cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PH

(b) Theoryy
Cm,
Resistance. Let balancing length AD
=
For
then
DC= (100-) cm.
AS the metre bridge wire AC has uniform materia
dens area of cross section, its resistance is proportiona
to
its length. Hence, AB and BC are the ratio arms and tne
resistances correspond to resistances P and , respectiveiy
For a balanced Wheatstone bridge, the reading in gal
vanometer is zero, and

From Fig. 3.05,

AB = P= R = resistance from resistance box
BC = X= unknown resistance (Q) Key
AD =l = balancing length on meter bridge wire Fig. 3.05. Wheatstone
= R bridge network.
DC = 100-l =S

.
X 100-1

X=100-)R
..(1) (working formula for unknown
resistance
pecific Resistance. From resistance formula,

X=P or p-
L
ength L and of radius r or diameter D = 2r,
A = r= TD
4

XrD"
L

EXPERIMENT 1
Todeternmine resistance per omof a
differeneg Ee given wire.by plotting graph a of pole

7a
Nbemene Huaistiyit, e tao tML wvws
APPARATUS r
pritlal jenne vessus eurvut
A wire, voltmeter (0-3)V and
a
resis liminator), rheostat, metre scale, an
a
a ammeter (0-3) A of appropriate ran
piece of sand paper. one-way key, connecting wires
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MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE 47

THEORY
According to the Ohm's law, the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the
potential difference across its ends, provided the physical conditions
(temperature, dimens1ons, pressure, ete.) of the conductor remains the same. IfT be the current
flowing through a conductor and V be the potential difference across its ends, then according to
Ohm's Law,
I«V
V1 or V= RI
where, R is the constant of
proportionality. It is known as resistance of the
conductor.
Working formula
As RP P
R depends upon the nature
of material, temperature and
potential difference V is measured in volt dimensions
In SI units, the of the conductor.
the resistance R is measured in and the current I in ampere,
ohm.
(1) To
establish
remains constant
the current-voltage relationship, it is to be shown that the ratio VIL
tor a given resistance.
(V) and the current ) must Therefore, a graph between the potential ditference
be a
straight line.

(2) The constant ratio gives unknown value of resistance,

V
R

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Battery

HH Rheostat

Unknown resistance
wie
w

Fig. Circuit diagram.

PROCEDURE
1.
Arrange the apparatus in the same manner
2. Clean the ends of the
as
given in the
arrangement diagram.
connecting wires with sand paper to remove the insulations, if
any.
3. Make neat, clean and
tight connections according to the cireuit
ing connections ensure that +ve marked
terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are
diagram. While mak-
Joined towards the +ve terminal of the
4. Determine the least battery.
5. Insert the
count of voltmeter
and ammeter, and also note the
zero error, if any.
key K, slide the rheostat contact and see that
working properly. ammeter and voltmeter are
REDMI NOTE 6 PRO
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 48
MPREHENSIVE PHACTICAL P
measurable
that a
6. Adjust the sliding contact of the
rheostat such current
nrough the resistance coil or the resistane voitmeter and cur
V from
the value of potential
difference urrent
own
ammeter. that both
ammeter and voltmeto.
eter sh
. Shift contact slightly so

divie: rheostat
in fraction.
divisions readings and not voltmeter and ammeer
ecord the readings of the
eps:
e battery eliminator, follow these
In case of
knob at 2 V in battery eliminator and put the constant
pont in
rher
the a n e e r,
POSition. Now record the reading in voltmeter and
NEU
without10disturbing the rheostat, turn the knob of battery
to
difterent voltaps
,0,8, and 12 Volts and record corresponding readings voneter and am

10. Take at least five sets of independent observatioms

uitst the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals, stretch
it a
length by the metre scale.
12. Record your observations.

Rheostat

One-way
Key

E
Battery eliminator
or Battery

Reslstance wire

ww

wwdudunlryg
Ammeter V

Voltmeter
Fig Arrangement diagram.
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MEAD
OBSERVATIONS

1. Length
resistance wire l=..
Length of the

2. Range
ammeter = ..-SUUA
Range ofthe given =..O-SUUV
Range ofthe given voltmeter
3. L e a s t c o u n t

Leastcount of ammeter=.. Vmv,

..
Leastcount of voltmeter
=

Zero error

Zero error in ammeter, e, = ..

