Project Sample 1

AN INDUSTRIAL ORIENTED MINI PROJECT
On
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A REINFORCED

CONCRETE MULTISTORIED (G+3)
STRUCTURE
A Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Submitted by
NATHYAM MOUNIKA 177Y1A0166
Under the esteemed guidance of
Dr. R. GOPI
Associate Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2019 - 2020
i
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled ‘SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A REINFORCED

CONCRETE MULTISTORIED (G+3) STRUCTURE’ being submitted by Nathyam
Mounika (177Y1A0166) in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering of MARRI LAXMAN REDDY INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, Dundigal, Hyderabad during the academic
year (2019-20).
Project Guide Head of the Department
Dr. R. GOPI, M.E, Ph.D. Mr K. MURALI, M.E,(Ph.D)
Associate Professor
External Examiner Principal
Dr. K. VENKATESWARA REDDY,
M.Tech., Ph.D., MISTE

DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that the matter embodied in the report of major project entitled
“SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORIED (G+3)
STRUCTURE” is genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of
Dr. R. GOPI, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Marri Laxman
Reddy Institute of Technology and Management, Dundigal, Hyderabad.
The work embodied in this report is original & has not been submitted to the basis for
the award of degree, diploma, associateship or fellowship of any other University or Institution.
NATHYAM MOUNIKA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my indebtedness and gratitude to my guide Dr. R. GOPI, ME, Ph.D
Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of
Technology and Management for his guidance and care taken by him in helping me to
complete the project work successfully.
I express my sincere thanks to Mr K. MURALI, M.E, (Ph.D), Head of Civil

Engineering Department for his support and guidance for doing the project.
I am very much thankful to Dr K. VENKATESWARA REDDY, M. Tech., PhD,

MISTE Principal of Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management for
their encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work.
I express sincere thanks to all the teaching staff of Department of Civil Engineering
for providing a great assistance in the accomplishment of my project.
I also express my thanks to all the non-teaching staff of Department of Civil

Engineering for giving all the support and suggestions to complete my project.
I am very much thankful to the management of Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of

Technology and Management for their encouragement and cooperation to carry out this
work.
ABSTRACT
Among three basic needs of human beings, shelter is one of the most important features. The
study of project deals with the effect of earthquake on the structures and design of the structure
according to IS 1893 code.
A number of naturally occurring disasters as earthquake are capable of causing death injuries
& damage of properties. These natural hazards causes tremendous the losses around the world in
every year it can be designing the structures to resist vibration to with stand the damage caused by
earthquake.
The proposed Apartment building is in SRINAGAR city falls under the zone 5 region as per IS
1893- 2002 (part 1). In this Apartment building consist of ground floor + 3 floors, hall, bedroom,
kitchen, bathroom. Total Plinth area 536.63 sq.m.
The Apartment building drawings are prepared & the structural components like beams,
columns, & footing are analyzed by STAAD pro v8.i software with reference to IS 1893-2000
(Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures). The structural designs are carried out by
manually as per IS 13920-1993 (Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces
— Code of Practice), IS 456-2000 (Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice) & SP:16
(Design Aids For Reinforced Concrete).
The project details can be used to construction the similar earthquake resistant building which
can reduce the damage caused to the environment.
Keywords: Analysis, Structural design, IS: 456-2000, Framed structure, Earth Quake,
Ductility.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE ii
DECLARATION OF CANDITATE iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Seismic analysis of a structure 1

1.1.1. Linear Static Analysis 2
1.1.2. Linear Dynamic Analysis 2
1.1.3. Non Linear Static Analysis 2
1.1.4. Non Linear Dynamic Analysis 3
1.2. Seismic Zones in India 3
1.3. Earth Quake Resistant Design of a Building 4
1.4. Ductility 5
1.4.1. Ductile for Good Seismic Performance 6
1.4.2. Advantages of Ductility 8
1.5. Objective 8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9
3. METHODOLOGY 10
3.1. General Principles of Design 11

3.2. Loads 11
3.3. Procedure 12
4. PLAN AND DETAILS 13
4.1. Drawings and Layout 13

4.2. Design Data 15
4.3. Room Dimensions And Joinery Details 16
5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 17
5.1. General 17
5.2. Loading Calculations 18
5.2.1. Dead Load 18
5.2.2. Live Load 18
5.2.3. Earth Quake Load 18
5.3. Analysis of a Subframe 20
5.3.1. Dead Load Analysis 20
5.3.2. Live Load Analysis 24
5.4. Earth Quake Load Analysis 28
5.4.1. Dead Load Calculations 28
5.4.2. Live Load Calculations 29
5.4.3. Concentrated mass 29
5.4.4. Design Seismic Base Shear 30
5.5. STAAD Analysis 34
5.6. STAAD Results 40
6. DESIGN OF MEMBERS 55
6.1. Design of Slab 55
6.2. Design of Flexural member (Beam) 66
6.3. Design of Exterior Column 74
6.4. Design of Footing 79
7. CONCLUSION 88
REFERENCES 89
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. Design lateral loads at each floor 30
2. STAAD Analysis and Result of Beams and Columns 54

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1.3 Pushover Analysis 3

1.2 Indian Seismic Zone Map 4
1.3 Earth Quake Shaking of a Building 5
1.4 Stress Strain Curve of a Ductile and Brittle material 6
1.4.1 Strong Column Weak Beam Design Concept 7
3.1 Flowchart of various carried in this Analysis 10
4.1.1 Plan of a Typical Floor 13
4.1.2 Column Layout 14
5.3.1 Dead Load on Roof and Floor level 31
5.3.2 Live Load on Roof and Floor level 32
5.4.4 Earth Quake Load on a Frame 33
5.5.1 Geometry of the Structure 38
5.5.2 3D view of the Structure 38
5.5.3 Geometry of the frame 39
5.5.4 3D view of a frame 39
5.6.1 Loading and Bending Moment on a frame 54
6.1 Slab Reinforcement 65
6.2 Beam Reinforcement 73
6.3 Column Reinforcement 78
6.4 Footing Reinforcement 87
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
L Length of member
Lx Length of shorter span
Ly Length of longer span
Leff Effective length
A Area
D over all depth
d Effective depth
Ast Area of steel in tension
Asc Area of steel in compression
DL Dead load
LL Live load
EL Earthquake load
Pu Axial load
M Bending moment
Vu Shear force
Sv Spacing of stirrups
Wd Total dead load
B1 Beam no
S1 Slab no
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
All over the world, there is a high demand for construction of tall buildings due to increasing
urbanization and spiraling population, and earthquakes have the potential for causing the greatest
damages to tall structures. Reinforced concrete multi-storied buildings are very complex to
model as structural systems for analysis. Usually, they are modeled as two-dimensional or three-
dimensional frame systems using finite beam elements. Since earthquake forces are random in
nature and unpredictable, the engineering tools need to be sharpened for analysing structures
under the action of these forces. Earthquake loads are required to be carefully modeled so as to
assess the real behaviour of structure with a clear understanding that damage is expected but it
should be regulated. Analysing the structure for previous earthquakes of different intensities and
checking for multiple criteria at each level has become essential and pivotal these days. The
main parameters to be checked in the seismic analysis of structures are load carrying capacity,
ductility, stiffness, damping and mass. The design can be divided into two main steps. First, a
linear analysis is conducted with dimensioning of all structural elements, ensuring the
functionality of the structure after minor earthquakes, and then the behaviour of structures
during strong earthquakes has to be conducted using nonlinear methods. Dynamic analysis
should be performed for symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical buildings. In unsymmetrical
building structures the major parameter to be considered is Torque.
1.1 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE
Seismic analysis is a tool for the estimation of structural response in the process of designing
earthquake resistant structures and/or retrofitting vulnerable existing structures. Seismic forces
are inertia forces. When a building experiences acceleration, inertia force is generated when its
mass resists the acceleration. We experience inertia forces while travelling. Inertia forces act
within a building.
For the determination of seismic responses it is necessary to carry out seismic analysis of the
structure. The analysis can be performed on the basis of external action, the behaviour of
structural materials, structure and the type of structural model selected. Based on the type of
external action and behaviour of structure, the analysis can be further classified as:
1
(1) Linear Static Analysis
(2) Nonlinear Static Analysis
(3) Linear Dynamic Analysis
(4) Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
1.1.1 LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS
This method is also known as Equivalent Static Analysis method. This procedure does not
require dynamic analysis, however, it account for the dynamics of building in an approximate
manner. The static method is the simplest one among all the other analysis procedures. It
requires less computational efforts and is based on formulas given in the code of practise.
1.1.2 LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Response spectrum method is a linear dynamic analysis method. In this method the peak
response of structure during an earthquake is obtained directly from the earthquake response, but
this is quite accurate for structural design applications. In this approach multiple mode shapes of
the building are taken into account. Computer analysis can be used to determine the different
modes for a structure. Based on the modal frequency and the modal mass, for each mode a
response is read from the design spectrum, and they are then combined to provide an estimate of
the total response of the structure using modal combination methods
1.1.3 NON LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS
Nonlinear static analysis also known as Pushover Analysis procedure is mainly used to estimate
the strength and drift capacity of existing structure and the seismic demand for this structure
subjected to selected earthquake. This analysis procedure can be used for checking the adequacy
of new structural design as well. The effectiveness of pushover analysis and its computational
simplicity brought this analysis procedure in to several seismic guidelines (ATC 40 and FEMA
356) and design codes (Eurocode 8 and PCM 3274).
Fig.1.1.3 Pushover Analysis
1.1.4 NON LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Nonlinear dynamic analysis is also referred as Time history analysis. It is an important method
for structural seismic analysis especially when the evaluated structural response is nonlinear.
To perform this analysis, a representative earthquake timehistory data is requiredfora structure
being evaluated. Time history analysis is used to determine the seismic response of a structure
under dynamic loading for a representative earthquake.
1.2 SEISMIC ZONES IN INDIA
In India, reinforced concrete structures are designed and detailed as per the Indian Code IS 456
(2002). However, structures located in high seismic regions require ductile design and detailing
(Shown in Fig 1.2). Provisions for the ductile detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete frame
and shear wall structures are specified in IS 13920 (1993). After the 2001 BHUJ earthquake, this
code has been made mandatory for all structures in zones III, IV and V. Similar provisions for
seismic design and ductile detailing of steel structures are not yet available in the Indian codes.
Fig.1.2 Indian Seismic Zone Map as per IS:1893(Part1)-2002
1.3 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF A BUILDING
Gravity loading on building causes RC frame to bend resulting in stretching and shortening at
various location. Tension is generated at surface that stretch and compression at those that
shorten. Under gravity load, tension in the beam in the centre location and is at the top surface at
the end. On the other hand, earthquake loading causes tension on beam and column face at
location
different from those under gravity loading the relative levels of this tension generated in member.
The level of bending moment due to earthquake loading depends on severity of shaking and can
exceed that due to gravity loading. (Shown in Fig.1.3) Thus under strong earthquake shaking, the
beam ends can develop tension on either of the top and bottom face of beam. Since concrete
cannot carry this tension, steel bars are required on both face of beam to resist reversals of
bending moment. Similarly, steel bars are required on all face of column too.
Fig 1.3 Earthquake Shaking of a Building
1.4 DUCTILITY
Ductility can be defined as the “ability of material to undergo large deformations without rupture
before failure”.The property of the material or a structure indicating the extent to which it can
deform beyond the limit of yield deformation before failure.
The ratio of ultimate to yield deformation is defined as ductility. Ductile detailing is provided in
structures so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist severe earthquake shocks
without collapse. Mild steel is an example of a ductile material that can be bent and twisted
without rupture.
Structures are subjected to unexpected overloads, load reversals, impact and structural
movements due to foundation settlement and volume changes. These items are generally
ignored in the
analysis and design. If a structure is ductile than taken care by the presence of some ductility in
the structure.
Ductile detailing is provided in structures so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to
resist severe earthquake shocks without collapse. Mild steel is an example of a ductile material
that can be bent and twisted without rupture.
Fig.1.4 Stress Strain Curve of a Ductile and Brittle material
1.4.1 DUCTILE FOR GOOD SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
Buildings should be designed like the ductile chain. It consists of horizontal and vertical
members, namely beams and columns. The seismic inertia forces generated at its floor levels are
transferred through the various beams and columns to the ground. The correct building
components need to be made ductile. The failure of a column can affect the stability of the
whole building, but the
failure of a beam causes localized effect. It is better to make beams to be the ductile weak than
columns. This method of designing RC building is called the Strong-column weak-beam design
method.
Fig.1.4.1 Strong Column Weak Beam Design concept
Ductility can be increased by

