent death. When archaeologists inquire about the past,
the examined evidence and put it together to tell their story. What story does it tell?
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Artifacts
Copper Axe
Flint knife
Unfinished longbows
Flints (stones used for tools
and fire)
Mushrooms
14 bone-tipped arrows
o Two finished
o Twelve unfinished
Autopsy
1. Based from the activity, what is the significance of human material remains
and artifactual evidence in interpreting culture, social and political processes?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. As compared to our lives today what differences do we have from these men
who lived 5,000 years ago in terms of biological and cultural features? Use the
reconstructed picture of the iceman below.
Present day Human Beings
__________________________________
Biological difference:
__________________________________
_________________________
__________________________________
Cultural Difference: __________________________________
_________________________
3. As you can see, there is a big difference between the biological and socio-
cultural features between that Iceman and you. Why do you think changes
happened in all aspects of your life from time to time?
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Station 1
1 ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
Station 2
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
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Station 3
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
Station 4
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
Station 5
1. ____________________________________
2._____________________________________
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Guide Question:
In two to three sentences, explain how our cultural and sociopolitical ways has
changed over the years?
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read to deepen your
understanding about the topic.
Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in
dealing with the next phase of your quest.
1. When we try to compare then and now, what are differences in terms of how
people carry out things physically, culturally, and socio-politically?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the different stages in the cultural development of human?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How does human grow culturally, socially, and politically in Paleolithic Period?
Neolithic Period? Age of Metal?
___________________________________________________________________________
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In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold and ocean levels were much
lower than they are now. Due to the cold climate, much of the Stone Age is also called
the Ice Age.
During these years, people were nomads and able to use simple tools and weapons
made of unpolished stone. The caves served as their shelter.
Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to use the fire, through the use
of stone, for their protection against cold temperature and to cook their own food.
Human beings in this time were grouped together in small societies such as bands,
and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals.
Also in this era, according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is given
to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized. There are no leaders that
could be said to be above everybody else and whose commands are obeyed without
question. In some cases, one who is known for good decisions is consulted when a
problem arises; or well-known hunter will be asked to lead a hunting group.
Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same archaeologist and from the
Greek word “neo” which means new and “lithos” meaning stone or in short, the “New
Stone Age” which was happened for about 10,000 B.C. In this period, the Cro Magnon
disappeared and the new people who are considered the modern man appeared.
The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the First Agricultural Revolution. During
this period, there was a wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture and settlement kind of society
which eventually led to population increase. People depend on domesticated plants
and animals. They learned to create such crafts as pottery and weaving. They likewise
developed boat as means of transportation and for fishing as well.
From being nomads during the early stage, human began to develop a sedentary type
of society of which they built-up villages and towns.
This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C – 1500 B.C). The used of metal
such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a new historical development from the
cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China
which later spread throughout Asia.
There were three stages distinguished within this Age due to the different types of
metals that were used: The Copper Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age; copper was
the first known metal, it is of a low hardness and it was used to make ornaments;
bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is harder and stronger than copper. Several
eastern Mediterranean peoples discovered this metallurgy and progressed rapidly.
During this age, agricultural tools were developed with bronze, such as plows and
sickles, military weapons like swords, spears and shields, as well as household
utensils like jars, bowls and cups. Likewise, a more developed social, cultural,
political, and economic system were improved. Tribes, empires, and state were
recognized at this point.
39
Every city in Mesopotamia had its own government, rulers, warriors, patron god, and
functioned like an independent country. Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk, Kish,
Lagesh. There is a temple at the center of each city called a ziggurat (a massive,
tiered, pyramid-shaped structure).
There was also what we called Mesopotamian warrior-gods (2.400-2.500 B.C.) who
govern and protect the people under its government. Military commanders eventually
became monarch creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty. It is a
series of rulers descending from a single-family line. The Akkadian Empire lasted
about 200 years. In the year 2350–2150 B.C, Babylonian Empire overtook Sumerians
around 2000 B.C., and they built capital, the Babylon, on Euphrates River.
