ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

MEASUREMENTS
Sub Code: EE36
Credits: 3:0:0
Faculty Name: Narsimpur Tushar S
Contact No: 9916942948
Syllabus
Unit I
■ Review of fundamental and derived units, SI units,
Dimensional equation.
■ Standards. Requirements of instruments, Definition of
Accuracy & Precision and resolution.
■ DC Bridges: Wheatstone bridge, Limitations, Kelvin double
bridge.
■ AC Bridges: Maxwell’s Bridge, Anderson Bridge & Schering
Bridge
Syllabus
Unit II
■ Introduction to Ammeter and Voltmeter, Extension of
Instrument Ranges - shunt & multipliers.
■ Instrument Transformers: Construction & theory of Instrument
transformer, Ratio and phase angle error of CT and PT,
Silsbee’s method of testing CT, Difference between CT and PT,
means to reduce error in CT & PT.
Syllabus
Unit III
■ Construction and operation of electrodynamometer single phase
PF meter
■ Weston frequency meter and phase sequence indicator.
■ Introduction to electronic Instrumentation & ADC, True RMS
responding voltmeter, Digital voltmeters (DVM)
– Ramp type DVM,
– Integrating type DVM
– Successive - approximation DVM,
 Q-meter
 Electronic Multi-meter.
Syllabus
Unit IV
■ Wattmeter: Construction and theory of electrodynamometer
wattmeter, Errors, LPF wattmeter.
■ Induction type energy meter: Construction, Theory, Errors,
adjustments and calibration, Principle of electronic energy
meter
Syllabus
Unit V
■ Classification and Selection of Transducers, Strain Gauge,
LVDT, RTD, Thermistors, Thermocouples.
■ Introduction to Data Acquisition Systems, Components of
Digital and Analog Data Acquisition Systems.
■ Text Books:
1. A.K.Sawhney, Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, Dhanpat
Rai& Sons, 9th Edition.
2. David A Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, PHI, 2nd Edition. 21
■ Reference Books
1. Golding and Widdies, Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments, Wheeler
Publications, 5th Edition.
2. Harris, Electrical Measurements, John Wiley, 2nd Edition.
Course Outcomes
After completion of this course the students will be able to:
1. Derive units of any physical parameters based on the equations governing that
physical parameter. (PO –1) (PSO-1)
2. Find the values of Unknown Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance by using
different methods. (PO – 1) (PSO-1)
3. Measure Current and Voltage using Instrument transformers. (PO –1) (PSO-1)
4. Determine the accuracy of measuring instruments. (PO – 1,4,12) (PSO-1)
5. Decide the type of transducer and measuring devices to be selected for any
particular process. (PO -1,7,12) (PSO-3)
Evaluation

■ CIE—50 Marks ■ SEE-100 Marks

T1- 30 Marks Reduced to 50 Marks
T2- 30 Marks Two Questions are asked from each
unit(Total 5 Units).
A1-10 Marks
Student is supposed to attempt any one
MCQ-10 Marks
question.
Total-50 Marks
Each Question is for 20 Marks

Total= CIE + SEE

Grade is calculated based on the total
UNIT
■ The result of a measurement of a physical quantity must be defined both in kind and
magnitude. The standard measure of each kind of physical quantity is called a Unit
Magnitude of a physical quantity= Numerical ratio X Unit
 Fundamental units Physical quantities independent of each other
Length(m), mass(kg), time(s), temperature(k), electric current(A), Luminous
Intensity(Cd), Amount of substance(mole)
 Derived Units- Derived from fundamental units
Dimension

■ Every quantity has a quality which distinguishes it from all other quantities. This
unique quality is called Dimension

■ Length - [L] Mass - [M] Time- [T]

Dimensions of Mechanical Quantities
distance [L]
Velocity = v = = [LT −1 ]
time [T]
velocity [LT −1 ]
Acceleration= a = = [LT −2 ]
time [T]
Force= mass x acceleration F = M LT −2 = [MLT −2 ]

Work= force x distance W = MLT −2 [L] = [ML2 T −2 ]

work [ML2 T −2 ]
Power = P = = [ML2 T −3 ]
time [T]
Energy= Power x time E = [ML2 T −3 ][T] = [ML2 T −2 ]