 Decrease in the % tension steel (pt).
 Increase in the % compression steel (pc).
 Decrease in the tensile strength of steel.
 Increase in the compressive strength of concrete (But very high grades of concrete
are undesirable).
 Increase in the compression flanges area in flanged beams.
The objectives of the ductile design of reinforced concrete members are to ensure both
strength and ductility for the designed structures or members. Strength of members can be
assured by proper design of the sections following limit state method as explained earlier.
However, for ensuring ductility, specific recommendations are to be followed as given in IS
13920:1993 regarding the materials, dimensions, minimum and maximum percentages of
reinforcement. Further, detailing of reinforcement plays an important role.
1.4.2 ADVANTAGES OF DUCTILITY
The following are the advantages of a reinforced concrete structure having sufficient Ductility:
1. A ductile reinforced concrete structure may take care of overloading, load reversals,
impact and secondary stresses due to differential settlement of foundation.
2. A ductile reinforced concrete structure gives the occupant sufficient time to vacate the
structure by showing large deformation before its final collapse. Accordingly, the loss of
life is minimised with the provision of sufficient ductility.
3. Properly designed ductile joints are capable of resisting forces and deformations at the
yielding of steel reinforcement. Therefore, these sections can reach their respective
moment capacities, which is one of the assumptions in the design of reinforced concrete
structures by limit state method.
1.5 OBJECTIVE
 To carry out complete analysis and design of the main structural elements of a multi-
storey building including beam, column, slab, foundation etc.
 To compare manual results with the results of structural analysis and design software
STAAD pro.v8i.
 To resist the Seismic loads acting on a building and stay stable with out collapse.
 To get real life experience with engineering practises.

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
S. Abhishek (2018) : Discussed about the design and analysis of a residential building using
ETABS located at pilibhit in a built-up area of 140 sq.m providing height 3.1m per floor. The
drawing details are done in AUTOCAD and REVIT and the analysis was done using the
software ETABS. The structural components were designed manually in addition to the software
design. All the dead loads, live loads and seismic loads are calculated by using IS codes. After
the analysis of the entire structure the building was found to be safe and economical. The
structure ensured to be serviceable, habitable in healthy environment for its occupants and have
longer design period.
S. Akshara (2017) : Explained about the various procedures to analyse the seismic loads based
upon the accuracy of the results.
Raja Venkatesh (2011) : carried a study on ductility design of reinforced concrete apartment.
The project deals with the effect of earthquake on the structures and their environment & also the
method of reducing its effort. The building is located at Bhuj falls under zone 5 in a built-up area
297 sq.m providing height of 3.2m per floor as g+3 residential building with plinth level 0.6m.
Abhilash Chandra Dey (2017) : Discussed about the analysis and design of G+3 storied
Reinforced concrete structure using STAAD pro.V8i. He carried a study to design a good Rc
building requiring the stability to resist the gravity, seismic and wind loads.
Krishna GNR (2016) : Carried out an seismic analysis of RC Buildings. He has explained about
about different types of seismic analysis procedures and worked out analysis by using linear
static analysis and compared design values manually and using SAP2000.
CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
The figure shows the methodology used for the design and analysis of a building. For designing
various activities are carried out. The fig 3.1 shows the flowchart of various methods used in the
proposed designing and analysis.
Fig.3.1 Flowchart of various steps carried in this analysis .
To achieve the objectives of the study that is to analyse the G+3 multistorey building, which
meets the basic requirements and opposes the loads acting on it and do not causes failure, it has
been proposed to follow the methodology.
3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements.

- Stability – To prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the structure or part of it under
the action of loads
- Strength – To resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the various structural members.
- Serviceability – To ensure satisfactory performance under service load condition which implies
providing adequate stiffness and reinforcement to contain deflection, crack widths and vibrations
within acceptable limits, and also providing impermeability and durability.
3.2 LOADS
Dead load and Live Load are assigned to this structure. The first vertical load that is considered
is dead load. Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to the structure
throughout the life span of the structures. Live load is either movable or moving loads. Analysis
of the structure is done to know the deflection details of the structure or also by the analysis of
the structure Shear force diagram and Bending moment diagram can be obtained. And the
structure is designed to obtain the value of total amount of steel and concrete required for the
construction. The procedure of structural analysis is simple in concept but complex in detail. It
involves the analysis of a proposed structure to show that its resistance or strength will meet or
exceed a reasonable expectation. This project is mostly based on software and it is essential to
know the details about these Software’s.
List of software’s used
1. Staad pro (v8i)
2. Staad foundations 5(v8i)
3. Auto cad
3.3 PROCEDURE
Preparation of a building layout using Auto-CAD : A plan of a residential building

which consists of Living room(4.99m x 5.7m), Two bed rooms one is of dimension (4.39m x
4.2m) and another is of dimension (4.39m x 5.00m) with attached washroom (2.2m x 1.6m),
Kitchen (2.59m x 3.1m) and bath room(2.2m x 1.5m) are drawn using Auto-CAD software.
Structural analysis: In this project, the analysis of a frame is done manually and then for the
analysis of shear force and bending moment Staadpro.v8i software is used.
Structural design: All the structural components like Slab, Beam, Column and Footing will
be designed. These are designed by the conditions of Limit State Method. The grade of concrete
M20 and grade of steel Fe415 used in this project for the design of RCC structural members.
Preparation of reinforcement details : The reinforcement details of the slab , beam ,

column and footing which are designed will be drawn by using AUTOCAD.
CHAPTER-4
PLAN AND DETAILS
4.1 DRAWINGS AND LAYOUT
Fig.4.1.1 Plan of a Typical Floor

Fig.4.1.2 Column Layout
4.2 DESIGN DATA
Live load on Floors : 2.0 kN/m2 (as per IS 875)
Imposed load on Roof : 1.5 kN/m2 (Roof is accessible- as per IS 875)
Floor finish : 0.9 kN/m2
Weathering coarse : 1.5kN/m2
Location : SRINAGAR city
Wind load : Not consider due to earthquake effects as
per IS 456 – 2000, Table – 18.
Concrete grade : M20
Steel grade : Fe415
Earthquake load : As per IS-1893 (Part 1) – 2002
Depth of foundation below ground : 1.5m
Type of soil : Medium (fine grained sandy soil)
Allowable bearing pressure : 130 kN/m2
Storey height : 3.2 m
Floors : G.F. + 3 upper floors.
Ground beams : To be provided at 100 mm below G.L.
Plinth level : 0.6 m
Walls : 230 mm thick brick masonry walls
Only at periphery. Partition walls are 150mm thick

4.3 ROOM DIMENSIONS & JOINERY DETAILS
 Hall = 4.99mX5.7m
 Kitchen = 2.59mx3.1m
 M.Bed room = 4.39mx5.1m
 C.Bed room = 4.39mx4.2m
 Pooja = 1.8mx2.4m
 Bath room = 2.2mx1.6m
 Staircase = 4.77mx5.1m
 Door = 0.9mx2.13m
 Window = 0.9mx0.9m
 Ventilator = 0.61mx0.91m
 Size Of Column = 230X400mm
 Size Of Beam = 300X500mm
CHAPTER-5
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 GENERAL
To with stand againist Seismic loads, we must apply load combinations as per IS 1893:2002
(Part – 1), Clause 6.1.3.2, in the limit state design of reinforced and prestressed concrete
structures. The following load combinations shall be accounted
1) 1.5( DL+IL)
2) 1.2 (DL+IL+EL)
3) 1.2 (DL+IL-EL)
4) 1.5(DL+EL)
5) 1.5(DL-EL)
6) 0.9DL+ 1.5EL
7) 0.9DL-1.5EL
Totally 45 members (Columns & Beams) are analyzed by STAAD Pro for the 7 load
combinations and consumes more time therefore an alternative i.e., software solution is better
and less time consumes. There are many software packages which does structural analysis like
STAAD Pro., out of which STAAD Pro is the most popular one.
Structural analysis software makes the task an analysis easy. Usage of software have several
pitfalls. Resorting to software’s without a good knowledge of structural behaviors can be
disastrous. Therefore care should be taken when the structure is modeled and the suitable input
are given.
5.2 LOADING CALCULATIONS
5.2.1 DEAD LOAD

a) Weight of slab = 0.13X25 = 3.25 kN/m2
b) Weight of slab = 0.14X25 = 3.5 kN/m2
c) Weight of floor slab = 0.90 kN/m2
d) Weight of roof slab = 2.00 kN/m2
Weight of wall:
a) External wall (250mm tk) = 0.25X20X2.7 = 13.75 kN/m2

b) Internal wall (150mm tk) = 0.15X20X2.7 = 8.1 kN/m2
5.2.2 LIVE LOAD

a) Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2 (roof is accessible)
b) Live load on floor = 2.0 kN/m2
5.2.3 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient (Ah):
ZISa
Ah = ---------- (as per Clause 6.4.2 of IS 1893 part-1-2002)
2RG
Where,
Z = Zone factor @ SRINAGAR(Table-2, page no -16)
I = importance factor depending upon function of structure (Table-6, page no -18)
R = response reduction factor (Table-7, page no -23)
Sa/G = Avg.response acceleration coefficient (page no -16)
Z = 0.36
I = 1.00
R = 5 (for ductility design consideration)
Sa/G = 2.50 (for medium soil)
Sa/G = 2.50 ≤ 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.55
T = 0.075h0.75 (for RC frame building) (as per Clause 7.6.1 of IS 1893 part-1-
2002)
h = (3.2X4) +0.6
h = 13.4
T = 0.075X13.40.75
T = 0.525
Z I Sg
2 R G
0.36 1.0
= -------- X ------ X 2.5 = 0.09
2 5
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient (Ah) = 0.09

5.3 ANALYSIS OF A SUBFRAME
5.3.1 DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
Dead load @ Roof level:
Total weight on beam (B1 – B2):
Floor area @ (S1) = [(0.63+5.18)/2]X2.275 = 6.61m2
Floor area @ (S2) = [(0.52+5.18)/2]X2.33 = 6.64m2
Total DL\m2 (S1) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25 kN/m2

Total DL\m2 (S2) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25kN/m2
Total load in (S1) = 5.25X6.60 = 34.65kN
Total weight at roof level = 34.65+34.86 = 69.51kN
Total load/m = (69.51/5.18) = 13.41kN/m
Total weight on beam (B1 – B2) = 13.41kN/m
Floor area @ (S3) = [(5.96+1.41)/2]X2.275 = 8.38 m2
Floor area @ (S4) = [(1.3+5.96)/2]X2.33 = 8.46m2
Total DL\m2 (S3) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25kN/m2
Total DL\m2 (S4) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25 kN/m2
Total load in (S4) = 5.25X8.46 = 44.415 kN