Another ancient states and civilizations was the Egyptian civilization. It emerged
more than 5,000 years ago along the River Nile in the north-east of Africa. The
Ancient Egyptians lived near the River Nile because of its fertile land suitable for
growing crops and domestication of animals. Each year, water from the Nile rose and
flooded the area. When the water went back, it left mud that made the fields fertile.
Egyptians called their king a pharaoh. The pharaoh was all- powerful: He passed
laws, He ruled the country, He owned most of the land, and He controlled trade and
led the armies. Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were gods.
40
In the European continent, several states and civilization grew tremendously over
centuries. In England, around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They
paid tithes to their feudal landlords. Henry VII won the War of the Roses in England,
which led into what is known as the Tudor dynasty, and begun the development of
the English nation-state.
In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain
back from the Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power.
In France, Louis XIV of France created an absolute monarchy. France became the
dominant power in Europe. When The French Revolution broke out, it created the
modern French nation-state, which sparked nationalism around Europe.
In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power and superiority over
all the nations in the world, the World War I begun until 1918. In 1919, Treaty of
Versailles ended the World War I. It divided several multinational empires that led to
the creation of several new nation-states.
In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War II led to the
formation of United Nations in 1945.
Moreover, a democracy is a form of government where the citizens of the nation have
the power to vote. There are several different types of democracies; (1) a
representative democracy is a system where citizens choose government
representatives among their citizens, (2) direct democracy is when the citizens form
a governing body and vote directly on issues, (3) constitutional democracy limits the
powers of government through the nation’s constitution.
What’s More
ARTICLE READING 101
Read the article entitled “A Settled Life”. Analyze how the ancient cultural and
socio-political features developed and impact our present period. Then, be able to
answer the succeeding guide questions.
41
A Settled Life
(By: Dr. Senta German)
When people think of the Neolithic era, they often think of Stonehenge, the iconic
image of this early era. Dating to approximately 3000 B.C.E. and set on Salisbury
Plain in England, it is a structure larger and more complex than anything built before
it in Europe. Stonehenge is an example of the cultural advances brought about by
the Neolithic revolution—the most important development in human history. The
way we live today, settled in homes, close to other people in towns and cities,
protected by laws, eating food grown on farms, and with leisure time to learn, explore
and invent is all a result of the Neolithic revolution, which occurred approximately
11,500-5,000 years ago. The revolution which led to our way of life was the
development of the technology needed to plant and harvest crops and to domesticate
animals.
Before the Neolithic revolution, it's likely you would have lived with your extended
family as a nomad, never staying anywhere for more than a few months, always living
in temporary shelters, always searching for food and never owning anything you
couldn’t easily pack in a pocket or a sack. The change to the Neolithic way of life was
huge and led to many of the pleasures (lots of food, friends and a comfortable home)
that we still enjoy today.(Stonehenge, c. 3,000 B.C.E., Salisbury Plain, England)
Neolithic Art. The massive changes in the way people lived also changed the types
of art they made. Neolithic sculpture became bigger, in part, because people didn’t
have to carry it around anymore; pottery became more widespread and was used to
store food harvested from farms. This is when alcohol was first produced and when
architecture, and its vivid interior and exterior decoration, first appears. In short,
people settle down and begin to live in one place, year after year.
It seems very unlikely that Stonehenge could have been made by earlier,
Paleolithic, nomads. It would have been a waste to invest so much time and energy
building a monument in a place to which they might never return or might only
return infrequently. After all, the effort to build it was extraordinary. Stonehenge
is approximately 320 feet in circumference and the stones which compose the outer
ring weigh as much as 50 tons; the small stones, weighing as much as 6 tons, were
quarried from as far away as 450 miles. The use or meaning of Stonehenge is not
clear, but the design, planning and execution could have only been carried out by a
culture in which authority was unquestioned. Here is a culture that was able to rally
hundreds of people to perform very hard work for extended periods of time. This is
another characteristic of the Neolithic era.