Momentum= Mass x velocity m = [M][LT −1 ] = [MLT −1 ]

Torque= force x distance T = MLT −2 [L] = [ML2 T −2 ]

Dimensions in Electrostatic Systems
Charge: Current:
■ Coulomb’s Law
𝑄
Q1 Q 2 𝐼=
F= 𝑇
4𝜋ϵd2 1 1 3
−2
Q [Q] [ϵ2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
[MLT ] = [I] =
[ϵ][L2 ] [T]
Q2 = [ϵ1 M1 L3 T −2 ]
Dimensions of Current:
Dimensions of Charge 1 1 3
1 1 3 I = [ϵ2 M2 L2 T −2 ]
Q = [ϵ2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
Dimensions in Electrostatic Systems
Potential Difference or EMF: Capacitance:
W 𝑄
[E]= C=
Q 𝐸 1 1 3
[ϵ2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
M L2 T −2 [C] = −1 1 1
[E] = 1 1 3 [ϵ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
[ϵ2 M 2 L2 T −1 ]
−1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1
+2 −2 −2
E = 1− 2−
[ϵ 2 M 2 L 2 T −2+1 ] C = [ϵ2 M 2 L2 T −1+1 ]
Dimensions of EMF Dimensions of Capacitance:
−1 1 1
C = [ϵL]
E = [ϵ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
Dimensions in Electrostatic Systems
Resistance: Inductance:
E 𝑒 𝐸 [𝑇]
[R]= L= 𝑑𝑖 [L]=
I [𝐼]
−1 1 1 𝑑𝑡
[ϵ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ] −1 1 1
[R] = 1 1 3 [ϵ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ] [T]
[ϵ2 M 2 L2 T −2 ] [L] = 1 1 3
−1 1 1 1 1 3 [ϵ2 M 2 L2 T −2 ]
R = [ϵ 2 2 M 2 −2 L2 −2
−
T −1+2 ] −1 1 1 1 1 3
L = [ϵ 2 2 M 2 −2 L2 −2
−
T −1+1+2 ]
Dimensions of Resistance
Dimensions of Inductance:
R = [ϵ−1 L−1 T1 ]
L = [ϵ−1 L−1 T 2 ]
Dimensions in Electromagnetic Systems
Pole Strength: Magnetizing Force:
m1 m2 [𝐹]
F= [H]=
μd2 [𝑚]