Total load/m = (88.41/5.96) = 14.83kN/m
Floor area @ (S5) = [(1.52+6.07)/2]X2.275 = 8.63m2
Floor area @ (S6) = [(1.41+6.07)/2]X2.33 = 8.71m2
Total DL\m2 (S5) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25kN/m2
Total DL\m2 (S6) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25kN/m2
Total load/m = (91.02/6.07) = 14.99kN/m
Total weight on beam (B3 – B4) = 14.99 kN/m
Floor area @ (S7) = [(0.53+5.08)/2]X2.275 = 6.38m2
Floor area @ (S8) = [(0.42+5.08)/2]X2.33 = 6.40m2
Total DL\m2 (S7) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25kN/m2
Total DL\m2 (S8) = 3.25+2.0 = 5.25kN/m2
Total load/m = (67.095/5.08) = 13.2 kN/m

Dead load @ floor level:
Floor area @ (S1) = [(0.63+5.18)/2]X2.275 = 6.61m2
Floor area @ (S2) = [(0.52+5.18)/2]X2.33 = 6.64m2
Total DL/m2 (S1) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15kN/m2
Total DL/m2 (S2) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15kN/m2
Total weight at floor level = 27.39+27.56 = 54.95kN
Total load/m = (54.95/5.18) = 10.61kN/m
Weight of internal wall = 8.10kN/m
Total load/m+ internal wall = 10.61+8.10 = 18.71kN/m
Floor area @ (S3) = [(5.96+1.41)/2]X2.275 = 8.38 m2
Floor area @ (S4) = [(1.3+5.96)/2]X2.33 = 8.46m2
Total DL\m2 (S3) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15 kN/m2
Total DL\m2 (S4) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15kN/m2

Total load/m = (69.89\5.96) = 11.73kN/m
Total load/m+ internal wall = 11.73+8.1 = 19.83kN/m
Floor area @ (S5) = [(1.52+6.07)/2]X2.275 = 8.63m2
Floor area @ (S6) = [(1.41+6.07)/2]X2.33 = 8.71m2
Total DL\m2 (S5) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15 kN/m2
Total DL\m2 (S6) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15 kN/m2
Total load/m = (71.96/6.07) = 11.85kN/m
Total load/m+ internal wall = 11.85+8.10 = 19.95 kN/m
Floor area @ (S7) = [(0.53+5.08)/2]X2.275 = 6.38m2
Floor area @ (S8) = [(0.42+5.08)/2]X2.33 = 6.40m2
Total DL\m2 (S7) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15 kN/m2

Total DL\m2 (S8) = 3.25+0.9 = 4.15 kN/m2
Total load/m = (53.04/5.08) = 10.44kN/m
5.3.2 LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS
Live load @ Roof level:
Floor area @ (S1) = [(0.63+5.18)/2]X2.275 = 6.61m2
Floor area @ (S2) = [(0.52+5.18)/2]X2.33 = 6.64m2
Total load/m = (19.86/5.18) = 3.83kN/m
Floor area @ (S3) = [(5.96+1.41)/2]X2.275 = 8.38 m2
Floor area @ (S4) = [(1.3+5.96)/2]X2.33 = 8.46m2

Total weight at roof level = 12.54+12.69 = 25.23 kN
Total load/m = (25.23/5.96) = 4.23kN/m
Floor area @ (S5) = [(1.52+6.07)/2]X2.275 = 8.63m2
Floor area @ (S6) = [(1.41+6.07)/2]X2.33 = 8.71m2
Total weight at roof level = 12.94+13.06 = 26 kN
Total load/m = (26/6.07) = 4.28kN/m
Floor area @ (S7) = [(0.53+5.08)/2]X2.275 = 6.38m2
Floor area @ (S8) = [(0.42+5.08)/2]X2.33 = 6.40m2
Total load/m = (19.17/5.08) = 3.77kN/m

Live load at floor level:
Floor area @ (S1) = [(0.63+5.18)/2]X2.275 = 6.61m2
Floor area @ (S2) = [(0.52+5.18)/2]X2.33 = 6.64m2
Total load/m = (26.48/5.1) = 5.11 kN/m
Weight of internal wall = 8.10 kN/m
Floor area @ (S3) = [(5.96+1.41)/2]X2.275 = 8.38 m2
Floor area @ (S4) = [(1.3+5.96)/2]X2.33 = 8.46m2
Total weight at floor level = 16.76+16.92 = 33.68 kN
Total load\M = (33.68\5.96) = 5.65 kNm

Floor area @ (S5) = [(1.52+6.07)/2]X2.275 = 8.63m2
Floor area @ (S6) = [(1.41+6.07)/2]X2.33 = 8.71m2
Total weight at floor level = 17.26+17.42 = 34.68 kN
Total load/M = (34.68/6.07) = 5.71 kNm
Floor area @ (S7) = [(0.53+5.08)/2]X2.275 = 6.38m2
Floor area @ (S8) = [(0.42+5.08)/2]X2.33 = 6.40m2
Total load/m = (25.56/5.08) = 5.03 kN/m

5.4 EARTH QUAKE LOAD ANALYSIS
5.4.1 DEAD LOAD CALCULATIONS
a) Weight of floor
= 9.32 X 22.7 X (4.15+4.15+4.15+4.15)/4

= 877.9 kN
b) Weight of roof
= 9.32 X 22.7 X (5.25+5.25+5.25+5.25+5.25)/5

= 1110.711 kN
c) Weight of peripheral beam (transverse)
= 2 X (0.3X0.5X25X4.39) + 2 X (0.3X0.5X25X4.99)
= 70.35 kN
d) Weight of peripheral beam (longitudinal)
= 2 X (0.3X0.5X25X5.10) + 2 X (0.3X0.5X25X5.7) + 2 X
(0.3X0.5X25X5.8) +2 X (0.3X0.5X25X5.00)
= 162 kN
e) Weight of interior beam (transverse)
= 2 X (0.3X0.5X25X4.39) + 2 X (0.3X0.5X25X4.99)
= 70.35 kN
f) Weight of interior beam (longitudinal)
= (0.3X0.5X25X5.1) + (0.3X0.5X25X5.7) +
(0.3X0.5X25X5.8)+(03X0.5X25X5)
= 89 kN
g) Weight of parapet wall (1m height , 150mm thick )
= 2 X (9.32+22.69) X 1.0 X (0.15X20)
= 192.06 kN
h) Weight of external wall
= 0.25 X (3.2-0.5) X (56.82) X 20
= 767.07 kN
i) Weight of interior wall (150mm thick)
= 60.14 X 0.15 X (3.2-0.5) X 20
= 487.13 kN
j) Weight of exterior column\height
= 12 X 0.23 X 0.4 X 25
= 27.6 kN/m
k) Weight of interior column\height
= 3 X 0.23 X 0.4 X 25
= 6.9 kN/m
5.4.2 LIVE LOAD CALCULATIONS
Live load on roof = zero (As per clause 7.3.1&7.3.2 of IS 1893-2002)
Live load on floor = 25% X 2.0kN/m2
= 0.5 kN/m2
Total Live load on each floor = 9.32 X 22.69 X 0.5
= 105.73 kN
5.4.3 CONCENTRATED MASS
At roof = b+c+d+e+f/2+g+h+i/2+[jX(3.2/2)]+ [kX(3.2/2)]
= 1110.71+70.35+162+70.35+(89/2)+192.06+767.07+(487.13/2)
+ [27.6X (3.2/2)]+ [6.9X(3.2/2)]
= 2715.79 kN
At 1st, 2nd, 3rd floor =a+c+d+f+e+h+i+[(j+k)X3.2]+57.94kN
= 877.9+70.35+162+70.35+89+767.07+487.13+ [(27.6+6.9) X3.2] +105.78
= 2739.98 1kN
Total weight = 2715.79 + (3X2739.98)
Total weight of building W = 10935.73 kN

5.4.4 DESIGN SEISMIC BASE SHEAR
VB=AhW
=0.09×10935.73 =984.2157kN
Base shear in each frame =984.22/3=328.07kN
Table.1 Design lateral loads at each floor
Wi Hi Wi Hi Wi Hi2 Qi
Level
(kN) (m) ΣWi Hi2 (kN)
Roof 2715.79 12.80 444955.03 0.53 173.88
3 2739.98 9.6 252516.57 0.30 98.42
2 2739.98 6.4 112229.58 0.13 42.65
1 2739.98 3.2 28057.39 0.03 9.84
Ground floor _ 0 0 0 0
ΣWi Hi2 =
837758.57 324.79
Fig.5.3.1 Dead Load on roof and floor level
Fig.5.3.2 Live Load on roof and floor level
Fig.5.4.4 Earth Quake Load on a frame
5.5 STAAD ANALYSIS
STAAD PLANE
START JOB INFORMATION

ENGINEER DATE 27-May-21
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 5.18 0 0; 3 11.14 0 0; 4 17.21 0 0; 5 22.29 0 0; 6 0 1.5 0;
7 5.18 1.5 0; 8 11.14 1.5 0; 9 17.21 1.5 0; 10 22.29 1.5 0; 11 0 4.7 0;
12 5.18 4.7 0; 13 11.14 4.7 0; 14 17.21 4.7 0; 15 22.29 4.7 0; 16 0 7.9 0;
17 5.18 7.9 0; 18 11.14 7.9 0; 19 17.21 7.9 0; 20 22.29 7.9 0; 21 0 11.1 0;
22 5.18 11.1 0; 23 11.14 11.1 0; 24 17.21 11.1 0; 25 22.29 11.1 0; 26 0 14.3 0;
27 5.18 14.3 0; 28 11.14 14.3 0; 29 17.21 14.3 0; 30 22.29 14.3 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 6 7; 2 7 8; 3 8 9; 4 9 10; 5 11 12; 6 12 13; 7 13 14; 8 14 15; 9 16 17;
10 17 18; 11 18 19; 12 19 20; 13 21 22; 14 22 23; 15 23 24; 16 24 25; 17 26 27;
18 27 28; 19 28 29; 20 29 30; 21 1 6; 22 2 7; 23 3 8; 24 4 9; 25 5 10; 26 6 11;
27 7 12; 28 8 13; 29 9 14; 30 10 15; 31 11 16; 32 12 17; 33 13 18; 34 14 19;
35 15 20; 36 16 21; 37 17 22; 38 18 23; 39 19 24; 40 20 25; 41 21 26; 42 22 27;
43 23 28; 44 24 29; 45 25 30;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
TYPE CONCRETE
STRENGTH FCU 27579
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
21 TO 45 PRIS YD 0.4 ZD 0.23
1 TO 20 PRIS YD 0.5 ZD 0.3
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
SUPPORTS
1 TO 5 FIXED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE DL
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
MEMBER LOAD
17 UNI GY -13.41
18 UNI GY -14.83
19 UNI GY -14.99
20 UNI GY -13.2
5 9 13 UNI GY -18.71
6 10 14 UNI GY -19.83
7 11 15 UNI GY -19.95
8 12 16 UNI GY -18.54
1 TO 4 UNI GY -8.1
JOINT LOAD
15 20 25 FY -21.83
30 FY -11.09
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE Live REDUCIBLE TITLE LL
MEMBER LOAD
17 UNI GY -3.83
18 UNI GY -4.23
19 UNI GY -4.28
20 UNI GY -3.77
5 9 13 UNI GY -13.21
6 10 14 UNI GY -13.75
7 11 15 UNI GY -13.81
8 12 16 UNI GY -13.13
JOINT LOAD
15 20 25 FY -12.74
30 FY -9.55
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE Seismic TITLE +EL
JOINT LOAD
26 FX 173.88
21 FX 98.42
16 FX 42.65
11 FX 9.8
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE Seismic TITLE -EL
JOINT LOAD
30 FX -173.88
20 FX -42.65
15 FX -9.8
25 FX -98.42
LOAD COMB 5 1.5(DL+LL)
1 1.5 2 1.5
LOAD COMB 6 1.2(DL+LL+EL)
1 1.2 2 1.2 3 1.2
LOAD COMB 7 1.2(DL+LL-EL)
1 1.2 2 1.2 4 1.2
LOAD COMB 8 1.5(DL+EL)
1 1.5 3 1.5
LOAD COMB 9 1.5(DL-EL)
1 1.5 4 1.5
LOAD COMB 10 (0.9)DL+(1.5)EL
1 0.9 3 1.5
LOAD COMB 11 (0.9)DL-(1.5)EL
1 0.9 4 1.5
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT
ALL PERFORM ANALYSIS
PRINT ALL FINISH
Fig.5.5.1 Geometry of the Structure
Fig.5.5.2 3D view of the Structure

