Batch 19 Final

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
CEMENT AND FINE AGGREGATE WITH GREEN MATERIALS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering
by
DEBANKUR DEB (Reg. No. 3420703)
DIBYENDU SEN (Reg. No. 3420704)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119
APRIL 2018
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report is the bonafide work of Debankur
Deb (Reg. No. 3420703) and Dibyendu Sen (Reg. No. 3420704) who
carried out the project entitled “Experimental study on partial
replacement of cement and fine aggregate with green

materials” under my supervision from October 2017 to April 2018.
Internal Guide
(Mrs.B Priyadharshini)
Head of the Department
Submitted for Viva voice Examination held on
Internal Examiner External Examiner

DECLARATION
We, DEBANKUR DEB (Reg. No. 3420703) and DIBYENDU SEN (Reg. No.
3420704) hereby declare that the Project entitled “Experimental study on
partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate with green
materials” done by under the guidance of Mrs. B Priyadharshini, M.E., at
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai is
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering.
1.
2.
DATE: 23-04-2018
PLACE: CHENNAI SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Board of

Management of SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this
project and for completing it successfully. We are grateful to them.
We convey my thanks to Dr. N. Jyothilakshmi, M.E, PhD, Dean, School of

buildings and environment and Dr. S. Packialakshmi, M.E ,PhD.,and Dr.
P. Padmapriya, M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department (I/C), Department of
Civil Engineering for providing me necessary support and details the right
time during the progressive reviews.
We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our
Project Guide Mrs B Priyadharshini, M.E for her valuable guidance,
suggestions and constant encouragement paved way for the
successful completion of our project work.
We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff

members of the Department of Civil Engineering who were helpful in many
ways for the completion of the project.
ABSTRACT
Significant development in Infrastructures leads to production of concrete is

more compare to all material. Cement and aggregates both are significant ingredients
in concrete. In manufacture of cement, large amount of carbon dioxide is released so
it causes global warming. Usage of river sand in great demand causes depletion of
natural resources, some industrial waste can be used partially to resolve these
problems. The utilization of waste material from the industries has been continuously
emphasized in the project work.We can reduce the pollution effect on the
environment by increasing the usage of industrial byproducts in our construction
industry. This paper focus on investigating behavior of M25 grade of concrete by
partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate bygreen materials. Cubes, cylinders
and beams are tested for compressive, split tensile and flexural strength for 7,14 and
28 days of curing.Replacement percentage of cement by Fly ash are 10, 15, 20, 25
and by GGBS are 10, 15, 20, 25 and fine aggregate by Marble Powderis 15. Water
cement ratio used in this work is 0.54. It is found that by partial replacement of
cement with Fly ash and sand with Marble Powder helped in improving the strength of
concrete compared to normal mix concrete.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT V
LIST OF TABLES VIII
LIST OF FIGURES X
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS XI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 FLY ASH 2
1.3 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
(GGBS) 3
1.4 MARBLE POWDER 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 6
2.1 GENERAL 6
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.3 OBJECTIVE 10
3 METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL USED 11
3.1 METHODOLOGY 11
3.2 MATERIALS USED 11
3.2.1 CEMENT 11
3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE 13
3.2.2.1 ISSUES WITH RIVER SAND 14
3.2.2.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF M SAND 14
3.2.2.3 ADVANTAGES OF MANUFACTURED
SAND 15
3.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE 16
vi
3.2.4 WATER 18
3.2.5 FLY ASH 18
3.2.6 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
(GGBS) 21
3.2.7 MARBLE POWDER 22
3.3 MIX DESIGN 23
3.3.1 REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 24
3.3.2 TYPES OF MIX 24
3.3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MIX
DESIGN 25
3.4 MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE 27
3.4.1 MIX DESIGN FOR M25 GRADE OF CONCRETE
(STANDARD) 27
4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND ANALYSIS 33
4.1 TEST ON FRESH CONCRETE 33
4.1.1 SLUMP TEST ON CONCRETE 33
4.2 TEST ON HARDEN CONCRETE 36
4.2.1 COMPRESSION STRENGTH TEST 36
4.2.2 SPLIT TENSILE TEST 43
4.2.3 FLEXURAL TEST 48
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 54
5.1 SUMMARY 54
5.1.1 COMPRESSION STRENGTH TEST 54
5.1.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST 55
5.1.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST 56
5.2 CONCLUSION 57
REFERENCES 58
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
3.1 Physical properties of cement 13
3.2 Physical properties of M Sand 16
3.3 Physical properties of coarse aggregate 17
3.4 Physical properties of fly ash 19
3.5 Physical properties of GGBS 21
3.6 Physical properties of marble powder 23
3.7 The conventional mix proportion 30
4.1 The percentage of materials 35
4.2 Slump test 35
4.3 Compressive strength test (7 days) 38
4.6 Compressive strength average (7 days) 40
4.9 Split tensile strength (14 Days) 45
4.10 Split tensile strength (28 Days) 45
4.11 Split tensile strength average (14 days) 46
4.12 Split tensile strength average (28 days) 47
4.13 Flexural strength (14 days) 50
4.14 Flexural strength (28 days) 51
viii
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
4.15 Flexural strength average (14 days) 51
4.16 Flexural strength average (28 days) 52
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO
3.1 Methodology 11
3.2 Ordinary Portland Cement 12
3.3 Manufactured Sand 15
3.4 Coarse aggregate 16
3.5 Fly ash 20
3.6 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
(GGBS) 21
3.7 Marble powder 22
3.8 Hand mix 26
3.9 Casting of specimen 31
3.10 Specimen in curing 32
3.11 Demoulded specimen 32
4.1 Measuring slump of concrete 33
4.2 Compression strength test 36
4.3 Compressive strength dial gauge reading 38
4.4 Compressive strength graph 42
4.5 Split tensile test 43
4.6 Split tensile strength dial gauge readings 44
4.7 Split tensile graph 48
4.8 Flexural test 48
4.9 Flexural strength graph 53

x
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
0C Degree Celsius
Al2O3 Aluminum oxide
b Breadth
CaO Calcium oxide
cm Centimeter
cm2 Centimeter square
cm3 Centimeter cube
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CSH Calcium silicate hydrate
d Depth
Fe2O3 Ferric oxide
GFRC Glass fiber reinforced concrete
GGBS Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
IS Indian standard
kN Kilonewton
l Liter
m Meter
M Sand Manufactured sand
m2 Meter square
m3 Meter cube
mm Millimeter
mm2 Millimeter square
mm3 Millimeter cube
MP Marble powder
MPa Megapascal
N Newton
xi
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
QS Quarry sand
RHA Rice husk ash
SI Silica fume
SiO2 Silicon dioxide
SO4 Sulfate
π pi
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The Green concrete is defined as an environmentally friendly of concrete

produced with both non CO2 emitting materials and non CO2 producing methods.
One of the most commonly used methods is to use industrial waste by-products
such as fly ash from coal combustion and blast furnace slag from iron
manufacturing to constitute the cement mixture used in producing concrete.
Cement is the one of the major component of the concrete. The production
of one ton of cement releases one ton of a CO2 into the atmosphere. CO2 is known
to be greenhouse gas that contributes to the global warming. The reduction in CO 2
emission from a concrete can be achieved with a partial replacement of cement by
the various supplementary cementitious materials. The use of these cementitious
materials has resulted in an improvement of the properties of concrete.
So to reduce this environmental impact green concrete plays a vital role. By