=F
NH
Zero error in voltmeter, e2
5. Zero c o r r e c t i o n

Zero correction for ammeter, c, > e = . .

Zerocorrection for voltmeter, c =

.
Table for Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings

Ammeter Reading 1A Voltmeter Reading V(V)

Serial No. of
Observed Corrected (Ohm)
Obs. Observeed Corrected
T=l%+C V=Vo+C2 (4)
() (2a) (26) (3a) (36)

1 50 *****

2. *****
2..D
3.
150 3.
2.0O
*****
******

Mean value of resistance, R =.... ohms.

CALCULATIONS
Find the ratio of V and I for each set of observations.
potential difference V (column 36) and current I (column 26),
2.Plot a graph between
taking V along X-axis and I along Y-axis. The graph comes to be a straight line.
rom the graph, the resistance can be caleulated.
AB
In AABC,
tan CB A AV .)
 0

cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTI

cot AV
But, R=-
AV
A
R = cot

R .
raph between Potential Difference and. current
Scale
axis:1 cm=0.5 Vof potential diference
-axis 1 cm= 0.25
mA of Curret

Polental difference ( in volts

Fig. Graph between potential difference
and current. It is a straight line.
A
3. Constant ratio 7 gives resistance of the wire. AS

4.
Resistan
Resistanee of the wire per cm
m
Q em
RESULT
LAtuon
() Resistancee per cm of the wire is.. A cm- Raiativu9
(ü) The graph between V and I 18 a straight line.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

hick copper wires should pe used tor the connections after removing
tions near their ends by rubbing with sand p a p e r ,
3. Voltmeter and ammeter shoula De of proper range.

4.. A
5 low
The
resistance rhe0stat should be used.
key shoula be inserted only while taking observations to avoid he

usesistance
(otherwise will increase).
6. The
tanceelectric current
tance through resistance wire should not be very high, s
current
h e a t i n g effect ot
7, The
heating switch should be open when you are not taking 5tliazs,19
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE 51

sOURCES OF ERROR

1. The instrument screws may be loose.

2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.
3. Rheostat may have high resistance
EXPERIMENT2

Tefind resistance of a giren twire using metre bridge and hence determine the
pesistivity (speeifie reststaneeo en uvu
weL /taneand
/St
YesislDMeR

I ivem
APPARATUS aino m tp
Ametre bridge (slide wire bridge), a Leclanche cell (Battery eliminator), a galvanometer,
resistance box, a jockey, a one way key, a resistance wire, a screw gauge, a metre scale, a set
square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

THEORY
() The unknown resistance X is given by,

X-00 xR
where R is known resistance placed in the left gap and unknown resistance X in the right gap
of metre bridge. I cm is the length of metre bridge wire trom zero end upto balance point,
HOA ) Specific resistance (p) of the material of the given wire is given by,

P XtD
4L
where, L is the length and D is the diameter of the given wire.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Known resistance Unknown resistance

W
Resistance
DOX B

ZZRZZZA
Galvanometer
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LLLLLLlalaaalaualulaalualaualuulauladaululualu

(100-)-

Leclanche cell (Battery eliminator)

Fig. Cireuit diagram-Metre bridge.
OREDMI TI
NOTE
 2
cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYS
PROCEDURE
For Resistance
Arange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
.
onnect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be deternmined in the
rig
W e e n C and B. Take care that no part of the wire 1orms a lo0p.

onnect
Make
resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and
B
4. all the other
connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
. Take out some resistance (say 2 ohm) from the resistance box, plug the
. ouch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the key k
Note thedeflections in the galvanometer. If bridge
the
OPposite directions, the connections are correct.galvanometer shows deflectin
If the detlection
then there some fault in the circuit.
is one
side
is

rectify the fault. Check take help your teacher

or of
8.
Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to
gives zero deflection. The point where the right till galvano
point D. jockey touching the
1s
9. wire is
Choose an
appropriate value
of R from the resistance bOx such that
deflection in the
galvanometer
(L.e, between 45 cm when the jockey is there
to 55 cm). nearly in the middle of
10. Note the
position of point D (with the
AD = . help of a set square) to know
11. Take balancing len
at least four sets
of
observations in the
n
steps. same way by changing the
12. Record
your observations. value