Fig.5.5.3 Geometry of a frame
Fig.5.5.4 3D view of a frame

5.6 STAAD RESULTS
Table.2 Staad Analysis and Result of Beams and Columns.
Beam LOAD AXIAL SHEAR MOMENT

No Node COMBINATION Dist m (Fx) kN (Fy) kN (Mz) kNm
1 0 -5.329 44.296 34.968
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.18 -5.329 -46.102 39.646
1 0 0.499 -8.886 -94.439
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 5.18 0.499 -81.205 138.896
1 0 -8.844 79.718 150.260
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.18 -8.844 7.399 -75.373
1 0 6.377 -12.367 -121.878
1 2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.18 6.377 -102.76 176.315
1 0 -5.302 98.388 183.996
2 1.5(DL-EL) 5.18 -5.302 7.990 -91.522
1 0 6.207 -29.582 -134.33
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.18 6.207 -83.821 159.379
1 0 -5.427 81.173 171.540
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.18 -5.427 26.934 -108.459
1 0 -5.487 51.492 49.516
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.96 -5.487 -52.518 52.574
1 0 -3.33 11.433 -47.657
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 5.96 -3.33 -71.775 132.164
1 0 -5.129 70.937 126.816
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.96 -5.129 -12.271 -48.008
1 0 1.543 14.287 -59.459
2 2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.96 1.543 -89.723 165.343
1 0 -0.701 88.667 158.632
2 1.5(DL-EL) 5.96 -0.701 -15.343 -59.459
1 0 1.454 -6.308 -79.310
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.96 1.454 -68.714 144.258
1 0 -0.79 68.072 138.781
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.96 -0.79 5.666 -80.957
1 0 -5.793 53.217 53.495
2 1.5(DL+LL) 6.07 -5.793 -52.713 51.965
1 0 -5.204 13.831 -45.848
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 6.07 -5.204 -70.913 127.395
1 0 -3.747 71.333 131.477
2` 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 6.07 -3.747 -13.411 -44.317
3
1 0 -0.490 17.365 -57.072
2 1.5(DL+EL) 6.07 -0.490 -88.565 159.020
1 0 1.331 89.242 164.585
2 1.5(DL-EL) 6.07 1.331 -16.687 -55.619
1 0 -0.579 -3.952 -78.565
2
((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 6.07 -0.579 -67.510 138.323
1 0 1.243 67.925 143.091
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 6.07 1.243 20.257 -76.316
1 0 -4.731 45.511 39.092
1.5(DL+LL)
2 5.08 -4.731 -43.142 33.072
1 0 -8.202 -9.292 -77.212
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.08 -8.202 -80.214 150.134
1 0 0.813 82.153 139.847
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.08 0.813 11.230 -97.346
1 0 -4.97 -10.383 -93.880
4 1.5(DL+EL)
2 5.08 -4.97 -99.036 184.046
1 0 6.321 103.922 177.443
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.08 6.321 15.269 -125.304
1 0 -5.177 -29.081 -110.570
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.08 -5.177 -82.272 172.266
1 0 6.092 85.225 160.752
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.08 6.092 32.033 -137.085
1 0 -10.983 127.587 82.485
1.5(DL+LL)
2 5.18 -10.983 -147.89 135.079
1 0 -2.685 36.514 -118.501
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 5.18 -2.685 -183.87 263.151
1 0 -2.761 167.343 249.591
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.18 -2.761 -53.041 -46.450
1 0 2.151 -1.474 -177.514
5 2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.18 2.151 -174.31 277.771
1 0 2.056 162.062 282.600
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.18 2.056 -10.776 -109.232
1 0 4.342 -33.662 -198.753
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.18 4.342 -137.36 244.206
1 0 4.247 129.874 261.361
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 5.18 4.247 26.171 -142.796
1 0 -14.065 163.412 155.175
1.5(DL+LL)
2 5.96 -14.065 -168.39 170.008
1 0 -4.764 87.577 -1.783
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 5.96 -4.764 -177.86 267.274
1 0 -5.298 173.810 249.786
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 5.96 -5.298 -91.631 -4.890
6 1 0 0.789 48.904 -59.888
1.5(DL+EL)
2 5.96 0.789 -159.97 271.093
1 0 0.122 156.697 254.573
2 1.5(DL-EL) 5.96 0.122 -52.180 -56.887
1 0 3.718 7.765 -98.894
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.96 3.718 -117.56 228.289
1 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 0 3.05 115.558 215.567
2 5.96 3.05 -9.767 -99.691
1 0 -14.346 171.448 172.737
2 1.5(DL+LL) 6.07 -14.346 -168.11 162.627
1 0 -5.522 95.447 8.920
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 6.07 -5.522 -176.20 254.015
1 0 -4.987 178.938 267.606
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 6.07 -4.987 -92.713 5.912
1 0 -0.002 55.861 52.778
7 2 1.5(DL+EL) 6.07 -0.002 -157.96 -257.104
1 0 0.667 160.224 270.580
1.5(DL-EL)
2 6.07 0.667 -53.600 -53.025
1 0 2.976 12.661 -96.302
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 6.07 2.976 -115.66 216.219
1 0 3.645 117.025 227.056
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 6.07 3.645 -11.270 -93.910
1 0 -10.120 145.507 134.436
1.5(DL+LL)
2 5.08 -10.120 -122.75 76.633
1 0 -2.102 49.186 -48.630
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.08 -2.102 -165.42 246.600
1 0 -1.962 183.913 264.307
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.08 -1.962 -30.692 -124.876
1 0 2.484 6.767 -111.832
8 2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.08 2.484 -161.44 281.035
1 0 2.658 175.176 279.340
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.08 2.658 6.970 -183.310
1 0 4.488 -29.549 -147.756
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.08 4.488 -130.47 261.268
1 0 4.662 138.859 245.982
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.08 4.662 37.936 -203.077
1 0 -0.657 131.196 93.126
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.18 -0.657 -144.28 127.024
1 0 43.250 44.388 -95.753
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.18 43.250 -175.99 245.109
1 0 7.186 164.906 242.822
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.18 7.186 -55.477 -40.599
1 0 54.283 6.886 -153.71
9 1.5(DL+EL)
2 5.18 54.283 -165.95 258.267
1 0 9.202 157.951 269.509
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.18 9.202 -15.304 -98.869
1 0 54.456 -26.152 -177.354
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.18 54.456 -129.85 226.705
1 0 9.377 124.495 245.866
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 5.18 9.377 20.793 130.430
1 0 -2.182 163.208 153.758
10 1.5(DL+LL)
2 5.96 -2.182 -168.59 169.809
1 0 29.525 89.511 2.529
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.96 29.525 -175.93 260.056
1 0 18.780 171.476 242.923
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.96 18.780 -93.965 11.938
1 0 37.564 51.425 -53.877
2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.96 37.564 -157.45 262.082
1 0 24.133 153.881 246.615
2 1.5(DL-EL) 5.96 24.133 -54.995 -48.065
1 0 38.173 10.328 -92.565
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.96 38.173 -115.00 219.354
1 0 24.742 112.784 207.927
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 5.96 24.742 -12.542 -90.794
1 0 -1.997 171.408 172.205
1.5(DL+LL)
2 6.07 -1.997 -168.56 162.337
1 0 19.105 97.448 15.395
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 6.07 19.105 -174.20 248.345
1 0 29.497 -176.94 260.424
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 6.07 29.497 -94.708 10.839
1 0 24.471 58.362 -44.561
11 1.5(DL+EL)
2 6.07 24.471 -155.46 250.140
1 0 37.461 157.731 261.725
2 1.5(DL-EL) 6.07 37.461 -56.093 -46.743
1 0 25.034 15.178 -87.921
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 6.07 25.034 -113.12 209.322
1 0 38.024 114.547 218.365
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 6.07 38.024 -13.747 -87.562
1 0 -0.633 142.043 126.762
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.08 -0.633 -126.21 86.555
1 0 7.364 51.97 -42.111
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.08 7.364 162.630 238.953
1 0 43.112 175.927 246.211
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 5.08 43.112 -38.678 -102.404
1 0 9.395 11.682 -100.746
12 2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.08 9.395 -156.52 267.155
1 0 54.080 166.622 259.657
2 1.5(DL-EL) 5.08 54.080 -1.584 -159.541
1 0 9.572 23.821 -132.208
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.08 9.572 -124.74 245.147
1 0 54.257 131.120 228.194
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.08 54.257 30.196 -181.549
1 0 0.013 132.241 95.425
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.18 0.013 -143.24 123.911
13 1 0 98.723 60.486 -51.463
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.18 98.723 -159.90 206.013
1 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 0 19.952 150.130 201.114
2 5.18 19.952 -70.254 -5.786
1 0 121.076 27.05 -97.668
2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.18 121.076 -145.78 209.848
1 0 22.612 139.108 218.053
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.18 22.612 -33.730 -54.876
1 0 122.001 -6.421 -122.502
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.18 122.001 -110.12 179.351
1 0 23.538 105.633 193.218
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 5.18 23.538 1.931 -85.373
1 0 -0.084 163.105 153.089
1.5(DL+LL)
2 5.96 -0.084 -168.70 169.748
1 0 71.785 98.694 28.726
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 5.96 71.785 -166.75 231.526
1 0 47.100 162.064 215.395
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.96 47.100 -103.38 40.505
1 0 87.307 62.895 -21.126
14 1.5(DL+EL)
2 5.96 87.307 -145.98 226.474
1 0 56.450 142.108 212.210
2 1.5(DL-EL) 5.96 56.450 -66.768 -12.303
1 0 88.311 21.841 -59.548
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.96 88.311 -103.48 183.748
1 0 57.454 101.055 173.788
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.96 57.454 -24.271 -55.028
1 0 0.153 171.334 171.644
2 1.5(DL+LL) 6.07 0.153 -168.23 162.223
1 0 47.559 106.356 42.965
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 6.07 47.559 -165.29 221.845
1 0 71.706 167.982 232.087
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 6.07 71.706 -103.67 36.901
1 0 56.804 69.575 -9.776
15 1.5(DL+EL)
2 6.07 56.804 -144.25 216.861
1 0 86.988 146.606 226.626
2 1.5(DL-EL) 6.07 86.988 -67.218 -14.319
1 0 57.801 26.389 -53.041
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 6.07 57.801 -101.90 176.149
1 0 87.985 103.421 183.361
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 6.07 87.985 -24.873 183.361
1 0 0.363 141.176 124.199
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.08 0.363 -127.08 88.398
1 0 20.485 67.449 -6.198
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.08 20.485 -147.16 196.258
16 1 0 98.749 159.425 206.92
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 5.08 98.749 -55.180 -57.861
1 0 23.300 30.879 -55.748
2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.08 23.300 -137.33 214.627
1 0 121.130 145.849 210.649
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.08 121.130 -22.357 -103.021
1 0 24.077 -4.218 -86.228
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.08 24.077 -105.14 191.546
1 0 121.908 110.75 180.17
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.08 121.908 9.828 -126.102
1 0 29.670 75.695 47.574
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.18 29.670 -85.721 73.539
1 0 201.154 40.859 -20.111
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 5.18 201.154 -88.274 102.694
1 0 53.668 79.581 94.037
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.18 53.668 -49.552 16.261
1 0 242.814 35.924 -37.352
17 1.5(DL+EL)
2 5.18 242.814 -95.733 117.555
1 0 58.455 84.326 105.333
2 1.5(DL-EL) 5.18 58.455 47.331 9.515
1 0 234.397 11.705 -51.496
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.18 234.397 -67.289 92.464
1 0 50.039 60.108 91.189
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 5.18 50.039 -18.886 -15.576
1 0 38.798 98.227 88.326
2 1.5(DL+LL) 5.96 38.798 -103.77 104.831
1 0 158.272 64.375 28.137
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 5.96 158.272 -97.219 126.015
1 0 110.063 92.655 112.671
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 5.96 110.063 -68.939 41.999
1 0 186.354 62.302 19.814
18 2 1.5(DL+EL) 5.96 186.354 -101.87 137.737
1 0 126.093 97.652 125.481
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.96 126.093 -66.524 32.718
1 0 175.429 30.278 -9.373
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.96 175.429 -68.228 103.717
1 0 115.16 65.628 96.293
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.96 115.16 -32.878 -1.302
1 0 39.234 105.584 105.440
2 1.5(DL+LL) 6.07 39.234 -102.05 94.711
1 0 110.440 70.632 42.464
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 6.07 110.440 -95.474 117.859
1 0 158.586 98.43 126.517
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 6.07 158.586 -67.674 33.166
19
1 0 126.552 68.420 33.407
2 1.5(DL+EL) 6.07 126.552 -100.24 129.992
1 0 186.735 103.170 138.474
1.5(DL-EL)
2 6.07 186.735 -65.49 24.126
1 0 115.458 -34.134 -0.900
2
((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 6.07 115.458 -67.064 99.040
1 0 175.641 68.884 104.167
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 6.07 175.641 -32.31 -6.826
1 0 27.527 84.403 75.370
1.5(DL+LL)
2 5.08 27.527 -71.839 43.458
1 0 51.837 48.150 17.925
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 5.08 51.837 -76.844 90.807
1 0 199.124 87.582 103.966
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 5.08 199.124 -37.412 -23.468
1 0 56.946 45.690 10.721
20 1.5(DL+EL)
2 5.08 56.946 -81.825 102.505
1 0 241.055 94.980 118.272
1.5(DL-EL)
2 5.08 241.055 -32.535 -40.340
1 0 49.183 17.728 -14.753
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 5.08 49.183 -9.491 89.523
1 0 233.292 67.018 92.798
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 5.08 233.292 -9.625 -53.321
1 0 557.510 -12.713 -6.040
1.5(DL+LL)
2 1.5 552.633 -12.713 13.030
1 0 210.558 48.759 71.929
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 1.5 206.656 48.759 -1.210
1 0 678.875 -69.200 -81.617
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 1.5 674.973 -69.200 22.183
1 0 102.518 60.424 90.102
21 2 1.5(DL+EL) 1.5 97.641 -60.424 -0.535
1 0 687.914 -87.025 -101.831
1.5(DL-EL)
2 1.5 683.037 -87.025 28.706
1 0 -56.214 65.720 92.442
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 1.5 -59.141 65.720 -6.138
1 0 529.182 -81.729 -99.491
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 1.5 526.255 -81.729 23.103
1 0 1.25 -4.267 -2.030
1.5(DL+LL)
2 1.5 1.25 -4.267 4.371
1 0 1.08 89.457 90.267
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 1.5 1.07 89.457 -43.918
1 0 929.064 -96.316 -93.515
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 1.5 925.163 -96.316 50.959
22 1 0 970.856 113.143 113.41
1.5(DL+EL)
2 1.5 965.978 113.143 -56.073
1 0 784.652 -119.07 -116.087
2 1.5(DL-EL) 1.5 779.774 -119.07 62.522
1 0 620.256 114.321 114.130
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 1.5 617.329 114.321 -57.351
1 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 0 434.052 -117.89 -115.598
2 1.5 431.125 -117.89 61.244
1 0 1.38 -0.271 0.010
2 1.5(DL+LL) 1.5 1.38 -0.271 0.417
1 0 1.11 85.106 88.449
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 1.5 1.11 85.106 -39.210
1 0 1.1 -85.540 -88.433
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 1.5 1.1 -85.540 39.878
1 0 971.081 106.223 110.453
23 2 1.5(DL+EL) 1.5 966.203 106.223 -48.882
1 0 959.280 -107.08 -110.649
1.5(DL-EL)
2 1.5 954.40 -107.08 49.978
