5 Excavation Equipment Shovel 2

Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport
College of Engineering & Technology

Construction & Building Engineering
CB 524
Methods and Equipment for Construction 2
Excavation Equipment:
Shovel
Spring, 2015
Instructor: Ahmed Elyamany
Courtesy of Dr. Ahmed Alhady

EXCAVATORS TYPES
•There are two types of excavators:

1- Front Shovel (power shovel):
To excavate usually in levels higher
than the ground level.
2- Back Shovel (back Hoe):
To excavate usually in levels lower
than the ground level.
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
3
EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
4
EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
•Backhoes = Back shovels = Pull

shovels= Trench hoes = Drag shovels =
Drag hoes.
•Backhoes are mainly used to excavate ditches
below the natural ground level.
•Types of hoes:
Mechanically or cable operated hoes.
Hydraulic operated hoes.
Gradall (Telescoping boom and rotating dipper hoes).
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
6
EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
USES
•Digging trenches.
•Bulk pit excavation.
•Slopping and grading work. (Gradall is
better)
•Laying pipes. (you have to check for tipping)
•Cleaning road side ditches. (Gradall is
better)
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
Operation Methods
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
Selection
The criteria to select a convenient backhoe
can be listed as follows:
•Max. digging depth required.
•Max. working radius required (digging and
dumping).
•Max. dumping height required.
•Max. digging width required.
•Hoisting capabilities: handling pipes, …etc.
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
Multipurpose Backhoe
•Backhoe is used for several purposes by changing

the attachments, such as the bucket.
•It can be used as: rock driller by attaching the
driller to its boom, earth drilling by attaching the
auger to it, …etc.
•It can be used for lifting purposes but some
precautions have to be taken:
• Hoist load < 75% of tipping load.
• Hoist load < 87% of hoe hydraulic capacity.
• Hoist load shall not exceed the machines’ structural
capabilities. 10
EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
Multipurpose Backhoe
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
Productivity Factors
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
1. BACKHOE BUCKET CAPACITY
There are two major capacities for the backhoe
bucket:
1) Struck capacity (SC).
2) Heaped capacity (HC).
• HC = 1.15 SC.
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
• BUCKET FILL FACTOR
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
• EXAMPLE 1:
•A 2 cu yd hydraulic backhoe is excavating in tough clay. What is
the excavator practical capacity in m3bm? Take the lower value
for the bucket (dipper) fill factor.
• Solution:
Based on Table 8.1, k = 0.8
Based on a given table (conversion factor),
f = 0.79 (from loose to bank measure).
Then, capacity =
2 cu yd*0.76(m3/cy)*0.79(f)*0.8(k) = 0.961 m3bm 15
EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
• OTHER FACTORS
All other factors are the same as front shovel.
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EXCAVATORS: BACKHOE
17
EXCAVATORS:
Hoes VS Front Shovel
No. Front Shovel Backhoe

Almost same production Almost same production rate
1
rate at moderate depths at moderate depths
Higher cycle time because
hoist distance is greater as
2 Low cycle time
the boom and stick must be
fully extended
Lower productivity, especially
3 Higher productivity
when the depth increases
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EXCAVATORS:
General Output Model (GOM)
Hourly output (cy/hr or m3/hr) =
P = (3600 *Q * f * k* f1 * f2 * t)/CT
Where; k = bucket fill factor (Table 8.4).
P = productivity in cy/hr or m3/hr.
Q = bucket capacity (heaped capacity) in loose cy or m3.
f = earth volume change conversion factor.
f1 = swing-depth factor.
f2 = job and management conditions.
t = operating time factor.
CT = cycle time in seconds.
19
EXCAVATORS:
Productivity Comments
•Cycle time estimation is shown in Table 8.5
that has several constraints:
•Optimum depth of cut is 30%-60% of the max.
digging depth. If actual digging depth is <30%
or >60%, then you have to adjust the factors in
the GOM model.
•Angle of swing is ranging from 30°-60°.
•Hauling trucks are at the same level as the hoe.
•Cycle time saving of 12.6% is obtained if the
hoe operates above the hauling units level.
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EXCAVATORS:
Productivity Comments
CYCLE TIME ESTIMATION
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EXCAVATORS:
Example 4
A hydraulic backhoe of 3.5 cy bucket is
excavating very hard clay. The depth of cut is 2.4
m. The angle of swing is 45°. The loading height
is 3.0 m. The operating time is expected to be
50 min per hr.
Management and job conditions factor f2 is
assumed to be 0.8. What is the hourly rate of
production in m3bm/hr? Take the smallest
applicable value for the bucket fill factor and
other factors.
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EXCAVATORS:
Example 4
• Capacity: Q = 3.50 x 0.76 =2.66 m3 loose measure
• Earth volume change conversion factor from loose to bm
(from table in handouts): f = 0.79
• Based on Table 8.3:
Maximum loading height = 6.4 m
Maximum depth of cut = 7.0 m
• Height percent = 3.0*100/6.4 = 47% <60% & >30%.
• Depth of cut percent = 2.4*100/7 = 34.3% <60% & >30%.
• Depth-swing factor: f1 = 1.0 because it fulfills the two
depth and angle of swing constraints.
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EXCAVATORS:
Example 4
• Job and management efficiency factor (from table in

the handouts): f2= 0.80
• Bucket fill factor (from table 8.4): k = 0.80
• Operating time factor: t = 50/60 = 0.83
• Cycle time (CT) (Table 8.5) = 22 sec
• Rate of output with GOM model:
P = (3600 *Q *f* K*f1*f2*t)/CT =
= (3,600*2.66*0.79*0.80*1.0*0.80*0.83)/22 =
= 182.66 m3 bm/hr.
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Thank You
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Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport

College of Engineering & Technology

Courtesy of Dr. Ahmed Alhady

•There are two types of excavators:

•Backhoes = Back shovels = Pull

•Backhoe is used for several purposes by changing

All other factors are the same as front shovel.

No. Front Shovel Backhoe

• Job and management efficiency factor (from table in

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