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    6 - Excavation Equipment-Loader

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    BVS NAGABABU
    This document discusses loaders (tractor shovels) used for excavation and construction. It describes the different types of loaders, including crawler-tractor-mounted, straight wheel, and articulated wheel loaders. It provides details on loader uses, operation methods, bucket capacities, fill factors, operating loads, productivity factors, and cycle times. The document concludes with examples calculating hourly production rates using different loader productivity models, including the general output model and graphs.

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    6 - Excavation Equipment-Loader

    Uploaded by

    BVS NAGABABU
    65 views30 pages
    This document discusses loaders (tractor shovels) used for excavation and construction. It describes the different types of loaders, including crawler-tractor-mounted, straight wheel, and articulated wheel loaders. It provides details on loader uses, operation methods, bucket capacities, fill factors, operating loads, productivity factors, and cycle times. The document concludes with examples calculating hourly production rates using different loader productivity models, including the general output model and graphs.

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    This document discusses loaders (tractor shovels) used for excavation and construction. It describes the different types of loaders, including crawler-tractor-mounted, straight wheel, and articulated wheel loaders. It provides details on loader uses, operation methods, bucket capacities, fill factors, operating loads, productivity factors, and cycle times. The document concludes with examples calculating hourly production rates using different loader productivity models, including the general output model and graphs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    65 views30 pages

    6 - Excavation Equipment-Loader

    Uploaded by

    BVS NAGABABU
    This document discusses loaders (tractor shovels) used for excavation and construction. It describes the different types of loaders, including crawler-tractor-mounted, straight wheel, and articulated wheel loaders. It provides details on loader uses, operation methods, bucket capacities, fill factors, operating loads, productivity factors, and cycle times. The document concludes with examples calculating hourly production rates using different loader productivity models, including the general output model and graphs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport

    College of Engineering & Technology


    Construction & Building Engineering

    CB 524
    Methods and Equipment for Construction 2
    Excavation Equipment

    Instructor: Ahmed Elyamany


    Spring, 2015

    Courtesy of Dr. Ahmed Alhady


    LOADERS (TRACTOR SHOVEL)

    •It is called tractor shovel, scoop loader,


    frontend loader, bucket loader, or tractor
    loader.
    •Loaders are mainly used to handle and
    transport bulk material, such as earth or rock;
    to load trucks from stock piles; to excavate
    earth; and to charge aggregate bins at asphalt
    and concrete plants.

    2
    LOADERS (TRACTOR SHOVEL)

    •Types of loaders:
    •Crawler-tractor-mounted loader.

    •Wheel-tractor-mounted loader:
    1. Straight type.
    2. Articulated type.

    3
    LOADERS
    CRAWLER LOADERS

    4
    LOADERS
    STRAIGHT WHEEL LOADERS

    5
    LOADERS
    ARTICULATED WHEEL LOADERS

    6
    LOADERS
    USES

    • Stockpiling materials.
    • Excavating basements for soft and
    medium hard soils only.
    • Backfilling ditches.
    • Loading hoppers and hauling units.
    • Carrying concrete to forms.
    • Lifting and moving construction
    materials. 7
    LOADERS
    OPERATION METHODS

    8
    LOADERS
    BUCKET CAPACITY
    • There are two major capacities for the
    loader bucket:
    1. Struck capacity (SC).
    2. Heaped capacity (HC).
    • Specifications for the HC dimensions
    specifies 2:1 angle of repose for the material
    above the SC load.
    • Bucket fill factor (k) for loaders adjusts the
    HC based on material type and loader type.
    • K-factor is shown in Table 8.6. 9
    LOADERS
    BUCKET FILL FACTOR

    10
    LOADERS
    OPERATING and TIPPING LOADS

    • Tipping load is the combined weight of the bucket


    and its material load before tipping occurs.
    •Operating load is 50% of tipping load for wheel-
    type loaders.
    •Operating load is 35% of tipping load for crawler-
    type loaders.
    •The combined weight of the bucket and its material
    load should not exceed the operating load.
    •Tables 8.7 and 8.8 show these specs for each type.
    11
    LOADERS
    WHEEL-TYPE LOADER OPERATING
    &TIPPING LOADS

    12
    LOADERS
    TRACK-TYPE LOADER OPERATING
    and TIPPING LOADS

    13
    LOADERS
    WHEEL-TYPE LOADER OPERATING
    SPECIFICATIONS

    14
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS

    15
    LOADERS
    CYCLE TIME

    16
    LOADERS
    CYCLE TIME

    17
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS

    • There are four models that assess loader


    productivity:
    1. General Output Model (GOM).
    2. Graphs.
    3. Rule of 9000.
    4. Nunnally’s Approach.

    18
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS

    1. GENERAL OUPUT MODEL (GOM)


    • Hourly output (cy/hr or m3/hr) =
    P = (60 *Q * f * k* f2 * t)/CT
    • Where; k = bucket fill factor (Table 8.6).
    • P = productivity in cy/hr or m3/hr.
    • Q = bucket capacity (heaped capacity) in loose cy or m3.
    • f = earth volume change conversion factor.
    • f2 = job and manage. conditions.
    • t = operating time factor.
    • CT = cycle time in minutes = CT = t0 + (d/v1) + (d/v2).
    • v1&2 = hauling & returning speeds respectively.
    • t0 = fixed time (loading, turning, dumping, and raising & lowering bucket).
    • d = distance for hauling and returning. 19
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS

    2. GRAPHS
    Assumptions of using the following graphs:
    • Bucket is filled to 90% of its heaped capacity.
    • f = 0.8 to convert from loose to bm for common earth.
    • Operating time (t) is 45 min/hr. f2 = 1.0.
    • t0 = 0.4 min (if it is not given in the problem, assume it as 0.4 min).
    • v1 = hauling speed = 62 m/min.
    • v2 = returning speed = 107 m/min.
    • v1 = hauling speed = 84 m/min.
    • v2 = 178 m/min for d ≤ 30 m or
    • v2 = 238 m/min for d > 30 m
    20
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    2. GRAPHS

    21
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    2. GRAPHS

    22
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS

    3. RULE OF 9000
    • If loader is used for stock pile loading (not excavation),
    a wheel loader operates at 100% efficiency for 2000
    hrs/yr to produce 9000 tons/yr/hp.
    • Factors to be considered in output calculation using this
    method are:
    • Time lost during spotting to allow for trucks
    positioning.
    • Job service time: to clean pit and other operations.
    • Job and management conditions (f2).
    23
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    Example 1

    The hauling distance for a wheel tractor


    mounted shovel of 5 cu yd capacity is 19
    m one way. Average operating time is 40
    minutes per hour. Use graphs to find the
    hourly output of this tractor shovel?

    24
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    Example 1

    Using the graphs:


    d = 19 m
    Q = 5 cu yd = 5 * 0.76 = 3.8 m3.
    From charts, P = 180 m3.
    According to the assumptions, these curves are
    built based on operating time of 45 min/hr. If this
    time changed to 40 min/hr, it has to be adjusted
    to fulfill this part.
    • Then, P = 180 * 40 / 45 = 160 m3.
    25
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    Example 2

    A crawler tractor mounted shovel has a heaped


    bucket capacity of 3 cy and is excavating common
    earth. Haul distance is estimated as 15 m. The
    fixed, haul and return times are 0.40 min, 0.24 min,
    and 0.14 min respectively. Take operating time as
    45 min per hour. Assume that the bucket is filled
    90% each time. Job and management efficiency is
    taken as 100%.
    What is the hourly rate of production in m3bm/hr?

    26
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    Example 2

    CT = 0.4+0.24+0.14 = 0.78 min.


    Rate of output with GOM model:
    P = (60 *(Q*f)* K*f2*t)/CT =
    = [60*(3*0.76)*0.9*1.0*0.75]/0.78 =
    = 118.4 m3 bm/hr.
    Using graphs: all the given info are the same as
    graphs assumptions, therefore,
    P = approximately 120 m3 bm/hr.

    27
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    Example 3

    A crawler tractor mounted shovel with a heaped


    bucket capacity of 2.25 cy is excavating common
    earth. The average hauling distance is 10 m. Haul
    and return speeds are 3.70 km/hr and 4.60 km/hr
    respectively. The fixed time to load, dump, turn and
    shift gears is estimated as 0.40 min per cycle.
    Assume bucket is filled to 90% capacity. Take an
    operating time of 45 min per hour and a job and
    management efficiency as 85%.
    What is the hourly output in m3bm/hr?
    28
    LOADERS
    PRODUCTIVITY MODELS
    Example 3

    CT = 0.4+(0.01*60/3.7)+(0.01*60/4.6)= 0.69min.
    Rate of output with GOM model:
    P = (60 *Q *K*f2*t)/CT =
    = [60*(2.25*0.76)*0.9*0.85*0.75]/0.69 =
    = 85.31 m3 bm/hr.
    Using graphs: all the given info are the same as
    graphs assumptions except the job and
    management conditions and speeds, therefore,
    we can not use graphs.
    29
    Thank You

    30

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