1 0 585.293 106.396 110.492
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 1.5 582.367 106.396 -49.101
1 0 573.492 -106.91 -110.610
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 1.5 570.566 -106.91 49.759
1 0 1.26 5.114 2.695
2 1.5(DL+LL) 1.5 1.26 5.114 -4.976
1 0 926.755 96.996 94.042
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 1.5 922.853 96.996 -51.452
1 0 1.1 -88.780 -89.728
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 1.5 1.09 -88.780 43.441
1 0 777.61 120.156 116.759
24 2 1.5(DL+EL) 1.5 772.737 120.156 -63.475
1 0 992.138 -112.06 -112.954
2 1.5(DL-EL) 1.5 987.261 -112.06 55.141
1 0 424.185 118.546 115.998
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 1.5 421.259 118.546 -61.821
1 0 638.709 -113.67 -113.714
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 1.5 635.782 -113.67 56.796
1 0 724.046 12.137 6.038
1.5(DL+LL)
2 1.5 719.168 12.137 -12.168
1 0 818.680 69.382 81.889
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 1.5 814.778 69.382 -22.184
1 0 337.148 -49.864 -72.205
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 1.5 333.246 -49.684 2.591
1 0 797.517 87.178 102.067
25 1.5(DL+EL)
2 1.5 792.640 87.178 -28.701
1 0 195.602 -61.880 -90.551
1.5(DL-EL)
2 1.5 190.725 -61.880 2.268
1 0 598.232 82.143 99.770
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 1.5 595.306 82.143 -23.445
1 0 -3.683 -66.915 -92.848
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 1.5 -6.609 -66.915 7.524
26 1 1.5(DL+LL) 0 508.337 -18.043 -21.938
2 3.2 497.933 -18.043 35.798
1 0 215.542 49.258 93.229
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 207.218 49.258 -64.396
1 0 595.255 -78.044 -128.077
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 586.931 -78.044 121.666
1 0 110.008 66.801 121.343
1.5(DL+EL)
2 3.2 99.603 66.801 -92.421
1 0 584.649 -92.327 -155.289
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 574.245 -92.327 140.156
1 0 -29.559 71.927 128.196
((0.9DL)+(1.5EL))
2 3.2 -35.802 71.927 -101.970
1 0 445.082 -87.201 -148.437
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 3.2 438.839 -87.201 130.607
1 0 1.15 -4.425 -5.499
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 1.14 -4.425 8.661
1 0 981.488 85.625 142.636
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 973.164 85.625 -131.363
1 0 861.625 -92.600 -151.231
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 853.301 -92.600 145.189
1 0 848.927 108.309 179.701
27 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 838.522 108.309 -166.889
1 0 699.097 -114.47 -187.632
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 688.693 -114.47 178.676
1 0 539.817 109.568 181.338
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 533.574 109.568 -169.279
1 0 389.988 -113.21 -185.995
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 3.2 383.745 -113.21 176.286
1 0 1.27 -0.577 -0.504
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 1.26 -0.577 1.342
1 0 1.02 83.236 138.802
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 1.01 83.236 -127.554
1 0 1.01 -84.158 -139.607
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 1.01 -84.158 129.700
1 0 859.115 104.190 173.532
28 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 848.710 104.190 -159.876
1 0 849.817 -105.05 -174.479
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 839.413 -105.05 161.691
1 0 517.604 104.363 173.722
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 511.362 104.363 -160.239
1 0 508.307 -104.88 -174.289
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 502.064 -104.88 161.328
1 0 1.16 6.176 7.897
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 1.15 6.176 -11.867
29 1 0 861.232 93.998 153.154
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 3.2 852.908 93.998 -147.639
1 0 998.908 -84.220 -140.722
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 990.584 -84.220 128.783
1 0 694.556 115.699 189.425
2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 684.151 115.699 -180.814
1 0 866.651 -107.07 -177.921
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 856.246 -107.07 164.713
1 0 382.829 113.948 187.073
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 376.586 113.948 -177.561
1 0 554.924 -108.82 -180.272
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 548.682 -108.82 167.966
1 0 676.027 16.868 20.904
1.5(DL+LL)
2 3.2 665.622 16.868 -33.073
1 0 734.564 77.584 127.950
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 3.2 726.240 77.584 -120.318
1 0 344.477 -50.677 -94.755
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 336.153 -50.677 67.411
1 0 693.604 92.125 155.346
30 1.5(DL+EL)
2 3.2 683.199 92.125 -139.455
1 0 205.994 -68.201 -123.036
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 195.590 -68.201 95.207
1 0 513.033 87.320 148.821
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 506.791 87.320 -130.603
1 0 25.424 -73.006 -129.561
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 19.181 -73.006 104.059
1 0 370.941 -29.026 -46.687
1.5(DL+LL)
2 3.2 359.941 -29.026 46.196
1 0 170.705 34.813 54.105
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 162.381 34.813 -57.297
1 0 419.589 -80.805 -127.925
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 411.265 -80.805 130.652
1 0 101.077 54.253 85.093
31 1.5(DL+EL)
2 3.2 90.673 54.253 -88.516
1 0 412.183 -90.270 -142.444
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 401.778 -90.270 146.420
1 0 -2.140 61.568 96.783
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 -8.383 61.568 -100.236
1 0 308.965 -82.954 -130.754
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 3.2 302.723 -82.954 134.700
1 0 828.998 -7.507 -11.435
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 818.593 -7.507 12.587
1 0 701.718 83.546 133.572
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 693.394 83.546 -133.774
32
1 0 626.450 -95.137 -151.147
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 618.126 -95.137 153.291
1 1.5(DL+EL) 0 615.306 106.947 170.770
2 3.2 604.901 106.947 -171.461
1 0 521.220 -116.41 -185.129
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 510.815 -116.41 187.371
1 0 388.443 108.944 173.822
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 382.200 108.944 -174.798
1 0 294.358 -114.41 -182.077
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 3.2 288.115 -114.41 184.033
1 0 920.595 -0.857 -1.387
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 910.190 -0.857 1.357
1 0 739.305 82.477 130.801
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 730.981 82.477 -133.127
1 0 734.609 -83.847 -133.016
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 726.286 -83.847 135.295
1 0 632.878 103.398 163.995
33 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 622.473 103.398 -166.879
1 0 627.009 -104.51 -165.776
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 616.604 -104.51 168.649
1 0 381.141 103.621 164.352
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 374.898 103.621 -167.234
1 0 375.272 -104.28 -165.419
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 369.029 -104.28 168.294
1 0 837.271 10.402 16.323
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 826.867 10.402 -16.964
1 0 627.518 97.419 155.006
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 3.2 619.194 97.419 -156.733
1 0 713.958 -81.195 -129.613
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 705.634 -81.195 130.213
1 0 519.420 118.186 188.122
34 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 509.016 118.186 -190.073
1 0 627.470 -105.08 -167.652
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 617.065 -105.08 168.609
1 0 290.502 115.460 183.847
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 284.260 115.460 -185.625
1 0 398.552 -107.81 -171.926
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 392.309 -107.81 173.058
1 0 491.018 26.988 43.560
1.5(DL+LL)
2 3.2 480.613 26.988 -42.801
1 0 519.337 79.685 126.282
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 3.2 511.014 79.685 -128.712
1 0 263.977 -36.955 -57.465
35 2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 255.653 -36.955 60.791
1 0 489.015 89.641 141.580
2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 478.610 89.641 -145.272
1 0 169.814 -56.159 -88.103
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 159.410 -56.159 91.607
1 0 356.671 82.832 130.665
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 350.428 82.832 -134.398
1 0 37.470 -62.968 -99.018
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 31.227 -62.968 102.481
1 0 228.745 -29.683 -46.930
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 218.341 -29.683 48.055
1 0 117.993 26.883 38.457
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 109.669 26.883 -47.569
1 0 246.359 -73.620 -112.170
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 238.035 -73.620 123.414
1 0 83.786 44.561 65.195
36 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 73.381 44.561 -77.400
1 0 244.243 -81.068 -123.088
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 233.839 -81.068 136.328
1 0 17.770 52.051 77.117
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 11.527 52.051 -89.446
1 0 178.227 -73.577 -111.166
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 3.2 171.984 -73.577 124.282
1 0 511.102 -9.032 -14.147
1.5(DL+LL)
2 3.2 500.697 -9.032 14.754
1 0 427.887 69.820 108.806
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 419.563 69.820 -114.618
1 0 391.172 -83.543 -130.231
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 382.848 -83.543 137.106
1 0 387.525 90.227 140.684
37 1.5(DL+EL)
2 3.2 377.120 90.227 -148.044
1 0 341.631 -101.48 -158.113
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 331.226 -101.48 166.610
1 0 242.018 92.659 144.472
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 235.775 92.659 -152.037
1 0 196.124 -99.044 -154.324
((0.9DL)-(1.5EL))
2 3.2 189.881 -99.044 162.617
1 0 570.189 -0.672 -1.040
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 559.784 -0.672 1.112
1 0 457.603 72.058 111.534
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 449.279 72.058 -119.051
1 0 455.377 -73.130 -113.191
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 447.054 -73.130 120.825
38 1 0 406.660 90.306 139.764
2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 396.255 90.306 -149.214
1 0 403.878 -91.179 -141.142
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 393.473 -91.179 150.632
1 0 244.722 90.481 140.041
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 238.479 90.481 -149.499
1 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 0 241.940 -91.004 -140.864
2 3.2 235.697 -91.004 150.347
1 0 516.667 11.766 18.611
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 506.263 11.766 -19.041
1 0 393.016 85.678 133.724
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 3.2 384.692 85.678 -140.445
1 0 434.998 -67.581 -105.159
1.2(DL+LL-EL)
2 3.2 426.675 -67.581 111.099
1 0 341.872 103.110 160.812
39 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 331.467 103.110 -169.140
1 0 394.350 -88.463 -137.791
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 383.945 -88.463 145.289
1 0 194.964 99.998 155.905
((0.9DL)+(1.5EL))
2 3.2 188.721 99.998 -164.090
1 0 247.442 -91.574 -142.698
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 241.199 -91.574 150.339
1 0 302.544 27.621 43.754
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 292.140 27.621 -44.632
1 0 306.899 72.322 110241
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 3.2 298.576 72.322 -121.188
1 0 175.492 -28.887 -41.612
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 167.168 -28.887 50.826
1 0 289.341 80.246 121.883
40 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 278.936 80.246 -134.904
1 0 125.081 -46.265 -67.934
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 114.676 -46.265 80.113
1 0 206.037 73.260 110.749
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 199.794 73.260 123.683
1 0 41.777 -53.251 -79.068
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 35.534 -53.251 91.334
1 0 86.100 -29.670 -47.370
1.5(DL+LL)
2 3.2 75.695 -29.670 47.574
1 0 49.183 7.502 3.894
1.2(DL+LL+EL)
2 3.2 40.859 7.502 -20.111
1 0 87.905 -53.668 -77.700
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 79.581 -53.668 94.037
1 0 46.328 18.006 20.268
41 1.5(DL+EL)
2 3.2 35.924 18.006 -37.352
1 0 94.731 -58.455 -81.724
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 84.326 -58.455 105.333
1 0 17.948 26.423 33.056
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 11.705 26.423 -51.496
1 0 66.351 -50.039 -68.936
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 60.108 -50.039 91.189
1 0 194.352 -9.129 -14.424
42 1.5(DL+LL)
2 3.2 183.948 -9.129 14.787
1 0 160.972 42.883 62.668
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 152.648 42.883 -74.556
1 0 150.530 -56.395 -84.055
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 142.206 -56.395 96.409
1 0 168.440 56.459 82.929
2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 158.036 56.459 -97.741
1 0 155.388 -67.638 -100.475
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 144.983 -67.638 115.966
1 0 103.809 58.968 86.861
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 97.567 58.968 -101.837
1 0 90.757 -65.129 -96.543
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 84.514 -65.129 111.869
1 0 219.754 -0.435 -0.784
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 209.349 -0.435 0.609
1 0 176.175 47.832 69.510
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 167.852 47.832 -83.551
1 0 175.696 -48.523 -70.757
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 167.372 -48.523 84.518
1 0 180.698 59.802 87.037
43 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 170.294 59.802 -104.330
1 0 180.098 -60.642 -88.297
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 169.694 -60.642 105.756
1 0 108.605 59.971 87.291
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 102.362 59.971 -104.617
1 0 108.005 -60.473 -88.043
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 101.762 -60.473 105.469
1 0 196.857 11.976 18.983
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 186.452 11.976 -19.341
1 0 151.948 58.604 87.598
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 143.624 58.604 -99.934
1 0 163.580 -40.538 -58.921
2 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 3.2 155.256 -40.538 70.800
1 0 156.338 69.606 103.469
44 2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 145.933 69.606 -119.271
1 0 170.879 -54.320 -79.679
2 1.5(DL-EL) 3.2 160.474 -54.320 94.146
1 0 91.034 66.275 98.287
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 84.791 66.275 -113.793
1 0 105.574 -57.651 -84.861
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 99.332 -57.651 99.624
1 0 113.204 27.257 43.766
2 1.5(DL+LL) 3.2 102.799 27.257 -43.458
45 1 0 109.936 51.837 75.070
2 1.2(DL+LL+EL) 3.2 101.612 51.837 -90.807
1 1.2(DL+LL-EL) 0 70.503 -9.532 -7.035
2 3.2 62.180 -9.532 23.468
1 0 108.865 56.946 79.723
2 1.5(DL+EL) 3.2 98.460 56.946 -102.505
1 0 59.574 -19.765 -22.908
1.5(DL-EL)
2 3.2 49.170 -19.765 40.340
1 0 75.005 49.183 67.862
2 ((0.9DL)+(1.5EL)) 3.2 68.762 49.183 -89.523
1 0 25.715 -27.528 -34.769
2 ((0.9DL)-(1.5EL)) 3.2 19.472 -27.528 53.321
Fig. 5.6.1 Loading and Bending Moment on a frame

