xperiment

AIM :determine resistanceper cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus curreny

REQUIREMENTS
and
An ammeter, voltmeter (0-3 V), rheostat, one way key, a given wire of unknown resistance, a dry cell/ battery
connecting wires.

THEORY:
Ohm's law is the most fundamental lawofelectricity given by George Simon Ohm in l1828. It states that the
current I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two ends of the
conductor provided the physical conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.) ofthe conductor do not change.
ie, V«
or V=RI or R=
The constant of proportionally R is called the electrical resistance. The value of resistance depends on the nature of
material ofthe conductor, its dimensions and the physical conditions. It is, however, independent of the value of V andI
We find the values ofthe voltage V for different values ofthe current I. Agraph is then plotted between V (along)y-axis)
and I (along x-axis). This graph is a straight line, the slope which gives us the resistance R ofthe wire. The resistance p
per cm of the wire is then given by

pohm cm
PROCEDURE:
(a) Make the connections as showm in figurel.l

BATTERY
KY
ww
Rh

WIRE
w
R
 OBSERVATIONS
o
Least count of ammeter = A

Least count of voltmeter =0.V

Zero correction of ammeter A
Zero correction of voltmeter =b V

Length of the wire between the two terminals L

TABLE

S.No. Ammeter reading (ampere)I Voltmeter reading (volt) V

R VI (ohm)
Observed Corrected Observed Corrected

5
6.

8
Mean R= * * ******** ohm
RESULT
) From thetabular column, it is clear that the ratio V/I is constant, i.e., Vo«I.
(in) From the graph, it is clearthat the graph is a straight line which again shows that,= constant.

CALCULATIONS.
Take any two points A and B well apart on the graph. From A and B draw two lines
AC and BC parallel to voltage and current axis respectively. Measure AC and BC on
their respective scales.
Then AC =V
BC=A
AC
Then R= Slope= ohm
BC
Resistance per cm ofthe wirep=ohm cm O
X
I (ampere)
PRECAUTIONS
) The current should be passed only for a short interval of time while taking a set ofreadings

7) The connections should be tight and use a low resistance rheostat.

ii) Clean the ends ofthe wires with sandpaper before making the connections.
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-12 27
sOURCES OF ERROR
not be
The ends of the wires may
clean.
i ) Connections may be loose.
(ii) The wire may not be of uniform area

of cross-section.
(iv) V/Imay not be constant due to
excessive heating, due to passage of
current for a long time.
 xperiment2
AIM: To find resistance of a given wire
using metre bridge and hence determine the resistivity (specific
resistance) of its material

REQUIREMENTS:
A metre
bridge galvanometer, one way key, a resistance box, a Daniel cell, a
gauge, sandpaper jockey, unknown resistance, a screw

THEORY:WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Principle : In the figure
2.1 is shown a Wheatstone
bridge in which four resistances P, Q, R and S are arranged
in the formof a bidge ABCD. A cell is connected between A and C
through a keyK. The points B and D are connected
through a galvanometer and a key.
When the key Kj is pressed, a current
begins to flow in the arm of the bridge. If the points B and D are not at
the same potential, then on pressing the
key K2 a current passes through the galvanometer and it shows deflection
The resistance R is so adjusted that there is no
deflection in the galvanometer. The points B and D are at the same
potential and the bridge is said to be balanced. The current through the arms AB and BC is same and that
through
AD and DC is also the same. Let I and I be the
currents Let VA. VB, Vc and Vp be the potentials at the points A,
B,C and D respectively. Then
By Ohm's law

[VA-VB =Va -V» (: VB VD)

or I P =Ih R .(1) B
and
2)
P-
or
Q
This relation holds good when bridge is balanced A
A metre bridge is
the practical form of Wheatstone bridge arrangement
as shown in figure 2.1fthere is no deflection in the galvanometer, (G)
(ie, pointsB and D are at the same potential, bridge is balanced), then
D

We use this relation to find the unknown resistance S ofthe given material of wire.
Fig. 2.1
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL -12
 R
RB
ww S.