Cell or battery
Battery eliminator or eliminator One-way key
Leclanche cell

Resistance box

7 Unknown
wwwir

LLLluLulm 50 60
7080 90 100
mnnnnInnLiuiluy
Scale nliuukuuluulh
lhulunluunA
C
Bridge wire

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Galvanometer 2022/5/19
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE 53

For Specific Resistance

13. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals, stretch it and
find its length by using a metre scale
14. Measure the diameter of the wire at least at four places, in two mutualy perpen
dicular directions at each place with the help of screw
gauge
15. Record your observations as given in tables
OBSERVATIONS

1. Length of given wre, L = . Cm.

2. Table for unknown resistance A)

Serial No. of Resistance from the Length AB =1 Length Unknown res

Obs. resistance box X=R00
(cmy BC = (100--
(em) (ohm)
(ohm)
1) 2) 3)

2- 5
y10.N
4

3. Least count of the screw gauge

Pitch of screw gauge.mm

Total of divisions the circeular
no. on
scale =.
LC. of the given screw gauge
Piteh
No. of divisions on the circular scale
***

Zero erTor e =.ses 111

Zerocorrection, c = - e = ... mm

4 Table for diameter (D) of the wire

Serial No.Linear Scale Circular Seale Reading Observed diameter Corrected

of Obs. Reading N No. of circular Value D,=N+nx L.C diameter
x (L.C) (mim)
(mm) scale divtsiO
D=D,+e
on reference (mm) (mm)
line (n,

( 2 (Ja) (36) (4)

(a)
a
2
a D ta
O (6) D, (0)
. (a) (a)= D, (a)
(6)
6)= D, 6)
(a)
.

(6)
D, (a)= D,(a)
D,(6)= D6)=
 cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYS
54

CALCULATIONS
1. Calculation for X
position of D, find l cm and write in
column 3 of Table 1.
Om
2. Find length (100-) cm and write in column 4.

3. Caleulate X and write in column 5.

Mean X-+A +Xg +X ohm

(2.Calculation for D
D,(6)
Mean corrected diameter D,a)+ D, (6) +...+D, (a) +
neea
mm . Cm

(3) Calculation for Specific Resistance

Specific resistance of the material of the
given wire,
p-X TD
4L
ohm-cm
ohm-m
Standard value of the specific resistance of the materiäl of the given wire if given
Po ohm-m
Percentage error PPo100
Po
0 .

RESULT
1. The value of unknown
2-Thespeeifie resistance resistance, X =

of the
3. Percentage error = material of the given wire=
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be
neat, clean and
resistance box should tight.
2. All the
plugs in the
3. Move the
jockey gently over the bridge be tight.
4. The plug in
key K should be inserted wire and do not rub it.
5. Null point should be only when the
6. Set square should be
brought between 45 em and 55 em. observations are to be tak
used to
place, diameter or wire note
7. At one null point
to avoid error of
directions. snould De
measured in parallax.
8. The wire should not
make a loop.
two mutually perpenu
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The instrument serews may be
2. The plugs may not be clean. loose.
3. The wire may not have
uniform thickness
4. The screw gauge may nave
taults like back
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MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE 55

EXPERIMENT 3

To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge

APPARATUS

A metre bridge, a Leclanche cell (battery eliminator), a galvanometer,

a jockey, two resistance wires or two resistance coils known resistances, a set square, sand
a resistance box,

paper and connecting wires

THEORY

( The resistance (r) of a resistance wire or coil is given by, r= x R

where R is the resistance from the resistance box in the left

gap and l is the length of the metre
bridge wire from zero end
upto balance point.
(i) When two resistances
r, and r, are connected in series, then their combined resistance,
R,=ita
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
) In series

w ww

(100-)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0
RILulunliuuhinliilinlinluiliulunlinluyluuilhunluulunluuluulunluu

-
Fig Series combination of resistances.
(iü) Resistances in series

2
w w
Fig. Resistances in series.
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56 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSice
YSICS
PROCEDURE
1. Mark the two
resistance coils as r, and ra
2. To findr and ra proceed same way as in Experiment 1. (dt r and T2 are not kne
8. 0W
Connect the two coils r and r in series as shown in figure in the right gap ofm
bridge and find the resistance of this combination. Take at least three sets of ob h
vations.
4. Record your observations as follows.
OBSERVATIONS
Table for length () and unknown resistance )
Resistance Serial Resistance
Resistance Length Length Mean
coil No. of from the
AD T DC=100-1r xRresistanee
Obs. resistanoe (cm) (cm) (ohm)
box
(ohm)
( (2) 3) 6) (7)
T only 1.

T1

2 Oniy
2.

and r
T in .
series
2 R,=

CALCULATIONS
1. Calculation for r, only, ra only, r and r,
Same as in Experiment 1. in series.
2. Calculation for verification
Experimental value of R, . .
of laws
Theoretical value of R,
Difference (if any)
r1+2
RESULT
Within limits of
experimental error,
Hence, law of resistances in series is verified. experimental and theoretical values of R, are
PRECAUTIONS
Same as given in Experiment 1.

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MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE

EXPERIMENT 4

To verify the laus of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.

APPARATUS

A cell
metre bridge, Leclanche
a
(battery eliminator), galvanometer, resistance box
a a
a jockey, two resistance wires or two resistance coils known resistances, a set square, sand
paper and connecting wires.
THEORY

) The resistance (P) of a resistance wire orcoil is given by, r = xR

R resistance
where is the from the resistance box in the left gap and l is the length of the metre
bridge wire from zero end up to balance point.
(i) When r and r, are connected in parallel, then their combined resistance,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

I n parallel

ww
ww
TITTTY ZZZT
(100- )
10 0
50 6070 80 90 100
Lluliunliuulunluulhunluulunlunlunluyliunliunlunlhuulunhiunluuluu

Fig. Parallel combination of resistances.

(ii) Resistances in parallel

Fig. Resistances in
parallel.
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 s8 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSics
PROCEDURE
1. Mark the two
resistance coils as r, andT
1 0 ind, and r, proceedsame way as in Experiment 1. dfr, and r, are not kno
3. Connect the two coils
r, and r, in parallel as shown in figure in the right gap of me
Dridge and find the resistance of this combination. Take at least three sets of o
vations.
4. Record your
observations.
OBSERVATIONS
Table for
length () and unknown resistance )
Resistance Serial Resistance
coil No. of
Length Length Resistance Mean
from the AD DC = 100 200 xR resistance
Obser
esistance cm em
Daton
bo
R (ohm)
(ohm)

i only

Ta only

1 and r
in parallel

CALCULATIONS
Calculation for
verification of
Experimental value of R= laws
Theoretical value of R.=2
1

Difference (if any)

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MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE 59

RESULT
Within limits of experimental error, experimental and theoretical values of R, are same.
Hence, law of resistances in parallel is verified.

PRECAUTIONS

Same as in Experiment1.

VIVA VOCE
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Q.1. State Ohm's Law.
Ans. Ohm's law states that the electric current I
flowing through a
conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (voltage) V
across its ends (provided that the
physical conditionstemperature, pressure and dimensions of the conductor remain
same).

Q.2 Give mathematical form of Ohm's law.

Ans. Mathematical form of Ohm's law is, V= RI.
Q3. Define resistance.
Ans. The constant ratio of potential difference V across the ends of a conductor to the current
I flowing through it, is called resistance of the conductor. Itis represented by the symbol R.

ie, R
94.
What Ohmic and non-ohmie resistances?
are
Ans. Resistances which obey Ohm's law, are called ohmic resistances eg, metals like Cu, Al,
Ag, etc. at low temperature.

Resistances which do not obey Ohm's law are called non-ohmic resistances e-g, diodes
and transistors.
95. Give common examples of non-ohmic resistances.
Ans. Vacuum tube diodes, semi-conduetor diodes and transistors are non-ohmie resistances.

.6. What is effect of temperature on the resistance of a conduetor?

Ans. The resistance of the conductors increases with inerease in temperature.
R= R, [1+ adTI
substances whose resistance deereases with inerease in
97. Name
emperature.
some

Ans. Resistance of semi-conductors (Si, Ge) decreases with inerease in temperature.

8 . How do you conclude that the conductor used in experiment obeyed Ohm's
law?
Ans. It is done by two results :

(i) The ratio of voltmeter reading (V) and the corresponding ammeter reading ) comes
out to be constant.

(ii) Apraph between and 1s a straight line

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