42
Example: Example
The Stonehenge tries to showcase that even before
What does the Stonehenge
they had already their cultural advancement, which,
is trying to tell this modern
in this modern age can further develop such as the
era?
technologies.
________________________________
________________________________
43
Life as a Symbol…
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
________________________
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: “A Better Me in My Society”
As a millennial and a Filipino youth, how will you respond and adapt to this changing
world where people and society have indeed developed and became more advanced
than before? However, consider some circumstances that are hooked on it.
Your commitment to
abide as a citizen where
some authorities are not
performing well
________________________
________________________
________________________
_
Fill in the blank to complete your pledge to continue the legacies of our ancestors.
As a human being, I understand that people need to change to survive. Hence, I will
try to ___________, ___________, and ____________ to continuously grow as a student.
44
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. During the earliest stage of human cultural evolution, people were nomadic,
so they hunt and gather foods. As they learn to make a sedentary lifestyle in
the Neolithic period. Which statement tells the accomplishment of human in
the Neolithic period?
A. Live in a cave
B. Used unpolished stone tools
C. Used metals to upgrade tools
D. Domesticate plants and animals
2. The Age of Metal produced a new historical development from the cradle
civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China
which later on spread throughout Asia. Which type of metal were the earliest
known by human?
A. Aluminum
B. Bronze
C. Copper
D. Iron
3. There are three notable stages in the human cultural evolution. Which
statement tells the correct timeline of these evolutions?
A. Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period
B. Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal
C. Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal
4. From being nomads during the early stage, human began to developed a
sedentary type of society of which they built-up villages and towns. In which
era has these evolutions happens?
A. Age of Bronze
B. Age of Copper
C. Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period
5. The most significant evolution in Paleolithic period is when people discovered
the use of fire. In the Neolithic period is when human learned to domesticate
plants and animals, which is known to be the First Agricultural Revolution.
In the Age of Metal is the discovery of people in using metal as their tools,
thus, the Age of Metal is identified as:
A. Agricultural Revolution
B. Metal Civilization
C. Stone Revolution
D. Rise of Civilization
45
6. How were the first modern humans (Homo sapiens) different from any other
hominid species?
A. They lived outside of Africa
B. They had large brains
C. They used and controlled fire
D. They used symbolic thought
7. In the history of human social evolution, what group of people was skillful at
hunting and butchering animals?
A. Australopithecus
B. Home erectus
C. Homo habilis
D. Homo sapien
8. In the history of human civilization in which people started to develop their
society, where did the world’s first Civilization develop?
A. Mesopotamia
B. Crete
C. Egypt
D. Eastern China
9. From the different kind of government in various societies, what is a form of
government where the citizens of the nation have the power to vote?
A. Aristocracy
B. Bureaucracy
C. Democracy
D. Capitalism
10. In the context of European historical society, which of the following DOES
NOT happened during pre -1500’s?
A. Henry VII wins the War of the Roses in England, begins the Tudor
dynasty, and starts the development of the English nation-state.
B. The era of Spain as a global power begins.
C. The hundred year’s war started.
D. The French Revolution
11. In the history of war, the nations started to claim their power and
supremacy over the nations. Which treaty ends the World War I and breaks
several multi-rational empires?
A. Treaty of Saint-Germain en Laye
B. Treaty of Versailles
C. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
D. Faisal-Weizmann agreement
12. Democracy is a type of government in which the people elect their leader in
the government position. Direct democracy is the system in which...
A. Citizens choose their representatives in free and fair elections.
B. Citizens are allowed to debate with their representatives in open public
meetings.
C. Citizens represent themselves in the decision-making process.
D. Senior political leaders are known as 'Directors'.
46
13. Which statement most accurately describes how geography affected the
growth of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?
A. River valleys provided rich soil to grow plentiful crops.
B. Large deserts provided many mineral deposits.
C. Access to the Atlantic Ocean provided trade routes.
D. Lage Savannah areas provided protection from invaders.
14. Which geographic feature was common to the development of civilizations in
ancient Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia?