−2
𝑚 [𝑚] [MLT −2 ]
[𝑀𝐿𝑇 ] = [H] = 1 1 3
[𝜇][𝐿2 ] [μ2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
m2 = [ μ1 M1 L3 T −2 ] 0−
1
1−
1
1−
3
H = [μ 2 M 2 L 2 T −2+1 ]
Dimensions of Pole Strength
Dimensions of Magnetizing Force:
1 1 3
−1 −1 1 −1
m = [μ2 M2 L2 T ] H = [μ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
Dimensions in Electromagnetic Systems
Current: Charge:
2πI
H= [Q]=[I] [T]
r
−1 1 −1
−1
I −1 1 1
[μ 2 M2 L2 T ]= [Q] = [μ 2 M L T −1 ] [T]
2 2
[L]
−1 1 1
−1 1 −1
Q = [μ 2 M2 L2 T −1+1 ]
I =[μ M L 2 2 2 T −1 ][L]
Dimensions of current Dimensions of charge:
−1 1 1
−1 −1 1 1
I = [μ 2 M2 L2 T ] Q = [μ 2 M2 L2 ]
Dimensions in Electromagnetic Systems
Potential Difference: Capacitance:
[W] [Q]
[E] = [C]=
[Q] [E]
−1 1 1
[ML2 T −2 ] [μ 2 M2 L2 ]
[E] = −1 1 1 [C] = 1 1 3
[μ 2 M 2 L2 ] [μ2 M 2 L2 T −2 ]
1 1 1
1− 2−2 −1 1 1 1 1 3
E =[ μ2 M 2 L T −2 ] C = [μ 2 − 2 M 2 −2 2 −2
L T 0+2 ]
Dimensions of Potential Difference:
1 1 3 Dimensions of Capacitance:
E = [μ2 M2 L2 T −2 ] C = [μ−1 L−1 T 2 ]
Dimensions in Electromagnetic Systems
Resistance: Inductance:
e E [T]
[E] L= di [L]=
[R] = [I]
[I] dt
1 1 3 1 1 3
[μ2 M2 L2 T −2 ] μ2 M2 L2 T −2 [T]
[R] = −1 1 1
[L] = −1 1 1
[μ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ] [μ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
R =[ μ2+2 M 2−2 L2−2 T −2+1 ] L = [μ 2+2 M 2−2 L2−2
T −2+1+1 ]
Dimensions of Resistance: Dimensions of Inductance:
1 1
R = [μ L T −1
] L = [μ1 L1 ]
Dimensions in LMTI Systems
Potential Difference: Magnetic Flux Density:
φ
[W] B= dφ
[E] = A E = N
dt
[Q] E [T]
[ML2 T −2 ] [B]=
[A]
[E] = I −1 M1 L2
T −3 [T]
[IT]
[B] =
[L2 ]
E = [I −1 M1 L2 T −2−1 ] B = [I −1 M1 L2−2 T −3+1 ]
Dimensions of Potential Difference:
Dimensions of Magnetic Flux Density:
E = [I −1 M1 L2 T −3 ]
B = [I −1 M1 T −2 ]
Dimensions in LMTI Systems
Electric Flux Density: Current Density:
[Q] I
[D] = J=
A
[A] I
[IT] [J]=
[A]
[D] = 2
[𝐿 ] [I]
[J] = 2
Dimensions of Electric Flux Density:
[L ]
Dimensions of Current Density:
D = [I L−2 T1 ]
J = [I1 L−2 ]
Dimensions in LMTI Systems
Permeability:
Flux = B X A S = [𝐼2 𝑀−1 L−2 T 2 ]
[φ] =[B] [A] length
Reluctance=
permeability X area
[φ] = [I −1 M1 T −2 ][L2 ]
length
[φ] = [I −1 M1 L2 T −2 ] Permeability=
Reluctance X area
MMF = turns X current [L]
MMF μ = 2 −1 −2 2 2
Reluctance= [I M L T ][L ]
Flux
[I] μ = [I 0−2 M0+1 L1+2−2 T 0−2 ]
S = −1 1 2 −2
[I M L T ] Dimensions of Permeability:

S = [I1+1 M 0−1 L0−2 T 2 ] μ = I −2 M1 L1 T −2 ]

Dimensions in LMTI Systems
Permittivity:
Q1 Q 2
F=
ϵd2
Q1 Q 2
ϵ =
Fd2
[IT][IT]
[∈] =
[MLT −2 ][L2 ]
∈ = [ I1+1 M 0−1 L0−(1+2) T 2+2 ]
Dimensions of Permittivity:
∈ = [ I 2 M −1 L−3 T 4 ]
Dimensions in LMTI Systems
Resistivity:
[E] I −2 M1 L2 T −3 [L2 ]
[R] = [ρ] =
[I] [L]
[I −1 M1 L2 T −3 ]
[R] = ρ = [ I −2 M1 L2+2−1 T −3 ]
[𝐼]
R = [ I −1−1 M1−0 L2−0 T −3−0 ] Dimensions of Resistivity:

R =[ I −2 M1 L2 T −3 ] ρ = [ I −2 M1 L3 T −3 ]
Resistivity X Leng𝑡ℎ
Resistance=
area
Resistance X area
Resistivity=
Length
In deriving expression for resistance in Hay’s Bridge, the following expression is
obtained:
ω2 R1 R 2 R 3 C2
R=
1 + ω2 CR22
where R, R1 , R 2 , R 3 are resistances, C a capacitance and ω = 2πf, where f is frequency.