CHAPTER-6
DESIGN OF MEMBERS
6.1 DESIGN OF SLAB
A Slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces
such as floors, roof decks and ceilings. It is a flat horizontal surface supported by beam and
column and transfer load to beams. Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by
reference of IS 456:2000. On the basis of reinforcement provided , beam support and the ratio of
the spans, slabs are generally classified into one way slab and two way slab . A one way slab is
supported on two sides andthe ratio of long to short span is greater than two, whereas, the two
way slab is supported on four sidesand the ratio of long to short span is smaller than two.
Two-way slabs are supported on all sides.
The reinforcements in both direction increase the stiffness of the slabs,

producingrelatively low deflection.
SLAB DESIGN:
Room size = 4.39m x 5.1m
= 4390mm x5100mm
Wall thickness = 230mm
Ly = 5100mm
Lx = 4390mm
Concrete grade = M20
Steel grade = Fe415
ly/lx <2
5100
=................= 1.16<2 It is Two way slab

4390
DEPTH OF SLAB:
Span
= ……………… = (40x0.8) (as per Clause 3.1.2 of IS 456:2000)
Over all depth
4390
= ….……………… = (32)
Over all depth
Over all depth = 137.18mm say D=140mm
Eff.depth (d) =140-8/2-20 = 116 mm. d=116mm.
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
(a) Shorter span:
c/c of an support
4390+230/2+230/2 = 4620 mm
Clear span +d Whichever is less
4390+116 =4506mm
Lx=4506mm
(b) Longer span:
c/c of an support
5100+230/2+230/2 = 5330mm
Clear span +d Whichever is less
5100+116 =5216 mm
Ly=5216mm
LOADING:
1. S wt.of slab = 3.5 kN/m2
e (0.14x25)
l 2. Floor finish = 0.9 kN/m2
f 3. Weathering course load = 1.5 kN/m2
4. Live load =1.5 kN/m2
Total load = 7.4 kN/m2
Design load = Total load x P.S.F
=7.4x1.5
Design load = 11.1 kN/m2
DESIGN BENDING MOMENT:
Effective Span Ratio:
ly/lx = 5100/4390
=1.61
A) BENDINGMOMENT FOR SHORTER SPAN:
1. Negative B.M at Mid span:
MX= αxwlx2
0.084-0.075
αx = 0.075+----------------------------X (1.61-1.5)
1.75-1.5
αx = 0.079
MX= αxwlx2
= 0.079X11.1X4.392
MX = 16.89 kN.m
2. Positive B.M at continuous edge:
MX= αxwlx2
0.063-0.056
αx= 0.056+ ------------------- X (1.61-1.5)
1.75-1.5
α x = 0.059
MX= 0.059 X11.1X4.392
MX = 12.62 kN.m
B) BENDINGMOMENT FOR LONGER SPAN:
1. Negative B.M at Mid span :
My=
αywlx2 αy
=0.047
MY =
0.047x11.1x4.392
MY = 10.05 kN.m
2. Positive B.M at continuous edge:
My= αywlx2
αy = 0.035
MY =
0.035x11.1x4.392 MY
= 7.487 kN.m
TYPE OF SECTION:
Mu (lim) = 0.138 fck bd2
= 0.138X20X1000X1162
= 37.13 kN.m
= Mx, My< Mu(lim)
Hence under reinforced section
AREA OF STEEL FOR SHORTER SPAN:
0.5 fck 4.6 MU
Ast = ----------- 1-√1- ---------------- bd
fy fck bd
0.5X20 4.6 X16.89X106

= ----------- 1-√1------------------------ X1000X116
415 20X1000X1162
Ast = 437.76mm2
AREA OF STEEL FOR LONGER SPAN:
0.5 fck 4.6 MU
Ast = ----------- 1-√1- -------------- bd
fy fck bd2
0.5X20 4.6 X10.05X106
= ----------- 1-√1- ---------------------- X1000X116
415 20X1000X1162
Ast = 251.38 mm2
Min Ast = 0.12% b D
= 0.0012X1000X140
Min Ast = 168mm2