A. river valleys
B. rain forests
C. deserts
D. mountains
15. In the context of ancient civilization, which factor led to the development of
civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia?
A. political harmony
B. favorable geography
C. religious differences
D. universal education
47
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Socialization
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Socialization
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
48
Week
The module is made to explain the Socialization based on the MELC Week 5.
What’s In
After assessing what you know about our module, let us review what you have
learned from the previous module.
Look at the table below. Check whether the examples are Tangible Cultural Heritage
or Intangible Cultural Heritage.
49
What’s New
Learning Task 1: TAKE IT A PART
Take a look at the image below. Consider everything that forms the image.
What is represented by each icon?
1. 4.
S C __ __ __ L G __ V __ __ __ M __ __ T
2. 5.
C __ __ R C __ C __ __ M __ U __ __ T ___
3. 6.
F __ M __ L __ F R __ E __ __ __
What word do you form out of the given letters inside the box from numbers 1 – 6?
50
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read in order to deepen
your understanding about the topic.
Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in
dealing with the next phase of your quest.
SOCIALIZATION
51
Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language, their roles in life, and what
is expected from them. Without socialization, a person will develop different physical
and mental disabilities. It is sad to know that individuals with no successful
socialization develop mental illness, abnormal or odd behavior and self -isolation. Do
you know that there are different groups of people that influence your orientations
and perspectives to life? These groups are called agents of socialization. These
agents play a crucial role in developing yourself as a person and a member of the
society.
Your circle of friends is also an agent of socialization. It is called peer group. Your
peers usually have similar ages, social status and share interests. Your peer group
influences you on the way you can accept yourself. It is with your peer group that
you find yourself belonged.
52
I’m sure you learned a lot from your friends, didn’t you? So, you are right when you
think that they are also important agent in shaping your personality.
Social media as agent of socialization plays a crucial role in shaping your personality
as well. Majority of us, young and old, are connected through social media. Much of
our waking time is spent on using social media.
So, this agent of socialization influences your way of life intensively thus doing large
part in your personal development. There are other socialization agents who are also
important in moulding you as a person: the community, the church and the
government.
You see? What you are now is a product of socialization. You have been socializing
from the time you were born until now. Socialization is a continuing process until we
die. Socialization is really a necessity for it develops you as person.
ENCULTURATION
We are living in a society of many cultures. Culture is the customary beliefs, social
forms, and material traits of a racial, religious or social group (merriam-webster.
com). These cultures make people different from one another. A group has a set of
shared attitudes and practices which are partially or even totally apart from what
others have.
According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from
Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning
process whereby man, as child and adult, achieves competence in his culture,
internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with
people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also
learns from observing the surrounding he/she is in.
As a child lives with his family and the community, he/she adapts socially accepted
values (e.g. attending to religious obligations, respecting the elders, etc.) At a very
young age, a child is instilled with values by his/her parents and family. He / She
sees the importance of being together as respected when they eat. Also, he/she
learns the foundations of learning; be it reading the alphabet and counting of
numbers.
53
The government upon its imposition of law refines a person’s way of living. Through
which, he/she learns his civil rights and exercises them righteously. Likewise,
he/she learns to respect government policies and abides to them, knowing that every
action has limitation.
Parents and other authorities are called the initiators of enculturation. As one is
enculturated by those initiators, the process is manifested in his/her actions,
choices and decisions. If it is not because of enculturation, a person will not become
the way he/she in the society. One will not be able to discern what is right from
wrong or even make actions to handle problems encountered. Because of
enculturation, an individual knows the boundaries of his/her actions, words and
ideals. As a learned individual, one becomes accepted by the group he/she belongs
with. Enculturation teaches a person of his/her roles in the society. True enough,
he/she becomes functional member of the society.
What’s More
At this part of the module you are given different sets of activities to answer. Read
and understand each direction to accomplish the given activities.