Find out whether the expression is dimensionally correct or incorrect. In case there is
an error point out the term which needs correction

Dimensions of various terms in em system:

R = [μ1 L1 T −1 ] C = [μ−1 L−1 T 2 ] ω = [T −1 ]

ω2 R1 R2 R3 C2
RHS =
1+ω2 CR22
[𝑇 −2 ][μ1 L1 T−1 ][μ1 L1 T−1 ][μ1 L1 T−1 ][μ−1 L−1 T2 ]2
RHS =
1+[T−1 ]2 [μ−1 L−1 T2 ][μ1 L1 T−1 ] 2
[μ1+1+1−2 L1+1+1−2 T−2−1−1−1+4 ] [μ1 L1 T −1 ]
RHS = =
1+ [μ−1+2 L−1+2 T−2+2−2 ] 1 + [μ1 L1 T −2 ]
 [μ1 L1 T −1 ]
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = LHS R = [μ1 L1 T −1 ]
1 + [μ1 L1 T −2 ]
■ Thus the given equation is dimensionally incorrect
■ To make LHS = RHS dimensionally,
■ we have to multiply the second term in denominator with [μ−1 L−1 T 2 ], which is
dimension of capacitance
1 1 −1
[μ L T ]
𝑅𝐻𝑆 =
1 + [μ1 L1 T −2 ][μ−1 L−1 T 2 ]
[μ1 L1 T −1 ] [μ1 L1 T −1 ]
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 1−1 1−1 −2+2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 =
1 + [μ L T ] 1+1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [μ1 L1 T −1 ] ω2 R 1 R 2 R 3 C 2
R=
1 + ω2 𝐶 2 R22
In the course of calculation an expression of the following form was arrived at
1 jωM 1 C
I = E{ + + }
Z1 Z2 R L
Show that there must be an algebraic error and point out the term or terms which required
correction.
Dimensions of various terms in em system:
−1 1 1
I = [μ 2 M2 L2 T −1 ]
1 1 3
E = [μ2 M2 L2 T −2 ]

[Z]= R = [μ1 L1 T −1 ]

C = [μ−1 L−1 T 2 ]
[M]= L = [μ1 L1 ] ω = [T −1 ]
 1 𝑗𝜔𝑀 1 𝐶
RHS = E{ + + }
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑅 𝐿

1 1 3
−2 1 T−1 μ1 L1 1
RHS = μ M L T
2 2 2 { + ቀ +
μ1 L1 T−1 μ1 L1 T−1 μ1 L1 T−1

1 1 3
−1 −1
RHS = μ 2 M L 2 2 T −2+1 +
1 1 3 1 1 3
−1 −1 −1−1 −1−1
μ2 M L
2 2 T −2+1 + μ 2 M L
2 2 T −2+2
−1 1 1 −1 1 1 −3 1 −1
RHS = μ 2 M L T −1 + μ
2 2 2 M L T −1 + μ
2 2 2 M L
2 2
 −1 1 1 −1 1 1 −3 1 −1
RHS = μ 2 M L T −1 + μ
2 2 2 M L T −1 + μ
2 2 2 M L
2 2

−1 1 1
LHS= [μ 2 M L T −1 ]
2 2

−3 1 −1 −1 1 1
AX μ 2 M L
2 2 = [μ 2 M L T −1 ]
2 2

−1 1 1
[μ 2 M2 L2 T−1 ]
A= −3 1 −1
μ 2 M2 L 2

−1 3 1 1 1 1
+ − + )
A = [μ 2 2 M 2 2 L 2 2 T −1 ] A = [μ1 L1 T −1 ]
■ Therefore, the last term of right hand side, C/L. should be
multiplied by a term having the dimensions of either resistance or
1 jωM 1 C
impedance. I = E{ + + }
Z1 Z2 R L
The expression for mean torque of an electrodynamometer type of
wattmeter may be written as :
𝑇𝛼𝑀𝑝 𝐸 𝑞 𝑍 𝑡
where M =mutual inductance between fixed and moving coils,
E =.applied voltage, Z=impedance of load circuit.
Determine the values of p, q, t from the dimensions of the quantities

■ 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑋 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑇 = 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 [L] 𝑇 = 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2