SPACING FOR SHORTER SPAN:
Provide 8mm dia bars as Tension reinforcement
ast
Spacing =-------------1000
Ast
50.26
=--------------------1000
437.76
Spacing = 114.81 mm say 110 mm
SPACING LIMIT:
1. 3d =3x116 = 348mm whichever is
less 2. 300mm
Provide 8mm dia bars @ 110 mm c/c
SPACING FOR LONGER SPAN:
Provide 8mm bars as Tension reinforcement
ast
Spacing =-------------1000
Ast
50.26
=--------------------1000
251.38
Spacing = 199.93mm say 200mm
SPACING LIMIT:
1. 3d=3X116 = 348mm whichever is less
2.300mm
Provide 8mm bars @ 200 mm c/c
EDGE STEP REINFORCEMENT:
Min Ast = 0.12% bD
= 0.0012X1000X140
Min Ast = 168
mm2 Provide 6mm
dia bars ast
Spacing =-----------1000
Ast
28.27
=----------------1000
168
Spacing = 168.27 mm say 160mm
SPACING LIMIT:
1. 3d=3x140 = 420mm Which ever is less
2.450mm
Provide 6mm dia bars @ 160mm c/c
CHECK FOR SHEAR:
Shear Force (VU) = WLx/2
=10.125 x 4.39 /2
= 22.22 kN
Nominal shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = VU/bd
= 22.22 x 103 / 1000 x 116
= 0.19 N/mm2
Ast
Ast(prov) =--------------------1000
Spacing
50.26
=-------------------------------1000
110
Ast (prov) = 456.90 mm2
100 Ast (prov)
% Ast =
bd
100 X 456.90
=
1000 X 116
= 0.39%
0.48-0.39
= 0.39+--------------------X (0.39-0.25)
0.50-0.25
‫ﺡ‬c = 0.44N/mm2
Design strength = ‫ﺡ‬c k
= 0.44X1.30
= 0.57
‫ﺡ‬v<k ‫ﺡ‬c
Hence safe in shear.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:
L L
------ = -------- X kt X kc X kf
d actual d prov
where
kc =1
kf=1
ast(req)
fs= 0.58 fy X ----------------
ast(pro)
437.76
fs=0.58X415X ------------
456.90
fs=230.610 (from fig 4 pg no:38 IS
456:2000) Kt =1.50
4506
---------- = 32X1.50X1X1
116
38.84< 48
Hence safe in deflection
TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT:
Torsional reinforcement Ast = 3/4 Ast (shorter span)
= ¾ X (437.76)
=328.32mm2
Provide 8mm dia bars 4 layers @ top and bottom in each corner of the slab
Mini length of torsional reinforcement:
= 1/5 X shorter span eff.length
= 1/5 X 4506
= 901.2mm
Provided 8mm dia bars of 4nos @ 4 layers for a distance of 900mm for each corner.
Fig.6.1 Slab Reinforcement
6.2 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBER (BEAM)
A Beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam’s
axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in
reaction forces at the beam’s support point. Beam is a member which transfers the loads
from slab to columns and then foundation to soil. Beam is a tension member.
Reinforcement at a section 4 due to hogging moment = 116KNm (24 th member is
taken for the design)
BEAM DESIGN:
Assume 25mm dia
d = 500 – 25 – (25/2)
d = 462.5mm
Mu(lim) = 0.138
fckbd2
= 0.138X20X300X462.52
Mu(lim) = 177.11kNm
Mu< Mu(lim)
hence the section is singly reinforced section
Mu 116X106
= = 1.807
bd2
300X462.52
p(top) = 0.565 (from sp16 page 48 table-2)
Ast @ top = (0.565/100)X300X462.5 = 783.93 mm2
Ast = 783.9 mm2
provide 2bars of 20mm dia + 2bars of 10mm dia (astpro= 785.39 mm2)
Reinforcement at section 4 due to sagging moment = -42kNm
Mu< Mu(lim)
Hence the section is singly reinforced section
Mu 42X106
= = 0.65
bd2 300X462.52
p(bottom) = 0.187 (from sp16 page 48 table-2)
ast @ bottom = (0.187/100)X300X462.5 = 259.46mm2
Ast = 259.46 mm2
provide 1bar of 12mm dia + 2bars of 10mm dia (astpro= 270.17 mm2)
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT : (as per Clause 7.1.2of IS 13920-1993)

Bending moment @ node 9 due to hogging moment Mu = 112.8kNm
Mu(lim) = 0.138 fckbd2
= 0.138X20X300X462.52
Mu(lim) = 177.11kNm
Mu< Mu(lim)
Mu 112.8X106
= = 1.75
bd2
300X462.52
p(top) = 0.547 (from sp16 page 48 table-2)
Ast @ top = (0.547/100)X300X462.5 = 758.96mm2
Ast = 758.96mm2
provide 3bars of 16mm dia + 2 bars of 10mm dia (astpro= 760.26 mm2)
Reinforcement at section 9 due to sagging moment = -35.4 kNm

Mu< Mu(lim)

Mu 35.4X106
= bd2
300X462.52
= 0.55
p(bottom) = 0.158 (from sp16 page 48 table-2)
Ast @ bottom = (0.158/100)X300X462.5 = 219.225mm2
Ast = 219.225 mm2
Provide 3bars of 10mm dia (astpro= 235.62 mm2)
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:
At node 4
ast 785.39
p(top) = ----------X100 = -----------------X100 = 0.56% @ top
bd 300X462.5
ast 270.17
p(bottom) = ----------X100 = -----------------X100 = 0.19% @ bottom
bd 300X462.5
Mu(lim)
----------- = 1.80 (hogging moment capacity)

bd2
Mu(lim) = 1.80X300X462.52
= 115.50 kNm
Mu(lim)
----------- = 0.7 (sagging moment capacity)

bd2
Mu(lim) = 0.7X300X462.52
= 44.92 kNm
At node
9
ast 760.26
p(top) = ----------X100 = -----------------X100 = 0.55% @ top
bd 300X462.5
ast 235.62
p(bottom) = ----------X100 = -----------------X100 = 0.16% @ bottom
bd 300X462.5
Mu(lim)
----------- = 1.76 (hogging moment capacity)

bd2
Mu(lim) = 1.76X300X462.52
= 112.94 kNm
Mu(lim)
----------- = 0.55 (sagging moment capacity)

bd2
Mu(lim) = 0.55X300X462.52
= 35.29 kNm
DESIGN OF SHEAR FORCE: ( As per clause 6.3.3 of IS 13920-1993)
1.2(D+L)
VaD+L = vbD+L = -----------------
2
1.2(14.40+3.57)
= ------------------------X1.5 = 16.173 kN
2
For Sway To Right :
Mu(lim) As + Mu(lim) Bh
Vu , a = vaD+L - 1.4 = ----------------------------------
LAB
44.92+112.94
Vu , a = 16.173 - 1.4 = ---------------------------- = 52.62kN
1.5
Mu(lim) As + Mu(lim) bh
Vu , b = vbD+L + 1.4 = ----------------------------------
LAB
44.92+112.94
Vu , a = 16.173 + 1.4 = ----------------------------
1.5
= 91.90kN
For Sway To Leftt :
Mu(lim) Ah + Mu(lim) bs
Vu , a = vaD+L - 1.4 = ----------------------------------
LAB
115.50+35
Vu , a = 16.17 - 1.4 = ----------------------------
1.5
= 5.67kN
Mu(lim) Ah + Mu(lim) bs
Vu , b = vbD+L + 1.4 = ----------------------------------
LAB
` 105.88+73.79
Vu , a = 16.17 + 1.4 = ---------------------------- = 104.31kN
1.5
DETERMINATION OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:
104.31X103
300X462.5
‫ﺡ‬v =
0.75N/mm2
100 Ast (prov)
= X 100
bd
191.62
= X 100
300X462.5
= 0.138%
‫ﺡ‬c = 0.28N/mm2 (as per IS 456-2000 page no 73 Table 19)
‫ﺡ‬v> ‫ﺡ‬c
Vus = vu - ‫ﺡ‬c bd
= (104.3X103) - (0.280X300X462.5)
Vus = 65.46kN
Since ‫ﺡ‬v> ‫ﺡ‬c shear reinforcement are provide in the form of vertical stirrups
Provide 8mm dia bars @ 2 legged vertical stirrups

SPACING LEAST OF BELOW:
1. Eff depth / 4 = 462.5/4 = 115.62mm

2. 8 X smaller dia of bar = 8X10 = 80mm
3. Not less than 100mm
4. Sv = [(0.87fyAsvd)/vus]
= [(0.87X415X2X50.26X46.25)/(65.46X103)]
Sv = 256mm
Hence provide 8mm dia bar @ 100mm c/c 2d from supports in between 200mmc/c
Fig.6.2 Beam Reinforcement
6.3 DESIGN OF EXTERIOR COLUMN
A compression member column is an important element of every reinforced concrete structure.

These are used to transfer the load of superstructure to the foundation safely. Mainly column,
struts and pedestals are used as compression members in buildings, bridges, supporting system of
tanks, factories and many more such structures.
A column is defined as a vertical compression member which is mainly subjected to axial loads
and the effective length of which exceeds three times its least lateral dimension.
COLUMN WITH UNIAXIAL BENDING DESIGN:

Size of the column = 230 mm × 400 mm
Axial load = 777.614 kN (I have considered 24th member)
Moment = 116 kNm
Axial stress > 0.1 fck (as per Clause 7.1.1 of IS13920-1993)
777.614 × 103
230 × 400
= 8.45 >2
Hence ok.
Minimum dimension of column ≤ 250 mm (as per Clause 7.1.2of IS IS13920-1993)
Therefore provide minimum dimension as 230 mm
Hence ok.
Shortest cross sectional dimension (as per Clause 7.1.2of IS IS13920-1993)
Shortest cross sectional dimension
= (230/400) = 0.0.57 > 0.4
Longer cross sectional dimension
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT:
Assume 20mm dia. bars with 40mm cover. (d = 40+10 =50)
d/D = 50/400 = 0.125
Y = Pu/fck bD (From chart 44 of SP-16 )
Y = (777.614X103/(20X230X400)) = 0.422
X = Mu/ fck bD2 = = 0.157
(116×106/(20X300X5002))
p/ fck
= 0.04
P
= 0.04 × fck = 0.04 × 20 = 0.8 %
0.8
Asc = ----------- × 230 × 400 = 736
mm2 100
Provided 4 nos of 16 dia. bars.

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT :
Hoop spacing shall not be exceed half of the least lateral dimension of column.
(230
/ 2 = 110) not exceed. (as per Clause 7.3.3 of IS IS13920-1993)
The design shear force for column shall be maximum of the following.
a) Calculated factored shear force as per analysis

a) 84.5 KN
bl bR
b) Vu = { [ Mu , Lim + Mu , Lim ] / hst }
Where,
Mu , bl Lim and Mu , bR Lim are moments of resistance of opposite sign of beam and hst is
the height of storeys .
Moment of resistance of beam @ node “04”
Pt = 0.689 % @ top
Pb = 0.530 % @ bottom
VU = 1.4 {12.79 + 10.14 /3.2}
VU = 10.03 kN
VC = τCbd
By interpolation we get ,
0.75 0.56
0.80 ?
1.00 0.62 From IS 456 , pg.73
(0.62 – 0.56)
= 0.56 + ----------------------- (0.80 – 0.75)
(1.00 – 0.56)
= 0.572
Vc = 0.572 × 230 × (400-50)
Vc = 46.04 kN
Vs = Vu - Vc
= 10.03 – 46.04
Vs = 36.01 kN
The shear reinforcement shall be provided (as per clause 26.5.1.6 of IS 456 -2000)
Use 8mm dia. @ legged stirrups.
SPACING :
a) Asv 0.87 fy
Sv ≤
0.4 b
b) 0.75d = 0.75×400 = 300mm

c) 300 mm
2×50.27×0.87×415
Sv = -------------------------------- = 394.56 mm
0.4×230
Provided 8dia. @ 2 legged stirupps @ 300 mm c/c
SPECIAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT: (as per Clause 7.4 of IS 13920-1993)

lo ≤ depth of member = 500
1/6 (clear span ) = (32 -0.5) /6 = 450 mm
lo=500mm
The spacing of hoop shall not exceed (as per Clause 7.4.6 of IS 13920-1993)
Smax ≠ ¼ ( minimum member ) = ¼ × 230 = 57.2 mm
Should not be less than 75mm