P Q
A 100 -I

K
Fig. 2.2

The wire whose resistance is to be found is connected in the arm CD.

A resistance box from which a known resistance can be taken out is
connected across the gap AD. A sensitive galvanometer followed by ajockey A
is connected between the points B and D so as to slide over the wire AB. A
cell with suitable rheostat is connected across AC as shown in figure 2.2. L 100-I
B
This arrangement forms a Wheatstone bridge as shown in figure 2.3/ To
find the specific resistance ofthe given wire use formula
TD2

P S
4L
, where D= diameter ofthe wire and L =
length of wire.
wwww-
P=s TD2 h
Fig. 2.3
4L
OBSERVATIONS

(1) FOR UNKNOWN RESISTANCE

TABLE

Value of known Resistance of wire

S. No. resistance R Balancing length AB =
(100-1)
ohm Increasing Decreasing Mean (cm) S Rx-ohm

2
3
4
5.

Mean S=F ... ohm

(1) FOR DIAMETER OF WIRE

No. of rotations given=4
Distance moved on the vertical scale, d = . . mm

PitchPitch= .. mm

Number of divisions on the circular scale =.

Least count Pitch
No. of circular scale divisions
Zero error of screw gauge =

Zero corection of screw gauge = '***

Main Scale Reading Circular Scale CSR LCDiameter Corrected

S. No. Reading x+y Diameter
y=n x LC (mm) (mm)
x (mm) n (mm)
1

2
3
Mean diameter, D=. .
Cm

CALCULATIONS; L=.
Length ofthe wire, cm

... ohm-cm
4L
Standard value from tables= . ohm-cm-
Error =.... ohm-cm
Error x 100)
% Error
Actual Value

EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 12 31

RESULT
T h e resistance of the given wire is ohm
ohm-cm.
(The specific resistance ofthe given wireis..
PRECAUTIONS wth sandpaper
Clean he connecting wires and the connecting points of metre bridge properly
(p)All conections should be neat and tight
i ) Balance point should lie between 40 cm and 60 cm
and the wire in contact for a long time.
(v) Move the jockey gently on the wire and do not keep the jockey
()Hold the jockey perpendicular to the wire ofmetrebridge

soURCES OF ERROR:
T h e screws ofthe instruments may be loose
( i The keys of the resistance box may not be clean and tight.
(in The wire may notbe uniformly thick throughout
 xperiment3
AIM To veriy the laws ofcombination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge

REQUIREMENTS

Ametre bnidge. galvanometer, one way key, a resistance box, a Leclanche cell, ajockey, two unknown resistances
andconnecting wires

THEORY orn Ud
In senes arrangement, the resistors are connected end to end as shown in V V2 V
fig 3.1. The source of current is connected between the free ends ofthe first
www ww ww-
R Ra Ro
and the last resistor. In this arrangement, the current through each resistor is
the same but potential difference across different resistors is different. The
potential difference of the source is distributed across different resistorsLet I
be the current through each resistor ofresistance R, R2, R3 and V,. V2. V3)
V
the potential difference across each, then) Fig. 3.1
v =V, +V, +V3 (1)
and V = IR, V2 = IR2. V3 = IR3)

and V =IRs, where Rs is the effective resistance of the combination

Substituting these values in (1), we get
TRs =IR +IR2 + IRa

EVERGREENPHYSICS LAB MANUAL-12 33

 or Rs R tR2 + Ra
For two resistor Ri and R2 connected in series

R R+R2
PROCEDURE:

(a) Measure the unknown resistances R and R, separately using the procedure explained in experiment 2, after
making the suitable connections.
(6) Now, connect the two resistances R and R, in series as shown in fig. 3.2.
(c) Check for deflection on both the sides by touching thejockey at both the ends ofthe metre bridge wire.
(d) Proceed in the same way as in experiment 2. Take at least four sets of observations
(e) Compare the measured values of effective resistances using metre bridge with the calculated values

S
RB

A
100-1 C

Fig. 3.2

OBSERVATIONS:
(0) FOR UNKNOWN RESISTANCE TABLE-1

Value of known resistance Balancing length AB Resistance

S.No. 100- 100 - I
S (ohm) Increasing Decreasing Mean (cm) R S* (ohm)

1.

2
R2

2
Mean R ***** '****
ohm
Mean R2 ohm

EVERGREENPHYSICS LAB MANUAL-12

 () FOR SERIES COMBINATION
TABLE-2
Resistance
Resistance S. Known resistance Balancinglength AB 100-1
Col No (S) (ohm) (cm) 100-1
IncreasingDecreasing Mean R xS (ohm
1.
R,and R2 2.
in seies
3.
(R)
4.

Mean R, Ohm
VERIFICATION:

R +R2 . ohm.

Mean Rs . . . ohm.
Since *R2 within limits ofexperimentalerror, therefore, law ofseries combination ofresistances is verified
RsER
PRECAUTIONS
i ) Clean the connecting wires and the connecting points of metre bridge properly with sandpaper.
t t All connections should be neat and tight.
(in) Try to obtain the balance point between 40 cm and 60 cm.
(iv) Move the jockey gently on the wire and do not keep the jockey and the wire in contact for a long time.
() The jockey should be held perpendicular to wire of metre bridge.
(vi) All the plugs in the resistance box should be
tight.
SOURCESOF ERROR:
(1) The screws of the instruments may be loose.
An The keys of the resistance box may not be clean and
tight.
ii) The wire may not be uniformly thick throughout.
 xperiment
AIM: To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
REQUIREMENTS
Ametre bridge, galvanometer, one way key, a resistance box, a Leclanche cell, ajockey,two unknown res1stances
and connecting wires.)
THEORY - Ra
The effective resistance Rp of the combination of two resistors
when connected in parallel (figure 4.1) can be calculated by
M-
+ R1
R R2 .1) Fig.4.1
EVERGREEN PHYSICs LAB MANUAL -12 35
 PROCEDURE
ww
)Measure R, and R2
the unknown resistances R2
separately using the procedure explained
experiment 2, after making the suitable
connections
Xb) Make the connections as shown in figure 4.2
with resistance in parallel after cleaning the
connecting wires with sandpape 00-
7tc) Checkfor deflectionon both the sides by touching
the jockey at both the ends of the metre bridge
wire K

Xd) Proceed in the 2.

same way as in experiment Fig. 4.2

Take at least four sets of observations

with the calculated vali
Compare the measured values of effective resistances using metre bridge

OBSERVATIONS:
( FOR UNKNOWN RESISTANCE
TABLE -1
Value of known resistance Balancing length AB=l 100-1
Resistance
S.No. 100 -7
(cm) R Sx oh
S (ohm) Increasing Decreasing Mean

R
1.

2.

R2
1.

2.

Mean R = ******

Mean R2= * **********

AH) FOR PARALLEL cOMBINATION

TABLE-2

Resistance S. Known resistance Balancinglength AB=l 100-1

Resistance

No. 100 -
Coil (S) (ohm) Increasing Decreasing Mean (cm) Rp=
1.
2.
R and Ra in
parallel (R)|3.
4
****** *"

Mean Rp
NUAL
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MAN
VERIFICATION
RR ohm
R+R
Mean Rp. ohm
Since Rp R,R within limits of experimental error, therefore, the law of parallel combination of resistances 15
verified R+R
PRECAUTIONS
Clean the connecting wires and the connecting points of metre bridge properly with sandpaper.
i All connections should be neat and tight.
(ii) Try to obtain the balance point between 40 cm and 60 cm.
for a long time.
(iv) Move the jockey gently on the wire and do not keep the jockey and the wire in contact
)Thejockey
() should be held perpendicular to wire ofmetre bridge.
(vi) All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
(vi)
SOURCES OF ERROR
The screws ofthe instruments may be loose.
clean and tight.
) The keys of the resistance box may not be
thick throughout.
ii) The wire may not be uniformly