1 1 3
M = [μ1 L1 ] E = [μ2 M2 L2 T −2 ]
Z = [μ1 L1 T −1 ]
1 1 3
𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 =[μ1 L1 ]𝑝 [μ M L T −2 ]𝑞 [μ1 L1 T −1 ]𝑡
2 2 2
 1 1 3
𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 =[μ1 L1 ]𝑝 [μ M L T −2 ]𝑞 [μ1 L1 T −1 ]𝑡
2 2 2

𝑞 𝑞 3𝑞
p+2+𝑡 𝑝+ 2 +𝑡 −2𝑞−𝑡
𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 = [μ M L
2 T ]
From the above equation
𝑞 𝑞 3𝑞
p + + 𝑡 =0 =1 p + + 𝑡 =2 −2q − t =-2
2 2 2

q=2 t =-2 p =1
The expression for eddy current loss W per metre length of
wire may be written as
𝑊𝛼𝑓 𝑎 𝐵𝑚 𝑏 𝑑𝑐 𝜌 𝑔
where f =frequency in Hz, Bm =maximum flux density,
d =diameter of wire, 𝜌 =resistivity of material and a, b, c and g
are constants.
Determine the values of a, b, c, g from the dimensions of
quantities involved. Length L, mass M, time T and current I
may be taken as fundamental quantities. Derive the
dimensions of each quantity from fundamentals. Do not
reproduce the dimensions from memory.
W= Power Loss per unit length
[W]=
[ML2 T−3 ] [W]= [ML1 T −3 ] f = 𝑇 −1
[𝐿]

EMF= Work done per unit charge

[ML2 T−2 ]
[E]= [E]= [𝐼 −1 ML2 T −3 ]
I [T]

Flux= EMF X Time [𝜑]= 𝐼 −1 ML2 T −3 [T] [𝜑]= 𝐼 −1 ML2 T −2

Flux density = Flux per unit area [𝐵𝑚 ]=

𝐼 −1 ML2 T−2 [𝐵𝑚 ]= 𝐼 −1 MT −2
[𝐿2 ]
d= 𝐿
EMF [𝐼 −1 ML2 T−3 ] [R]= [𝐼 −2 ML2 T −3 ]
Resistance = [R]=
Current I
 Resistivity x length Resistance x area
Resistance = Resistivity =
area length
R [𝐿2 ] −2 2 −3
[𝐼 ML T ][L ] 2
[𝜌]= [𝜌]= [𝜌]= [𝐼 −2 ML3 T −3 ]
L L

𝑊𝛼𝑓 𝑎 𝐵𝑚
𝑏 𝑐 𝑔
𝑑 𝜌
ML1 T −3 = 𝑇 −1 𝑎 𝐼 −1 MT −2 𝑏 [𝐿]𝑐 [𝐼 −2 ML3 T −3 ] 𝑔
ML1 T −3 = 𝐼 −𝑏−2𝑔 𝑀 𝑏+𝑔 [𝐿]𝑐+3𝑔 [T]−𝑎−2𝑏−3𝑔

-b-2g=0 b+g=1 c+3g=1 -a-2b-3g=-3

b=-2g g=-1 b=2 c=4 a=2

 1
Show that the has the dimensions of
𝜀𝜇
velocity
■ Dimensions of Charge in
1 1 3
Q = [ϵ M L T −1 ] in es system
2 2 2

−1 1 1
Q = [μ 2 M L ] in em system
2 2

1 1 3 −1 1 1
[ϵ M L T −1 ] = [μ
2 2 2 2 M L]
2 2

−1 −1
[L1 T −1 ] = [μ ϵ ] 2 2
Advantages of Dimensions Disadvantages of
Analysis Dimensions Analysis
■ To convert a physical quantity from ■ The value of dimensionless
one system of units to another. constants cannot be determined by
this method.
■ check the dimensional correctness
of a given equation. ■ This method cannot be applied to
equations involving exponential and
■ establish a relationship between
trigonometric functions.
different physical quantities in an
equation. ■ It can check only whether a physical
relation is dimensionally correct or
■ To determine the dimensions of
not. It cannot tell whether the
unknown quantities.
relation is absolutely correct or not.
Thank you