Should not be greater than 100 mm
Smax = 75 mm
Minimum area of c/s of bar forming hoop is, (as per Clause 7.4.8 of IS 13920-1993)
Ash = 0.18 sh fck/fy [ Ag/Ak – 1.0 ]
= 0.18×75×210× 20/415 [ (230×400)/ (336×166) -1]
Ash = 88.73 mm2
Use 12mm dia bars (113.09 mm2 ) @ spacing of 75×113.09/88.73 = 95mmc/c

Fig.6.3 Column Reinforcement
6.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Foundation is an important part of the structure which transfers the load of the structure to
the foundation soil. The foundation distributes the load over a large area. So that pressure
on the soil does not exceed its allowable bearing capacity and restricts the settlement of
the structure within the permissible limits. Foundation increases the stability of the
structure. The settlement of the structure should be as uniform as possible and it should be
within the tolerable limits.
FOOTING DESIGN :
Column size = 230X400mm
Adopt M20 & Fe415
SBC of soil = 130kN/m2 at 1.5m depth
SIZE OF FOOTING:
Column load = 818.680 kN

Self wt of footing(10%) = 81.868 kN
Total load = 900 kN

900
Area required for axial load only = -----------------
130
= 6.92m2
If x projection of footing from column face
(0.23+2x)(0.4+2x) = 6.92
X = 1.26m
Width of footing = 0.23 + (2X1.26)
= 2.69m
Adopt 2.69m width for deciding length of footing trial and error method should be
employed as explained in the calculation are as follows
P = 818.680 kN Mx = 81.869 kNm
400
Column = ------------- = 1.74
230
x
= 1.74
2.69
X = 4.68 m
Size of footing = 4.68mX2.69m
(P/A) = [818.680/(4.68X2.69)] = 65.03 kN/m2
Z = [(2.69X4.682)/6] = 9.82 m3
(M/Z) = (81.869 /9.82) = 8.34 kN/m2
P m
pmax = ---------- + ----------- < SBC
A Z
P m
Pmin = ---------- - ----------- ≥ 0
A Z
pmax = 65.03+8.34 = 73.37 kN/m2 < SBC
pmin = 65.03-8.34 = 56.69 kN/m2 ≥ 0
Hence safe
providing size = 4.68mX2.69m
MOMENT CALCULATION:
Mx = [(0.4X78.63X1.65X(1/3)X1.65)+(0.4X95.64X1.65X(2/3)X1.65)]X2.69
Mx = 215.32 kNm
Mux = 215.32 X 1.5 = 322.98 kNm
My = (1.3452/2)X4.68X[(56.69+73.37)/2]
My = 275.27 kNm
Muy = 275.27 X 1.5
Muy = 412.92 kNm
Moment steel
Balance depth required for flexure
d = √Mu/(0.138bfck)
= √(322.98X106)/(0.138X2690X20)
d = 208.57 mm
provide 500mm for shear consideration try an overall depth of 500mm large depth is required for
shear requirement
dx = 500-50-6 = 444mm
dy = 444-12 = 432mm
d avg = 0.5[444+432] = 438mm
STEEL PARALLEL TO LONGER DIRECTION:
Mu/bd2 =322.98X106/(2690X4382) = 0.62
Pt = 0.176 (from sp-16 page no 48 table 2)
0.176
Ast =-------------------2690 X 438
100
Ast = 2073.66 mm2
Mini Ast = (0.12/100)bD
= (0.12/100) X 2690 X 500
Mini ast = 1614 mm2
Provide 16mmdia @14nos 0f 80mmc/c
STEEL PARALLEL TO SHORTER DIRECTION:
Mu/bd2 = 412.92X106/(4680X4322) = 0.47
Pt = 0.1326 (from sp-16 page no 48 table 2)
0.1326
Ast =-------------------4680 X 432
100
Ast = 2680.85mm2
Mini ast = (0.12/100)bD
= (0.12/100) X 4680X 500
Mini ast = 2808 mm2
Provide 12mmdia @14nos 0f 80mmc/c
Longer side of footing
β=
Shorter side of footing
4.68
=
2.69
β = 1.73
2 2
= = 0.73
β + 1 1.73+1
Reinforcement in central band of 2.69 m width
= 0.73X2680.85 = 1957.02
Spacing 16mm dia bars
2690 X area of one bar
=
Area required
2690 X 113
=
1957.02
= 155.322mm
4.68
= ------------ = 30.13
155.322
Provide 30nos of 12mm dia bars ast = 3392.92 mm2 to satisfy mini steel requirement
One way shear:
About X-X1
V = [1.206 X (83.2+73.37)/2]X2.69
V = 214.22kN
Vu = 214.22X1.5
Vu = 321.33 kN
321.33X103
=
2690X444
= 0.269N/mm2
100 Ast (prov)
=
bd
100X2815
=
2690X444
= 0.23N/mm2
Permissible shear stress = ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.38 N/mm2 (as per IS 456-2000 page no 73 Table
19) ‫ﺡ‬v< ‫ﺡ‬c
Hence one way shear safe

About Y-Y1
The cantilever is smaller therefore one-way shear stresses are within the limits
Two way shear:
Avg . depth = 438mm
The soil pr distribution below the footing is varying hence the two-way shear stress on
perimeter lines AB,BQ,QP,PA @ distances d/2 from column face fig will be different the max
two way shear may be checked along line AB
Longer side of footing
βc =
Shorter side of footing
2.69
=
4.68
βc = 0.57
Ks = (0.5+ βc)
= (0.5+0.57).
Ks = 1.07
‫ﺡ‬c = 0.25√20 = 1.12N/mm2
Design shear strength = Ks ‫ﺡ‬c
= 1.07X1.12
= 1.198N/mm2
Two way shear along line AB
= [(0.738+2.69)/2]X[(78.85+73.37)/2]X1.431
= 186.68kN
Vu = 186.68X1.5
Vu = 280.02kN
280.02X103
=
738X438
= 0.866 N/mm2
‫ﺡ‬v< Ks ‫ﺡ‬c
Hence safe in shear

1) Design bearing presser of base of column = 0.45X20 = 9N/mm2
TRANSFER OF LOAD FROM COLUMN TO FOOTING :
At the top of footing
A2 = 0.23X0.4 = 0.092m2
A1 = a) 2.69X4.68 = 12.59 m2
b) [0.3+(4X0.438)X(0.5+(4X0.438))] = 3.30m2
A1 = 12.59m2
√A1/A2 = √(12.59/0.092) = 11.70>2
√A1/A2 = 2
2) Design bearing pressure = 2X 0.45X20 = 18N/mm2

Design bearing pressure from 1&2
Design bearing pressure = 9N/mm2
Actual max pressure
818.680X103 6X81.869X106
1.5 X +
230X400 230X4002
Actual max pressure = 28.92N/mm2
Force in dowel bars = (28.92-9)X230X400X10-3
= 1832.64 kN
1832.64X103
As =----------------------= 5888 mm2
0.75X415
P M
q0 = +
A Z
818.680X103 81.869X106
+
230X400 ((1/6)X300X5002)
q0 = 22.24 N/mm2
actual bearing pressure = 1.5q

= 1.5 X 22.24
= 33.36 N/mm2
actual bearing pressure > design bearing pressure
hence dowel are required
mini dowel area = 0.5% of the C/S area of the column
(as per IS 456-2000 clause 34.4.3)
= (0.5/100)X230X400
= 460 mm2
Provide 14mm dia @ 4nos
ANCHORING OF DOWEL BAR IN FOOTING:
D+450 = 500+450 = 950mm
Consider 1000mm
Provide 1000mm dowel bars in footing extend in column.

Fig.6.4 Footing Reinforcement
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
In this project, I have successfully completed the “SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A

REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTOREY STRUCTURE”. It has been designed as per
IS 1893:2002,“CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES.”
I have gained enough knowledge in Load calculation, Analysis, Structural design and Ductile
detailing of Earthquake Resistant RC buildings subjected to Seismic forces.
Finally ‘Earthquake not kills, but the building to do so…’ as per the words, in future I design the
RC buildings having adequate Ductility which can resist the seismic loads and do not cause any
type of damage.
REFERENCES
1. Analysis of G+3 RCC storied Building by Tarun kumar (2017), IARE, Hyderabad.
2. Ductility design of reinforced concrete apartment building by Saran, Venkatesh and
Nivetha (2011), K.S.R College of Engineering, Chennai.
3. Seismic Analysis of Reinforced concrete Buildings-A Review by Krishna nair and Akshara
(2017), Angamaly, India.
4. IS 13920:1993, “Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic
Forces — Code of Practice “, BIS, New Delhi.
5. IS 1893:2002(Part 1), “Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, BIS, New
Delhi.
6. IS 4326:1993, “EarthQuake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings-Code of
Practise”, Second Revision, BIS, New Delhi
7. IS 456:2000, “Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice, BIS, New Delhi.
8. IS 875-1987 (part-1), Code of Practice for design loads (other than Earth quake loads) for
buildings and structures: Part-1 Dead loads- Unit weights of building materials and stored
materials.
9. IS 875-1987 (part-2), Code of practice for design loads (other than Earth quake loads) for
buildings and structures: Part-2 Imposed loads.
10. SP: 16, “Design Aids For Reinforced Concrete”, BIS, New Delhi.
11. SP: 34, “Detailing of members.”
12. Pankaj Agarwal, Manish Shrikande, “Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2006.
13. Bhattacharyya.S.K, “Guidelines for earthquake resistant design and Evaluation of
earthquake forces”, IIT, Kharagpur.

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AN INDUSTRIAL ORIENTED MINI PROJECT

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A REINFORCED

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

NATHYAM MOUNIKA 177Y1A0166

Under the esteemed guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the project entitled ‘SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A REINFORCED

Project Guide Head of the Department

Dr. R. GOPI, M.E, Ph.D. Mr K. MURALI, M.E,(Ph.D)

External Examiner Principal

Dr. K. VENKATESWARA REDDY,

M.Tech., Ph.D., MISTE

I express my sincere thanks to Mr K. MURALI, M.E, (Ph.D), Head of Civil

I am very much thankful to Dr K. VENKATESWARA REDDY, M. Tech., PhD,

I also express my thanks to all the non-teaching staff of Department of Civil

I am very much thankful to the management of Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

DECLARATION OF CANDITATE iii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x

1.1. Seismic analysis of a structure 1

1.1.2. Linear Dynamic Analysis 2

1.1.3. Non Linear Static Analysis 2

1.1.4. Non Linear Dynamic Analysis 3

1.2. Seismic Zones in India 3

1.3. Earth Quake Resistant Design of a Building 4

3.1. General Principles of Design 11

4.1. Drawings and Layout 13

5.2. Loading Calculations 18

5.2.1. Dead Load 18

5.2.2. Live Load 18

5.2.3. Earth Quake Load 18

5.3. Analysis of a Subframe 20

5.3.1. Dead Load Analysis 20

5.3.2. Live Load Analysis 24

5.4. Earth Quake Load Analysis 28

5.4.1. Dead Load Calculations 28

5.4.2. Live Load Calculations 29

5.4.3. Concentrated mass 29

5.4.4. Design Seismic Base Shear 30

5.5. STAAD Analysis 34

5.6. STAAD Results 40

6.2. Design of Flexural member (Beam) 66

6.3. Design of Exterior Column 74

6.4. Design of Footing 79

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Design lateral loads at each floor 30

2. STAAD Analysis and Result of Beams and Columns 54

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1.3 Pushover Analysis 3

Lx Length of shorter span

Ly Length of longer span

Leff Effective length

D over all depth

Ast Area of steel in tension

Asc Area of steel in compression

Wd Total dead load

1.1 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE

1.1.1 LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS

1.1.2 LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS