PPE ME321 Steam Nozzle

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
(ME-321)
“Steam Nozzles”
` Assistant Professor
Adeel Ahmed Khan,
(MED)
Compressible Flow:
Steam Nozzles:
 A passage of varying cross-section, through which heat energy of steam is converted to kinetic energy by producing a
high velocity jet of steam which is used to drive a steam turbine.
 Its major function is to produce steam jet with high velocity to drive steam turbines. The smallest section of the nozzle is
called throat.
 Types of Nozzle
 Convergent nozzle: When the cross-section of a nozzle decreases continuously from
entrance to exit, it is called a convergent nozzle.
 Divergent nozzle: When the cross-section of a nozzle increases continuously from
entrance to exit, it is called a divergent nozzle.
 Convergent-Divergent nozzle: When the cross-section of a nozzle first decreases
from its entrance to throat, and then increases from its throat to exit, it is called a
Convergent–Divergent nozzle
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
Stagnation State
 When analyzing control volumes, we find it very convenient to combine the
internal energy and the flow energy of a fluid into a single term, enthalpy
 For high-speed flows, such as those encountered in jet engines the potential energy of the fluid is
still negligible, but the kinetic energy is not. In such cases, it is convenient to combine the enthalpy and the kinetic energy
of the fluid into a single term called stagnation (or total) enthalpy h0, defined per unit mass as
• If the flowing fluid is brought to rest isentropically in steady flow,

adiabatic zero work output device the resulting state is called total or
stagnation state and the corresponding value of properties describing the
state are called total or stagnation properties

 Consider the steady flow of a fluid through a duct such as a nozzle where the flow takes place adiabatically and with no
shaft or electrical work
• That is, in the absence of any heat and work interactions and any changes in potential energy, the stagnation enthalpy of
a fluid remains constant during a steady-flow process.
• If the fluid were brought to a complete stop, then the velocity at state 2 would be zero
• Thus the stagnation enthalpy represents the enthalpy of a fluid when it is
brought to rest adiabatically.
• When the fluid is perfect gas, then
• Here T0 is called the stagnation (or total) temperature, and it represents the
temperature an ideal gas attains when it is brought to rest adiabatically. The term
V2/2Cp corresponds to the temperature rise during such a process and is called the
dynamic temperature

Velocity of Sound and Mach No. :
 A sound wave is a small pressure disturbance that propagates through a gas, liquid, or solid at a velocity c that depends
on the properties of the medium.
• Consider a duct that is filled with a fluid at rest as shown in

figure
• A piston fitted in the duct is now moved to the right with a
constant incremental velocity dV, creating a sonic wave
• The wave front moves to the right through the fluid at the
speed of sound c and separates the moving fluid adjacent to
the piston from the fluid still at rest.
• The fluid to the left of the wave front experiences an
incremental change in its thermodynamic properties, while
the fluid on the right of the wave front maintains its original
thermodynamic properties

• Consider a control volume that encloses the wave front and
moves with it
• To an observer traveling with the wave front, the fluid to the
right appears to be moving toward the wave front with a speed
of c and the fluid to the left to be moving away
from the wave front with a speed of c – dV .
• The observer sees the control volume that encloses the wave
front (and herself or himself) as stationary, and the observer is
witnessing a steady-flow process.

The continuity equation for control volume gives
where we have neglected the second-order term dV 2. The amplitude of the ordinary sonic wave is very small
and does not cause any appreciable change in the pressure and temperature of the fluid. Therefore, the
propagation of a sonic wave is not only adiabatic but also very nearly isentropic.


Velocity of Sound for Ideal Gas:

Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area:
For Steady flow q = 0 , w = 0 and P.E = 0 , then steady flow energy

equation gives



Effect of Back Pressure in Convergent Nozzle:
• The pressure at the exits of nozzle is called back pressure i.e the pressure
applied at the nozzle discharge region.
• The nozzle inlet is attached to a reservoir at pressure Pr and temperature Tr.
• The reservoir is sufficiently large so that the nozzle inlet velocity is
negligible
• Since the fluid velocity in the reservoir is zero and the flow through the
nozzle is approximated as isentropic, the stagnation pressure and
stagnation temperature of the fluid at any cross section through the nozzle
are equal to the reservoir pressure and temperature, respectively
• If the back pressure Pb is equal to P1, which is equal to Pr ,there is no flow
• When the back pressure is reduced to P2, the exit plane pressure Pe also
drops to P2
• When the back pressure is reduced to P3 (= P*, which is the pressure
required to increase the fluid velocity to the speed of sound at the exit
plane or throat), the mass flow reaches a maximum value and the flow is
said to be choked.
• Further reduction of the back pressure to level P4 or below does
not result in additional changes in the pressure distribution, or anything
else along the nozzle length.

Effect of Back Pressure in Convergent Nozzle:
• A plot of m. versus Pb/P0 for a converging nozzle is shown in Fig.
17–21.
• Notice that the mass flow rate increases with decreasing Pb/P0 ,
reaches a maximum at P = P*, and remains constant for Pb/P0
values less than this critical ratio. Also illustrated on this figure is
the effect of back pressure on the nozzle exit pressure Pe.
• For all back pressures lower than the critical pressure P*,the
pressure at the exit plane of the converging nozzle Pe is equal to
P*, the Mach number at the exit plane is unity, and the mass flow
rate is the maximum (or choked) flow rate. Because the velocity of
the flow is sonic at the throat for the maximum flow rate, a back
pressure lower than the critical pressure cannot be sensed in the
nozzle upstream flow and does not affect the flow rate.

Choked Flow:
When nozzle operates with maximum mass flow it is said to be choked.
When the mass flow through nozzle reaches maximum value and there
will be no effect on flow rate even on reduction of back pressure. This
flow is known as choked flow. Mass flow rate through a nozzle will be
maximum when M=1 at throat.
Critical Pressure:
The pressure of fluid at a location in the nozzle where M=1(at throat) is
called critical pressure.
Points to remember
• For subsonic flow (M<1) a convergent passage becomes a nozzle and
a divergent becomes a diffuser.
• For supersonic flow (M>1) convergent passage becomes a diffuser
and a divergent passage becomes a nozzle.
• Maximum Mach No. which can be achieved in a convergent nozzle
is 1. We can change it only if we increase the area i.e. to convert the
passage from convergent to divergent.
• The properties at throat of a convergent-divergent nozzle only be
called critical properties if Mach No. at throat is 1.
• There is one value of the ratio P2/P1 which produces maximum
discharge from nozzle. Where P2/P1 is known as critical pressure
ratio.

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POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

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• If the flowing fluid is brought to rest isentropically in steady flow,

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• Consider a duct that is filled with a fluid at rest as shown in

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The continuity equation for control volume gives

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For Steady flow q = 0 , w = 0 and P.E = 0 , then steady flow energy

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