54
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
55
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2. Which among the given factors (referring to icons presented above) has the
most important part in the development of a person? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How can you differentiate socialization from enculturation? Explain and give
your examples.
___________________________________________________________________________
You are now ready to create real life situations the learning you had on socialization.
Be proud. For you are steps closer towards success!
56
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: I CAN FILL IT
Imagine yourself as the image below. On a separate sheet, fill them in with WHO or
WHAT influence you to become the person you are now.
Your Name
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
57
Assessment
Directions: Read the following statement and choose the letter of the correct answer
found in a box.
A. Church
B. Agents of socialization
C. Family
D. Social media
E. Undergoing constant socialization enables an individual to fully develop in
physical, emotional and mental aspects.
F. Playing computer games
G. socializing with others
H. It is the process of learning one’s own culture.
I. Parents
J. Community
K. Peer group
L. We learn our culture’s norms and the roles expected of us.
M. mental illness and sometimes having abnormal behavior
N. As the person learns his/her culture, he/she becomes functional member of
the society.
O. Socialization
58
Additional Activities
REMEMBER AND SHARE. YOU’RE A DOER!
Choose any of the tasks below which you feel easy for you to do.
Use a separate sheet.
59
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Social Organizations
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Social Organizations
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
60
Week
The module is about examining the concept, characteristics and forms of social
stratification using sociological perspective. (MELC week 9)
What’s In
Learning Task 1: Complete the letters of the word based from what the pictures
are implied.
1. F_ _ _ l_
4. N _ _ W _ _ _s
2. F _ _ _n _s
3. C _a_ _m_ _ _ s
5. O _ g _n _ z _ t _ _ n
61
What’s New
Learning Task 2: Directions: Complete the sentence below based on the previous
activity:
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provided something for you to read to deepen
your understanding about the topic. Please do it with comprehension to discover
knowledge that will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest.
A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and
guided by a set of norms. It is also defined as specified number of individuals where
each recognizes members as distinct from non-members.
1. Primary Groups
Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and
culture, and long periods of time spent together. They are influential in developing
an individual’s personal identity. The goal of primary groups is actually the
relationships themselves rather than achieving some other purpose. The examples
of a primary group but not limited to be your family and childhood and close friends.
The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley in his
book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. (Contreras, Antonio P. et al.
“Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2016)
62
2. Secondary Groups
Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal
knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don’t
have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves. These
groups are based on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It includes groups in which
one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments,
and such.
Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional Association,
Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers.
3. In-group
Belonging to the same group as others who share the same common bond and
interests who are more likely to understand each other refers to an in- group. Sample
Groups: Sports team, Unions and Sororities
4. Out-group
Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which exist
in the perceptions of the in group members and takes on social reality as a result of
behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a negative point of
reference.
5. Reference Groups
A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a standard of
comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We rely on
reference groups to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas,
behavior, and appearance. This means that we also use them to evaluate the relative
worth, desirability, or appropriateness of these things.
6. Network
A network is a collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of
connections. They can be characterized by the number of people involved, as in the
dyad (by twos) and triad (by threes), but also in terms of their structures (who is
connected to whom) and functions (what flows across ties). Networks indeed, are able
to do more things and different things than individuals acting on their own could.
Networks have this effect, regardless of the content of the connections or persons
involved.
Nowadays, the giving of information and establishing of connections and
various relationships can be done through social networking sites. In this manner,
63
What’s More
Learning Task 3: Directions: Answer the following questions and write it on your
answer sheet.
1. Pretend that you belong to a particular in-group in your class. You noticed that
one classmate from your class does not belong to any group. What would you do?
Would you invite him to join your in-group? Why? Why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Sangguniang Kabataan of your barangay approached your group in school to
help them in the feeding program of the community. They also asked the help of the
other groups from your school. What would you do to help the SK officials? Would
you ask the out-groups to join you? How?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Primary Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Secondary Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
64
In-Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Out-Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
What I Can Do
Learning Task 5: Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively. Write
your answers on your answer sheet.
Question: Think of a group that you belong to. How does this group influence you as
a student?
Answer: The group that I belong to is my _______________________________.
65
Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
1. In your everyday life in school or in your neighbourhood, your kabarkada is an
example of:
A. In-group
B. Primary Group
C. Secondary Group
D. Out-Group
2. Typically a small social group whose members share close, personal and enduring
relationships.
A. Out-Group
B. Primary group
C. Secondary group
D. Networking group
3. Among different kinds of social groups in our society, this can be small or large,
mostly impersonal and usually short-term.
A. Out-group
B. Social Group
C. Primary Group
D. Secondary Group
5. Every social group manifests specific sets of characteristics, which of the following
is NOT a characteristic of members in an ingroup?
A. a sense of “we” rather than “I”
B. a feeling of unity
C. similar likes/dislikes
D. knowing out-group’s differences
6. Based on the kind of social relation, which of the following is an example of an in-
group?
A. enemies
B. a biker and a singer
C. members of a dance troupe
D. knowing out-group’s differences
66
7. Nowadays technology-based social group has been already part of everyone’s daily
life. As such, social networking sites is considered as are powerful __________tools
A. Communication
B. Laboratory
C. Man-made
D. Technological
8. These are sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other.
A. In-groups
B. Networks
C. Out-groups
D. Reference groups
9. Network is a highly influenced the lives of the people. Which of the following is
the true reason for forming networks:
A. Personal
B. Economic
C. Socio-Cultural
D. Environmental
10. Network links people among themselves in various ways. Which words below
pertains to an example of networks:
A. Letters
B. Postcards
C. Facebook
D. Instagram
67
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
Lesson 6
69
References
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
A. Book
Lanuaza, G. M. and S.S. Raymundo. Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics. Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2016.
Teachers Guide, Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, 1st ed. 2016.
Teachers DepEd Learners Manual, Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics, 1st ed. 2016.
B. Electronic Materials
Caparas-Abrina, Dennis. “Viva Valenciana!” Cavite Info p.1, accessed
May 25, 2020 http://cavite.info/article/viva-valenciana.html.
Taboclaon, Aleah. “Sinulog Festival in Cebu, Everything You Need to know.”
Accessed May 25, 2020 https://guidetothephilippines.ph
/articles/historyculture/sinulog-festival-cebu-guide.
Lesson 3
Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884): 145. Public
Domain.
https://mitocw.ups.edu.ec/courses/anthropology/21a-01-how-culture-
works-fall-2012/readings/MIT21A_01F12_Sir_Edwrd_cul.pdf
https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnocentrism-vs-cultural-
relativism.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-
society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-
relativism-in-group-and-out-group
70
https://englishlive.ef.com/blog/english-in-the-real-world/hand-gestures/
Lesson 4
Medium.com. “The Four Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization.’’ Accessed
May 25, 2020. www.Medium.com
Slideshare ‘’The Iceman: A Historical Inquiry.’’ Accessed May 25, 2020
.www.Slideshare.net
Slideshare ‘’Early Civilizations’’Accessed May 25, 2020. www.slideshare.net
Slideshare.’’The Human Society’’ Accessed May 26, 2020.www.slideshare.net
Sparknotes. “The Rise of Nation-state.’’ Accessed May 26,
2020.www.sparknotes.com
World Population View.”Democracy Countries 2020.’’ Accessed May 26, 2020.
www.woldpopulationview.com
Lesson 5
Grunlan, Stephen A., and Mayers, Marvin K. 1988. Cultural Anthropology: A
Christian Perspective: Enculturation. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
Zondervan Publishing House, 1988.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KbQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61&lpg=PT61&dq
(Accessed May 25, 2020)
Lesson 6
Contreras, Antonio P. et al. “Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016
Lanuza, G M., and Raymundo, S S., 2016. Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics. First edition. Manila. Rex Book Store Inc. (RBSI)
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