using recycled materials or waste materials which are harmful to the environment
as a replacement of cement we can reduce the CO2 emission from concrete as
well as it reduces the environmental impact on earth. As a result of which green
concrete is one of the major tool in the future when the natural resources are on
verge of extinction.
Today’s world is a concrete jungle. But now a day in the present scenario
the natural resources are being exhausted to build the concrete jungle. Before
natural resources are completely depleted, it is better to choose other alternative
resources for binder, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.
The production of cement is an energy intensive process, resulting in

emission of greenhouse gases which adversely impact on the environment. At the
same the cost of production of cement is increasing at alarming rate and natural
resources giving the raw material for its manufacturing are depleting. The use of
waste material having cementitious properties as a replacement of cement in
1
cement concrete has become the thrust area for construction material experts and
researchers. The main focus now a days is on search of waste material or by
product from manufacturing processes, which can be used as partial replacement
of cement in concrete, without compromising on its desired strength.
Sand dragging from river beds has led to several environmental issues.
Due to various environmental issues Government has banned the dragging of
sand from rivers. This has led to a scarcity and significant increase in the cost of
natural sand. There is an urgent need to find an alternative to river sand.
1.2 FLY ASH
Flyash, an artificial pozzolana is the residue from combustion of pulverized

coal used as fuel. During the combustion of coal, the products formed are
classified into two categories viz. bottom ash and flyash. The bottom ash is that
part of the residue which is fused into particles. The flyash is that part of the ash
which is entrained in the combustion gas leaving the boiler. Most of this flyash is
collected in either mechanical collectors or electrostatic precipitators.
Flyash is disposed of either by the dry or wet systems. Most of power

plants in India use wet disposal system. Different types of coal produce different
quantities of ash, depending on the concentration of mineral matter the respective
type of coal. In India the coal contains very high percentage of rock and soil and
therefore the ash contents are as high as 50%.
Ash may be classified into two groups as Class C and Class F, based on
the nature of their ash constituents. One is bituminous ash (Class F) and the other
is the lignite ash (Class C). Lignite ashes contain more calcium oxide and
magnesium oxide than ferric oxide, but bituminous ash contains more ferric oxide
than calcium and magnesium oxides. The average particle size of lignite flyash is
considerably coarser than the bituminous variety. Also free lime is present in all
the lignite flyashes. The lignite ash (Class C) in India is produced at Neyveli
Thermal Power Plant and the most of the other power plants in India produce
bituminous ashes (Class F).
2
1.3GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBS)
The ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a waste product from
the iron manufacturing industry, which may be used as partial replacement of
cement in concrete due to its inherent cementing properties. In the country like
India, where the development of the infrastructures projects such as large
irrigation, road and building projects are either being constructed or in completion
of their planning and design stage, such uses of waste material in cement
concrete will not only reduce the emission of green house gases but also will be
the sustainable way of management of waste.
Benefits of using GGBS in concrete
Sustainability
It has been reported that the manufacture of one ton of Portland cement
would require approximately1.5 tons of mineral extractions together with 5000MJ
of energy, and would generate 0.95 ton of CO2 equivalent . As GGBS is a by-
product of iron manufacturing industry, it is reported that the production of one ton
of GGBS would generate only about 0.07 ton of CO2 equivalent and consume only
about 1300 MJ of energy.
Colour
Ground granulated blast furnace slag is off-white in colour. This whiter

colour is also seen in concrete made with GGBS, especially at replacements
greater than 50%. The more aesthetically pleasing appearance of GGBS concrete
can help soften the visual impact of large structures such as bridges and retaining
walls. For coloured concrete, the pigment requirements are often reduced with
GGBS and the colours are brighter.
Setting Time
The setting time of concrete is influenced by many factors, in particular

temperature and water/cement ratio. With GGBS, the setting time will be slightly
extended, perhaps by about 30 minutes. The effect will be more pronounced at
high levels of GGBS and/or low temperatures. An extended setting time is
advantageous in that the concrete will remain workable for longer periods,
therefore resulting in less joint this is particularly useful in warm weather.
3
1.4 MARBLE POWDER
It has been estimated that several million tons of Marble Powder are
produced during quarrying worldwide. Hence utilization of marble powder has
become an important alternative material towards the efficient utilization in
concrete for improved harden properties of concrete. Marble is a metamorphic
rock resulting from the transformation of a pure limestone. The purity of the marble
is responsible for its colour and appearance, it is white if the limestone is
composed solely of calcite (100% CaCO3).
Marble is used for construction and decoration; marble is durable, has a

noble appearance, and is consequently in great demand. Chemically, marbles are
crystalline rocks composed predominantly of calcite, dolomite or serpentine
minerals. The other mineral constituents vary from origin to origin. The main
impurities in raw limestone (for cement) which can affect the properties of finished
cement are magnesia, phosphate, leads, zinc, alkalis and sulfides. A large quantity
of Marble Powder is generated during the cutting process. The result is that the
mass of marble waste which is 20% of total marble quarried has reached as high
as millions of tons. Leaving these waste materials to the environment directly can
cause environmental problem.
Therefore, utilization of the Marble Powder in various industrial sectors

especially the construction, agriculture, glass and paper industries would help to
protect the environment. Waste can be used to produce new products or can be
used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more efficiently and the
environment is protected from waste deposits.
If the waste is disposed on soils, the porosity and permeability of topsoil will
be reduced, the fine marble dust reduces the fertility of the soil by increasing its
alkalinity. Presently, large amount of marble dust is generated in natural stone
processing plants with an important impact on the environment and humans. In
India, marble dust is settled by sedimentation and then dumped away which
results in environmental pollution, in addition to forming dust in summer and
threatening both agriculture and public health. Therefore, utilization of the marble
dust in various industrial sectors especially the construction, agriculture, glass and
paper industries would help to protect the environment. Hence the reuse of waste
4
material has been emphasized. Waste can be used to produce new products or
can be used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more efficiently and
the environment is protected from waste deposits.
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
2.1 GENERAL
The main purpose of literature review is to give an idea about the research
work conducted in the world. This forms the basis on which one can carry out the
work and techniques that can be used for conducting experiments. The following
literature review elaborates the research studies made on the Strength
assessment of green mix concrete.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Vinod Goud and Niraj Soni (2016) studied the performance for nominal mix
M25 grade concrete. With 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement by mass of cement.
In this work they studied the effects of different w/c ratio, percentage of mineral
admixture over the properties of concrete like workability & strength further more
we studied the effect with age of concrete and slump loss. The study of the effect
of fly ash on the properties of concrete for nominal mix of M25 grade of concrete.
Slump loss of concrete goes on increasing with increase of quantity of fly ash. The
10% and 20% replacement of cement with fly ash shows good compressive
strength for 28 days. The 30% replacement of cement with fly ash ultimate
compressive strength of concrete decreases.
B Praveen and L Swathi (2016) studied the performance for compressive

strength, tensile strength and flexural strength are evaluated. In this project we
replace the Fly-Ash to the cement for obtaining the optimum value. Optimum value
is taken as the 25% of fly ash. Now keeping the fly ash percentage constant and
partial replacement of fine aggregate by robo sand with increasing percentage has
been take place. All replacements were done to the M30 grade of concrete. With
inclusion of robo sand as a replacement of fine aggregate and fly ash as a
replacement of cement the compressive strength , tensile strength and flexural
strength increase up to a certain limit and then gradually decreases. From the
above experiment, Robo sand can be used as an alternative material for the fine
6
aggregate. From the experiment 50% of fine aggregate can be replaced with Robo
sand. Robo sand qualifies itself as a substitute for river sand at reasonable cost.
Rajith M and Amritha E K (2015) studied the performance to reduce the

pollution effect on the environment by increasing the usage of industrial by-
products in our construction industry. This paper focus on investigating behavior of
M30 concrete by partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate by Ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and Granulated blast furnace slag
(GBS).Compressive strength increases by increasing percentage of GBS up to
50% and GGBS up to 25% in concrete. Split tensile strength and flexural strength
of the concrete are also increased up to 50% replacement of fine aggregate by
GBS and up to 25% replacement of cement by GGBS. Compressive strength, split
tensile strength and flexural strength were increased up to 16.07%, 17.88% and
9.56% respectively. It is found that by partial replacement of cement with GGBS
and sand with GBS helped in improving the strength of concrete compared to
normal mix concrete.
Mallesh M and Suresh R (2017) studied the performance of M20 grade of

concrete with W/C 0.5 and is carried out with five percentage of cement
replacement by GGBS i.e, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, along with the steel
slag varied as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. For all mixes compressive strength are
determined at 7 and 28 days of curing. The optimum strength of concrete mix is
obtained for the represent of 15% GGBS and 30% steel slag. We observe that the
concrete made with 15% GGBS replacement with cement and 30% steel slag
replacement with River sand shows higher compressive strength than the other
mixes. So it is concluded that 15% GGBS Replacement with cement and 30%
steel slag Replacement with River sand is optimum value of compressive strength
results. Hence, it can be recommended that the GGBS and Steel Slag can be
satisfactorily utilize as Combined partial replacement for cement and Natural sand
respectively in Concrete.
M.Arvind Murugesan and Kaniska studied the performance to evaluate the

ultimate behaviour of compressive and flexural strength of the concrete, by using
GGBS as partial replacement in cement and complete replacement of fine
aggregate using M-sand in High Performance Concrete. We are comparing the
7
M25 grade concrete with M60 and M80 grade concrete, by replacing GGBS in the
ratios of 0%, 25% and 50% in cement in order to improve its performance. The
optimum replacement level of GGBS in cement is 25%, because 25% replacement
gives higher strength whereas the strength gradually reduces for the 50% of
replacement proportion. In high performance concrete also 25% of replacement
gives efficient strength.
Bhupendra Singh Kalchuri, et.al(2015) studied the performance of concrete

prepared with marble powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (Sand) in
four different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for the period of
7days, 28days, 90days curing.M30 grade of concrete was prepared by partially
replacing fine aggregate with five different percentages by weight of marble
powder.The compressive strength of concrete is increased when the percentage
of marble powder waste is increased up to 20% and by further increasing the
percentage of marble powder waste compressive strength gets reduced.Test also
indicates that the waste marble powder can be successfully utilized as partial
replacement of fine aggregate in concrete production. Their use in concrete will
alleviate the problem of their disposal and environmental pollution.
Raman Kumar and Ankit (2016) studied the performance in the mixture of
marble powder ratio of 10%, 15% and 20% was used in the concrete mix and sand
is replaced by marble powder.The tests are conducted to find the flexural strength,
split tensile strength and compressive strength and abrasion test of 7 days 14days
and 28 days. At the age 7 days, 14 days and 28days of each mixture were tested
and analysed in order to find out the best effective mixture in following of strength
characteristics of concrete mix.The compressive strength, flexural strength & split
tensile strength of concrete increases upto 15%replacement of fine aggregate by
marble waste powder and further increasing of percentage of marble waste
powder leads to reduction of strength of concrete.Usage of marble waste product
leads to sustainable development in construction industry.The use of marble waste
powder shows good performance due to efficient micro filling ability.
Reshma Rughooputh and Jaylina Rana(2014) studied the performance to

increase quest for sustainable and eco-friendly materials in the construction
industry has led to research on partial replacement of the conventional
8
constituents of concrete by two selected waste materials. The broad aim of this
work was to investigate the effects of partially replaced Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the properties of
concrete including compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, flexure,
modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage and initial surface absorption. Results
showed that the compressive and tensile splitting strengths, flexure and modulus
of elastic increased as the GGBS content increased. The percentage drying
shrinkage showed a slight increment with the partial replacement of OPC with
GGBS. However, concrete containing GGBS failed the initial surface absorption
test confirming that GGBS decreases the permeability of concrete. The optimum
mix was the one with 50% GGBS replacement. Thus, GGBS can potentially be
used as a cement replacement material for structural concrete applications in line
with the sustainability targets of Mauritius.
Kumar Shantveerayya and Vikas Nikkam (2016) studied about the Glass
fibre reinforced concrete, i.e, GFRC concrete is one which is manufactured by
adding glass fibre to the nominal concrete with partial replacement of OPC by
GGBS in order to incorporate few additional properties to the concrete. GFRC is a
concrete that uses glass fibres for reinforcement instead of steel. Since the fibres
cannot rust like steel, there is no need for a protective concrete cover thickness to
prevent rusting. Concrete of grade M25 was used with the addition of glass fibre of
0.33% and 0.67% by weight of concrete with partial replacement of GGBS in 15%,
30%,45% and 60% by weight of cementitious material. The cubes and cylinders
were casted to test compressive and split tensile strength of concrete at 3days,
7days and 28 days of curing. From this work, it is concluded that the effective
percentage of replacement for 0.33% of glass fibre is 45% for both compressive
strength and split tensile strength. The effective percentage of replacement for
0.67% glass fibre is 30%.
Sonali K. Gadpalliwar, et.al (2014) has studied the performance of Ground

granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Rice husk ash (RHA) and Quarry sand
(QS). Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil engineering
industry because of its high structural strength and stability. The concrete industry
is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of
reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Ground granulated blast furnace slag
9
(GGBS) Rice husk ash (RHA) and Quarry sand (QS) are among the solid wastes
generated by industry. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of natural
sand (NS) with Quarry sand and partial replacement of cement with GGBS and
RHA can be an economic alternative. This research is carried out in three phase,
in first phase mix of M40 grade concrete with replacement of
0%,15%,30%,45%,60%,75%,90% and 100% of quarry sand with natural sand is
carried out to determine the optimum percentage of replacement at which
maximum compressive strength is achieved. It is observed that when natural sand
is partially replaced with 60% quarry sand maximum strength is achieved. In
second phase, cement is partially replaced with GGBS by 10%, 20% and 30%. In
phase three, combination of GGBS and RHA is partially replaced with cement. The
composition of 22.5% GGBS + 7.5% RHA with 60% of quarry sand gives good
strength results.
2.3 OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the optimum replacement of Fly ash and GGBS instead of

cement in this combination.
2. To explore the possibility of using marble powder waste as partial
replacement of fine aggregate in concrete.
3. To compare the strength of concrete in M25 grade specimen made by
conventional method with that of specimens made by replacing cement
partially with Fly ash and GGBS to 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and fine
aggregate with M Sand to 85% and Marble Powder to 15% by weight.
4. To determine the most optimized mix of concrete in the above combination.
10
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL USED
3.1 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objective of the study the following methodology has been
adopted in this project and it shown in fig 3.1
Collection of sample
Preliminary tests
Mix design
Fresh concrete tests
Casting and curing
Harden concrete
Collection tests
of sample
Results and conclusion
Fig 3.1 : Methodology
3.2 MATERIALS USED
3.2.1 Cement
Cement is the most important ingredient and acts as a binding material

(having adhesive and cohesive properties). Cement is obtained by pulversing
clinker formed by claiming raw materials primarily comprising of liming (CaO),
Silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3 and Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) along with some minor
oxides.
11
Joseph Asp Din, a brick layer in England, developed Portland cement in
1824. Further developments lead to the present forms Portland cement exhibiting
the variety of properties and suitable for variety of functional requirements of
strength, durability, impermeability, and other dimensional constrains, cement
when mixed with water forms a paste which sets and hardens under water and
binds the aggregate together to produce a continuous compact mass. The
characteristics behavior of this concrete mass in a given condition depends on the
type, quality and quantity of cement.
The Portland cement comprises of four principal compounds such as tri-

calcium silicate. The composition of these principal components is affected by the
proportions of basic raw material oxides. The actual proportions of these principles
compounds affect the behavior of cement to cement and accordingly form the
basis of classifying Portland cement into different types. These different types of
Portland cement are suitable under different conditions and requirements of a
structure and it shown in fig 3.2.
Fig 3.2 : Ordinary Portland cement
Various physical properties of cement
1. Fineness
2. Setting and Hardening
3. Strength
4. Soundness
5. Heat of Hydration
12
6. The cement shall be used and the selected should be appropriate for the
intended use.
7. 53 Grade Portland pozzalano Cement confirming to IS: 8112.
The table 3.1 shows that the physical properties of cement test result i.e
specific gravity, Consistency, Initial setting time and Final setting time.
Table 3.1 Physical properties of cement
TESTS RESULTS
Specific gravity 3.15
Consistency 33%
Initial setting time 42 min
Final setting time 575 min
3.2.2 Fine aggregate
Manufactured sand is an alternative for river sand. Due to fast growing

construction industry, the demand for sand has increased tremendously, causing
deficiency of suitable river sand in most part of the word. Due to the depletion of
good quality river sand for the use of construction, the use of manufactured sand
has been increased. Another reason for use of M-Sand is its availability and
transportation cost. Since manufactured sand can be crushed from hard granite
rocks, it can be readily available at the nearby place, reducing the cost of
transportation from far-off river sand bed. Thus, the cost of construction can be
controlled by the use of manufactured sand as an alternative material for
construction. The other advantage of using M-Sand is, it can be dust free, the
sizes of m-sand can be controlled easily so that it meets the required grading for
the given construction.
Natural or River sand are weathered and worn out particles of rocks and
are of various grades or sizes depending upon the amount of wearing. Now-a-
days good sand is not readily available, it is transported from a long distance.
Those resources are also exhausting very rapidly. So it is a need of the time to
13
find some substitute to natural river sand. The artificial sand produced by proper
machines can be a better substitute to river sand. The sand must be of proper
gradation (it should have particles from 150 microns to 4.75 mm in proper
proportion). When fine particles are in proper proportion, the sand will have fewer
voids. The cement quantity required will be less. Such sand will be more
economical. Demand for manufactured fine aggregates for making concrete is
increasing day by day as river sand cannot meet the rising demand of construction
sector. Natural river sand takes millions of years to form and is not
replenishable. Because of its limited supply, the cost of Natural River sand has sky
rocketed and its consistent supply cannot be guaranteed. Under this
circumstances use of manufactured sand becomes inevitable.
River sand in many parts of the country is not graded properly and has
excessive silt and organic impurities and these can be detrimental to durability of
steel in concrete whereas manufactured sand has no silt or organic
impurities However, many people in India have doubts about quality of concrete /
mortars when manufactured or artificial sand are used. Manufactured sand has
been regularly used to make quality concrete for decades in India and abroad.
3.2.2.1 Issues with River Sand
1. The Civil engineers, Architects, Builders, and Contractors agree that the
river sand, which is available today, is deficient in many respect. It does
content very high silt fine particles (as in case of Filter sand).
2. Presence of other impurities such as coal, bones, shells, mica and silt
etc makes it inferior for the use in cement concrete. The decay of these
materials, due to weathering effect, shortens the life of the concrete.
3. Now-a-days, the Government have put ban on lifting sand from River
bed.
4. Transportation of sand damages the roads.
5. Removing sand from river bed impact the environment, as water table
goes deeper & ultimately dry.
3.2.2.2 General Requirements of Manufactured Sand
1. All the sand particles should have higher crushing strength.

2. The surface texture of the particles should be smooth.
14
3. The edges of the particles should be grounded.
4. The ratio of fines below 600 microns in sand should not be less than
30%.
5. There should not be any organic impurities
6. Silt in sand should not be more than 2%, for crushed sand.
7. In manufactured sand the permissible limit of fines below 75 microns
shall not exceed 15%.
3.2.2.3 Advantages of Manufactured Sand (M-Sand)
1. It is well graded in the required proportion.

2. It does not contain organic and soluble compound that affects the
setting time and properties of cement, thus the required strength of
concrete can be maintained.
3. It does not have the presence of impurities such as clay, dust and silt
coatings, increase water requirement as in the case of river sand which
impair bond between cement paste and aggregate. Thus, increased
quality and durability of concrete.
4. M-Sand is obtained from specific hard rock (granite) using the state-of-
the-art International technology, thus the required property of sand is
obtained.
5. M-Sand is cubical in shape and is manufactured using technology like
High Carbon steel hit rock and then rock on rock process which is
synonymous to that of natural process undergoing in river sand
information.
6. Modern and imported machines are used to produce M-Sand to ensure
required grading zone for the sand and it shown in fig 3.3.
Fig 3.3 : Manufactured Sand

15
The table 3.2 shows that the physical properties of M Sand test result
i.especific gravity, water absorption and fineness modulus.
Table 3.2 Physical properties of M sand
TESTS RESULTS
Type M sand
Water absorption % 5.94
Fineness modulus 3.96
3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate
As explained aggregate used for concrete production is classified as fine

aggregate and coarse aggregate depending on its particle size. Aggregate of size
more than 4.75mm, is called as coarse aggregate and is one of the most important
ingredient of concrete. It gives strength to the concrete and constituents about 70
to 75 percent volume of concrete.Crushed stone in general used as coarse
aggregate which is black in colour, angular and local name known as black metal
or, Gitti. Coarse aggregate is generally derived by crushing natural available.
There are three varieties of rocks available and it shown in fig 3.4.
Fig 3.4 :Coarse aggregate
16
These are igneous rocks are fine grained, strong and dense formed by the
cooling of parts of the bodies molten material which is called I general Basalt are
more common igneous rocks. Aggregate developed by crushing of these rocks are
black in colour and very common used for concrete work also known as black trap.
Sedimentary rocks also called derivative rocks were deposited in some geological
age mechanically through the agency of water, wind or ice action chemically or
organically.
These rocks cover about three quarters of the earth’s land surface,
sandstone is one of its types used in concrete production being hard and durable.
Sandstone in the forms of strips is also used in slab construction. Metamorphic
rocks are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks. The igneous crust where
they are upon by great heat and pressure because of these agencies rock are also
partly or wholly changed and new is formed.
Physical properties of coarse aggregate
1. Absorption, porosity, and permeability

2. Surface texture strength and elasticity
3. Density and specific gravity
4. Aggregate voids
5. Hardness
6. Particle shape
7. Coatings
8. Undesirable physical components
The table 3.3 shows that the physical properties of coarse aggregate test
resulti.especific gravity, water absorption, impact value, fineness modulus.
Table 3.3 Physical properties of coarse aggregate
TESTS RESULTS
Impact value 11.6%
17
3.2.4 Water
Although water is an important constituent of concrete, but it does not

receive due attention in preparation and quality control of concrete. Strength and
other properties of concrete are developed as a result of reaction cement and
water (hydration) and thus water plays a critical role.
Quality of mixing and curing water sometimes leads to distress and

disintegration of concrete reducing the useful life of the concrete structure. Water
used for concrete mixture should not contain substances which can have harmful
effect of strength (i.e., on hydration process of 11 cement) or durability of the
concrete in service.
For evaluating the effect of using a water of questionable quality is to make

comparative tests for time of set and soundness, and strength with water of
doubtful quality and distilled water. Compressive strength test for performance of
water in concrete shall be carried out on the 150 mm concrete cubes prepared
with water proposed to be used. Average 28 days’ compressive strength of 3
similar cubes prepared with distilled water.
Initial setting time of test block made with proposed water and cement shall
not be less than 30 minutes and not differ by ±30 minutes from the initial setting
time of control test block prepared with the same cement and distilled water.
3.2.5 Fly ash
Ash may be classified into two groups as Class C and Class F, based on
the nature of their ash constituents. One is bituminous ash (Class F) and the other
is the lignite ash (Class C). Lignite ashes contain more calcium oxide and
magnesium oxide than ferric oxide, but bituminous ash contains more ferric oxide
than calcium and magnesium oxides. The average particle size of lignite flyash is
considerably coarser than the bituminous variety. Also free lime is present in all
the lignite flyashes. The lignite ash (Class C) in India is produced at
18
NeyveliThermal Power Plant and the most of the other power plants in India
produce bituminous ashes (Class F) and it shown in fig 3.5.
Properties of Flyash
The properties of Flyash change with time, the nature of coal, its degree of
grinding, boiler operations, the type of fuel used, the type of separators used etc.
Physical Characterization of Flyash
Colour: Carbon and iron affect the colour of the flyash. High carbon content
changes the colour to grey or black. High iron content produces a tin coloured
ash.
The table 3.4 shows that the Physical characterization of fly ash i.especific
gravity, Consistency, Initial setting time and Final setting time.
Table 3.4 Physical Characterization of Fly ash
TESTS RESULTS
Consistency % 39
Initial setting time 32 min
Final setting time 386 min
Class F fly ash
The burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal typically

produces Class F flyash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains less
than 10% lime (CaO). Possessing pozzolanic properties, the glassy silica and
alumina of Class F fly ash requires a cementing agent, such as Portland cement,
quicklime, or hydrated lime, with the presence of water in order to react and
produce cementitious compounds. This fly ash has siliceous or siliceous and
aluminous material, which itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will,
in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with
19
calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form cementitious compounds.
Progress of the pozzolanic reaction of class F flyash is slow.
Class C fly ash
Fly ash produced from the burning of younger lignite or subbituminous coal,
in addition to having pozzolanic properties, also has some self-cementing
properties. In the presence of water, Class C fly ash will harden and gain strength
over time. Class C fly ash generally contains more than 20% lime (CaO). Unlike
Class F, self-cementing Class C fly ash does not require an activator. Alkali and
sulfate (SO4) contents are generally higher in Class C fly ashes. Class C flyash
which has a high lime content, reacts to some extent direct with water, in particular
some C2S may be present in the flyash and this compound reacts to form CSH. In
addition, as with Class F flyash, there is a reaction of silica with calcium hydroxide
produced by the hydration of portland cement. Thus, Class C flyash reacts earlier
than Class F flyash, but some Class C flyashes do not show a long term increase
in strength.
Fig 3.5 : Fly Ash
20
3.2.6 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
The Fly ash, GGBS, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Silica Fume (SF) are some of
the pozzolanic materials which can be used in concrete as partial replacement of
cement. A number of studies are going on in India as well as abroad to study the
impact of use of these pozzolanic materials as cement replacements and the
results are encouraging. These materials include fly ash, silica fume and ground-
granulated blast furnace slag used separately or in combination. The strength,
durability and other characteristic of concrete depends on the properties of its
ingredients, proportion of mix, method of compaction and other controls during
placing and curing. For concretes, a combination of mineral and chemical
admixtures is always essential to ensure achievement of the required strength and
it shown in fig 3.6.
The table 3.5 shows that the physical properties of GGBS test
resulti.especific gravity, Consistency, size of particle and fineness.
Table 3.5 Physical composition of GGBS
PROPERTIES VALUES
Colour white
Consistency % 29
Specific Gravity 2.94
Size of particles 45 micron sieve residue = 5%
Fineness (Blain’s air permeability) 320 m2/kg
Fig 3.6 :Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
21
3.2.7 Marble Powder (MP)
The purity of the marble is responsible for its color and appearance it is
white if the limestone is composed solely of calcite (100% CaCO 3). Marble is used
for construction and decoration; marble is durable, has a noble appearance, and
consequently in great demand Marble Powder is an industrial waste produced
from cutting of marble stone. The result is that the mass of marble waste which is
20% of total marble quarried has reached as high as millions of tons. Marble as a
building material especially in places and monuments has been in use for ages.
However, the use is limited as stone bricks in wall or arches or as lining

slabs in walls, roofs or floors, leaving its wastage at quarry or at the sizing industry
generally unattended for use in the building industry itself as filler or plasticizer in
mortar or concrete. One of the logical means for reduction of the waste marble
masses calls for utilizing them in building industry itself. Marble powder is not
available in all the places. Despite this fact, concrete production is one of the
concerns worldwide that impact the environment with major impact being global
warming due to CO2 emission during production of cement. Waste Marble dust
can be used to improve the mechanical and physical properties of the
conventional concrete. Now-a-days the cost of material is increasing so if we use
the waste material in the production of the concrete so we decrease the price and
it shown in fig 3.7.
Fig 3.7 : Marble Powder
22
The table 3.6 shows that the physical properties of Marble powder test
result i.e specific gravity, water absorption and fineness modulus.
Table 3.6 Physical properties of Marble Powder
TESTS RESULTS
3.3 MIX DESIGN
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determine

their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required
strength, durability and workability as economically as possible, is termed the
concrete mix design the proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the
required performance of concrete in two states, namely plastic and hardened
states if the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly placed and
compacted. The property of workability therefore becomes of vital importance.
The compressive strength of hardened concrete which concrete which is

generally considered to be index properties depends upon many factors, For
example quality of cement, water and aggregate, batching and mixing, placing,
compaction and curing. The cost of concrete is made up of cost of materials, plant
and labour. The variations in the cost of materials arise from the fact that the
cement is several times costly then the aggregate, thus the aim is to produce as
lean a mix as possible. From technical point of view the rich mixes may lead to
high heat of hydration in mass concrete which may cause creaking.
The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of material required for
producing a minimum mean strength called characteristic that is specified by the
designer of the structure. It is depending on the quality control measures but there
is no doubt that the control adds to the cost of concrete.
23
The extent of quality control is often an economic compromise and depends
on the size and type of job. The cost of labour depends on the workability of mix,
example concrete mix inadequate workability may result in a high cost of labour to
obtain a degree of compaction with available equipment and the concrete mixing
with hand mix it shown in fig 3.8.
3.3.1 Requirement of concrete mix design
The requirement which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix
ingredients are
1. The maximum compressive strength required from structural consideration.
2. The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
3. Maximum water cement ratio or maximum cement content to give adequate

durability for the particular site conditions.
4. Maximum cement content to avoided shrinkage cracking due to

temperature cycle in mass concrete.
3.3.2 Types of mix
Nominal mixes
In the past specification for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement,

fine and coarse aggregate. The mixes of fixed cement aggregate ratio which
ensures adequate strength are termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and
under normal circumstances have a margin of mix ingredients the nominal
concrete for given workability varies widely in strength.
Standard mixes
The nominal of fixed cement aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in
strength and may result in under or over rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum
compressive strength has been including in many specifications. These mixes are
termed standard mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designed the concrete mixes into a number of grades as

M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation, the letter M refers to the
24
mix and the number to the specified 28 days’ cube strength of mix in N/mm 2. The
mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to the mix
proportion (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.
Designed mixes
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer

but the mix proportions are determining by the producer of concrete, except that
the minimum cement content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to
the selection of mix proportions with specific material in mind possessing more or
less unique characteristic however, the designed mix does not serve as guide
since this does not guarantee the correct mix proportions for the prescribed
performance. For the concrete with undemanding performance nominal or
standard mixes (prescribed in codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic
meter and slump) may be used only for very small jobs when the 28 days strength
of concrete does not exceed 30N/mm2. No control testing is necessary reliance
being placed on the masses of the ingredients. If M30 concrete not design for IS
method. So, design for with M30 concrete.
3.3.3 Factors affecting the choice of mix design
Compressive strength
It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many

other describable properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive
strength required at a specified age usually 28 days, determine the nominal water
cement ratio of mix. The other factor affecting is the strength of concrete at a given
age and cured at a prescribed temperature is the degree of compaction. According
to Abraham’s law the strength of fully compacted concrete is inversely proportional
to the water cement ratio.
Workability
The degree of workability required depends on three factors. These are the
size of the section to be concrete, the amount of reinforcement and the method of
compaction to be used, for the narrow and complicated section with numerous
corners or inaccessible parts, the concrete must have medium workability so that
full compaction can be achieved with a reasonable amount of a medium
25
workability of effort. This also applies to the embedded steel section. The desired
workability depends on the compacting equipment available at the site.
Maximum nominal size of aggregate
In general, larger the maximum sine of aggregate, smaller is the cement

requirement for the particular water cement ratio, because the workability of
concrete increase with size of the aggregate. However, the compressive strength
tends to increase with the decrease in size of the aggregate. IS 456-2000 and
IS10262-1982 recommended that the nominal size of aggregate should be as
large as possible.
Grading and type of aggregate
The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportion for a specified

workability and water cement ratio. Coarse the grading leaner will be mix which
can be used. Very lean mix is not desirable since it not contain enough finer
material to make the concrete cohesive. The type of aggregate influences strongly
the aggregate cement ratio for the desired workability and stipulated water cement
ratio. An important feature of a satisfactory aggregate is the uniformly of the
grading which can be achieved by mixing different size fraction.
Durability
The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive environmental

condition. Normal strength is generally more durable than low strength concrete.
Fig 3.8 : Hand mix
26
3.4 MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE
The mixture proportioning was done according the Indian Standard

Recommended Method IS 10262-2009:
3.4.1 Mix design for M25 grade of concrete (standard)
Stipulating for proportioning
1. Grade designation = M25
2. Type of cement = OPC 53 Grade
3. Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm
4. Minimum cement content = 300kg/m3
5. Maximum water - cement ratio = 0.55
6. Workability = 75-90 mm(slump)
7. Exposure condition = Moderate
8.Type of aggregate = Crushed angular aggregate
9. Maximum cement content = 450kg/m3
Test data for materials:
1. Cement used = OPC 53 Grade
2. Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
3. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.74
4. Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.84
5. Water absorption of coarse aggregate = 2.55%
6. Water absorption of fine aggregate = 5.94%
7.Sieve analysis
Coarse aggregate = Conforming graded as per IS 383:1970requirement 20mm

down sizes
Fine aggregate = Zone – II of table 4 of IS 383:1970
27
Target mean strength of concrete
For a tolerance factor of 1.65 and using table 1 from IS10262-2000, the
standard deviation S = 4 N/mm2. So, Target mean strength for the specified
Characteristic cure strength = 25 + (4x1.65) = 33.25 N/mm2
Selection of water cement ratio
From table 5 from IS456-2000, maximum water cement ratio = 0.55
Based on experience, adopt water cement ratio as 0.54
0.54 < 0.55
Hence ok
Selection of water cement content
From table 2 of IS 10262-2009, maximum water content is 186 lit (for 75-
100mm) slump range for 20mm aggregate.
Estimate water content for (75-100mm) slump = 186 kg/m3
Calculation of cement content
Water cement ratio = 0.54
Water = 186 Kg/m3
Cement = 186/0.54
Cement content = 345 kg/m3
From table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content
Content for ‘Moderate’ exposure condition = 300 Kg/m3
300 Kg/m3< 350 Kg/m3
Hence ok.
Proportion of volume of coarse and fine aggregate
From table 3of IS 10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding

to 20mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (zone - II) water cement ratio of 0.54 =
0.54
28
In the presence of water cement ratio is 0.54. Therefore, volume of coarse
aggregate is not required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content.
Therefore, the corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the

water cement ratio of 0.54 = 0.6 m3
Volumes of coarse aggregate = 0.6 m3
Volume of fine coarse aggregate = 1 – 0.6 = 0.4 m3
Mix calculation
The calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1m3

b) Volume of cement = (Mass of Cement)
(Sp. Gravity of Cement)
= 0.125 m3
c) Volume of water = (Mass of Water)
(Sp. Gravity of Water) x1000
= 0.186 m3
d) Volume of all in aggregate = [a-(b+c)]
= 1- (0.125+0.186)
= 0.332 m3
e) Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.332 x 0.58 x 2.74 x 1000

= 1158 Kg/m3
f) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.332 x 0.42 x 2.84 x 1000
= 800 kg/m3
29
Table:3.7 The conventional mix proportion
CEMENT FINE COARSE WATER

AGGREGATE AGGREGATE
345 kg/m3 800 kg/m3 1158 kg/m3 186 kg/m3
1 2.318 3.356 0.54
Calculation for cubes
Mix proportion for 150mm X 150mm X 150mm
Volume of cube = 0.15*0.15*0.15 = 0.003375 m3
For 0.003375 m3
Cement content = 0.003375*345 = 1.16 kg
Coarse aggregate content = 0.003375*1158 =3.91 kg
Fine aggregate content = 0.003375* 800 kg =2.7 kg
Water content = 0.003375*186 = 0.62 liters
Calculation for cylinder
Mix proportion for 100mm X 200mm
Volume of cube = (π/4) 0.1^2*0.2 = 0.00157 m3
For 0.00157 m3
Cement content = 0.00157*345 = 0.54 kg
Coarse aggregate content = 0.00157*1158= 1.81 kg
Fine aggregate content = 0.00157* 800kg =1.26 kg
Calculation for beam
Mix proportion for 100mm X 100mm X 500mm
30
Volume of cube = 0.1*0.1*0.5 = 0.005 m3
For 0.005 m3
Cement content = 0.005*345 = 1.72kg
Coarse aggregate content = 0.005*1158 = 5.79 kg
Fine aggregate content = 0.005* 800 kg =4 kg
The fig 3.9 shows that the casting of specimen i.e cube, cylinder and beam.
Fig 3.9Casting ofspecimen
31
The fig 3.10 shows that the specimens are in curing for 7, 14 and 28 days.
Fig 3.10 : Specimen in curing
The fig 3.11 shows the demoulded specimen.
Fig 3.11 :Demoulded specimen
32
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND ANALYSIS
4.1 TEST ON FRESH CONCRETE
4.1.1 Slump test on concrete

The object of this test to find out workability of freshly mixed cement
concrete. Workability is the capacity of being worked without extra labour and loss
in strength. The strength of cement concrete entirely depends upon the correct
percentage of water. This experiment gives the percentage of water and slump. It
is the fall vertical height of a freshly prepared concrete with respect to its standard
mould height.
Fig 4.1 :Measuring slump of concrete
Slump cone test
Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Slump

test as per IS: 1199-1959 is followed and it shown in fig 4.1
A) Apparatus required
1. Slump cone
2. Tamping rod
3. Metallic sheet
33
B) Procedure
1. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from
superfluous moisture and adherence of any old set concrete before
commencing the test.
2. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal rigid and non – absorbent
surface.
3. The mould is then filled in four layers each approximately ¼ of the height of
the mould.
4. Each layer is tamped 25 times rod taking care to distribute the strokes
evenly over the cross section. After the top layer has been rodded, the
concrete is struck off level with a trowel and tamping rod.
5. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly
and carefully in a vertical direction.
6. This allows the concrete to subside. This subside is referred as slump of
concrete.
7. The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the
highest point of the subsided concrete is measured. This difference in
height in mm is taken as slump of concrete.
8. The pattern of slump indicates the characteristics of concrete in addition to
the slump value. If the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one
half of the cone slides down, it is called shear slump. In case of a shear
slump, the slump value is measured as the difference in height between
the height of the mould and the average value of the subsidence. Shear
slump also indicates that the concrete is non-cohesive and shows the
characteristic of segregation.
The table 4.1 shows that the percentage details of each mix. In that mix1 to
mix4 we have replaced cement by fly ash and fine aggregate by marble powder.
Again in that mix5 to mix8 we have replaced cement by GGBS and fine
aggregate by marble powder.
In mix1 to mix4 replacement of cement byFly ash as 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%
and we took the replacement of fine aggregate Marble powder 15% as a constant.
34
In mix5 to mix8 replacement of cement by GGBS as 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%
and we took the replacement of fine aggregate Marble powder 15% as a constant.
Table 4.1 The Percentage of materials
MIX CEMENT COARSE FLY GGBS M MARBLE

AGGREGATE ASH SAND POWDER
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Conventional 100 100 - - 100 -
Mix 1 90 100 10 - 85 15
Mix 2 85 100 15 - 85 15
Mix 3 80 100 20 - 85 15
Mix 4 75 100 25 - 85 15
Mix 5 90 100 - 10 85 15
Mix 6 85 100 - 15 85 15
Mix 7 80 100 - 20 85 15
Mix 8 75 100 - 25 85 15
The table 4.2 shows that the slump test values of conventional, mix1, mix2,
mix3, mix4, mix5, mix6, mix7 and mix8.With Fly ash gradually decrease the
slump value comparing to the conventional concrete and for GGBS gradually
increase the slump value comparing to the conventional concrete.
Table 4.2 Slump test
REPLACEMENT DETAILS SLUMP VALUE (MM)
Conventional 90
Mix 1 82
Mix 2 78
Mix 3 71
Mix 4 66
35
Mix 5 93
Mix 6 97
Mix 7 101
Mix 8 105
4.2 TEST ON HARDEN CONCRETE
The hardened concrete testing is used to determine the strength of the

concrete.
4.2.1Compression strength test
The specimen is tested by compression test machine after 7 days, 14 days

and 28 days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140kg/cm 2 per
minute till specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives
the compressive strength of concrete and it shown in fig 4.2 and fig 4.3.
Fig 4.2 :Compression strength test
36
1. Moulds for the test cubes
2. Tamping rods
B) Procedure
1. Calculate the material required for preparing the concrete of given

proportions
2. Mix them thoroughly in mechanical mixer until uniform colour of concrete is
obtained
3. Pour concrete in the oiled with a medium viscosity oil. Fill concrete is cube
moulds in two layers each of approximately 75mm and ramming each layer
with 35 blows evenly distributed over the surface of layer.
4. Fill the moulds in 2 layers each of approximately 50mm deep and ramming
each layer heavily.
5. Struck off concrete flush with the top of the moulds.
6. Immediately after being made, they should be covered with wet mats.
7. Specimens are removed from the moulds after 24hrs and cured in water 28
days.
8. After 24hrs of casting, cylinder specimens are capped by neat cement paste
35 percent water content on capping apparatus. After 24 hours, the
specimens are immersed into water for final curing.
9. Compression tests of cube and cylinder specimens are made as soon as
practicable after removal from curing pit. Test-specimen during the period of
their removal from the curing pit and till testing, are kept moist by a wet
blanket covering and tested in a moist condition.
10. Place the specimen centrally on the location marks of the compression
testing machine and load is applied continuously, uniformly and without
shock.
11. Also, note the type of failure and appearance cracks.
Compressive strength = Maximum load/ Area of sample
In fig 4.3 shows that the Compressive strength of dial gauge reading.
37
Fig 4.3 :Compressive strength dial gauge reading
The table 4.3 shows that the 7 days compression strength and maximum
load of each sample for conventional, mix1,mix2,mix3,mix4,mix5,mix6, mix7 and
mix8.In that mix1 to mix4 we have replaced cement by fly ash and fine aggregate
by marble powder. Again in that mix5 to mix8 we have replaced cement by GGBS
and fine aggregate by marble powder.
Table 4.3 Compressive strength (7 Days)

Replacement Max Load Comp Max Load Comp Max Load Comp
details (kN) Strength (kN) Strength (kN) Strength
Sample 1 (N/mm²) Sample 2 (N/mm²) Sample 3 (N/mm²)
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Conventional 470 20.88 467 20.75 465 20.66

Mix 1 510 22.66 508 22.57 512 22.75
Mix 2 533 23.68 530 23.55 535 23.77
Mix 3 480 21.33 476 21.15 468 20.8
Mix 4 455 20.22 450 20 466 21.71
Mix 5 475 21.11 488 21.68 468 20.8
Mix 6 490 21.77 498 22.13 486 21.6
Mix 7 457 20.31 465 20.66 472 20.97
Mix 8 443 19.68 438 19.46 425 18.88
38
The table 4.4 shows that the 14 days compression strength and maximum load of
each sample for conventional, mix1,mix2,mix3,mix4,mix5,mix6, mix7 and mix8.In
that mix1 to mix4 we have replaced cement by fly ash and fine aggregate by
marble powder. Again in that mix5 to mix8 we have replaced cement by GGBS and
fine aggregate by marble powder.
Replacement Max Comp Max Comp Max Comp
details Load Strength Load Strength Load Strength
(kN) (N/mm²) (kN) (N/mm²) (kN) (N/mm²)
Sample 1 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 3
Conventional 570 25.33 553 24.57 542 24.08

Mix 1 600 26.66 580 25.77 573 25.46
Mix 2 603 26.8 590 26.22 598 26.57
Mix 3 540 24 535 23.77 560 24.88
Mix 4 515 22.88 523 23.24 530 23.55
Mix 5 560 24.88 565 25.11 550 24.44
Mix 6 575 24.55 585 26 573 25.46
Mix 7 543 24.13 558 24.80 560 24.88
Mix 8 525 23.33 535 23.77 530 25.55
mix8. In that mix1 to mix4 we have replaced cement by fly ash and fine aggregate
Replacement Max Comp Max Comp Max Comp
details Load Strength Load Strength Load Strength
Conventional 610 27.11 640 28.44 660 29.33

Mix 1 663 29.46 658 29.24 665 29.55
Mix 2 740 32.88 710 31.55 690 30.66
Mix 3 630 28 655 29.11 645 28.66
Mix 4 615 27.33 625 27.77 613 27.24
Mix 5 665 29.55 675 30 683 30.35
Mix 6 680 30.22 690 30.66 720 32
Mix 7 655 29.11 663 29.46 653 29.02
Mix 8 618 27.46 633 28.13 612 27.2
39
The table 4.6 shows that the value of average 7 days compression test. In
that Mix 2 ratio is more to the conventional concrete, by adding Flyash as
replacement of cement by 15% and replacement of fine aggregate by adding
marble powder by 15%.
Again in that Mix 6 ratio is more to the conventional concrete, by adding
GGBS as replacement of cement by 15% and replacement of fine aggregate by
adding marble powder by 15%.
Comparing the both cement replacement by Fly ash and GGBS , Fly ash
achieved the more strength.
Table 4.6 Compressive strength average (7 days)

COMPRESSIVE
REPLACEMENT DETAILS STRENGTH (N/MM²)
Conventional 20.76
Mix 1 22.66
Mix 2 23.67
Mix 3 21.09
Mix 4 20.31
Mix 5 21.19
Mix 6 21.83
Mix 7 20.64
Mix 8 19.31
The table 4.7 shows that the value of average 14 days compression test. In that
Mix 2 ratio is more to the conventional concrete, by adding Flyash as replacement
of cement by 15% and replacement of fine aggregate by adding marble powder by
15%. Again in that Mix 6 ratio is more to the conventional concrete, by adding
40
COMPRESSIVE
REPLACEMENT DETAILS
STRENGTH (N/MM²)
Conventional 24.66
Mix 1 25.96
Mix 2 26.53
Mix 3 24.19
Mix 4 23.22
Mix 5 24.78
Mix 6 25.67
Mix 7 24.57
Mix 8 23.55
The table 4.8 shows that the value of average 28 days compression test. In
41
COMPRESSIVE
REPLACEMENT DETAILS
STRENGTH (N/MM²)
Conventional 28.29
Mix 1 29.41
Mix 2 31.69
Mix 3 28.59
Mix 4 27.44
Mix 5 29.96
Mix 6 30.96
Mix 7 29.19
Mix 8 27.59
In fig 4.4 shows that the graphical representation for 7, 14, 28 days of
compression strength
Compressive Strength
90
80
Average Strength
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Conventi
Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6 Mix 7 Mix 8
onal
28 days 28.29 29.41 31.69 28.59 27.44 29.96 30.96 29.19 27.59
14 days 24.66 25.96 26.53 24.19 23.22 24.78 25.67 24.57 23.55
7 days 20.76 22.66 23.67 21.09 20.31 21.19 21.83 20.64 19.31
Replacement Details
7 days 14 days 28 days
Fig 4.4 :Compressive strength graph
42
4.2.2 Split tensile test
The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties.
Splitting tensile strength test on concrete cylinder is a method to determine the
tensile strength of concrete.
The concrete is very weak in tensile due to its brittle nature and is not
expected to resist the direct tension. The concrete develops cracks when subjected
to tensile forces. Thus, it is necessary to determine the tensile strength of concrete
to determine the load at which the concrete members may cracks and it shown in
fig 4.5 and fig 4.6.
Fig 4.5 : Split tensile test
1. Cylinder mould
2. compression testing machine
B)Procedure
1. Take the wet specimen from water after curing

2. Wipe out water from the surface of specimen
43
3. Draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they
are on the same axial place
4. Note the weight and dimension of the specimen
5. Set the compression testing machine for the required range.
6. Keep are plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen
7. Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and
centered over the bottom plate
8. Place the other plywood strip above the specimen
9. Bring down the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.
10. Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate of approximately
1421kg/cm2/minute
11. Note down the breaking load (P).
Split tensile strength = 2P
πDL
where,
P -Applied load
D -Diameter of the specimen
L -Length of the specimen
Fig 4.6 : Split tensile strength dial gauge readings
44
Table 4.9Split tensile strength (14 Days)
Replacement Max Split Max Split Max Split
details Load tensile Load tensile Load tensile
(kN) Strength (kN) Strength (kN) Strength
Conventional 73 2.32 75 2.38 70 2.22

Mix 1 78 2.48 80 2.54 73 2.32
Mix 2 83 2.64 85 2.70 80 2.54
Mix 3 80 2.54 83 2.64 76 2.42
Mix 4 76 2.42 78 2.48 72 2.29
Mix 5 70 2.22 72 2.29 73 2.32
Mix 6 73 2.32 76 2.42 75 2.38
Mix 7 69 2.20 70 2.22 70 2.22
Mix 8 65 2.06 68 2.16 69 2.20
Table 4.10 Split tensile strength (28 Days)

Replacement Max Split Max Split Max Split
Details Load tensile Load tensile Load tensile
(kN) Strength (kN) Strength (kN) Strength
Conventional 94 2.99 95 3.02 92 2.92

Mix 1 102 3.24 105 3.34 105 3.34
Mix 2 108 3.43 110 3.5 112 3.56
Mix 3 96 3.05 98 3.11 95 3.02
Mix 4 90 2.86 92 2.92 90 2.92
Mix 5 98 3.11 96 3.05 98 3.11
Mix 6 105 3.34 103 3.28 103 3.28
Mix 7 100 3.18 98 3.11 100 3.18
45
Mix 8 90 2.92 94 2.99 94 2.99
The table 4.11 shows that the value of average 14 days Split tensile test. In
Table 4.11Split tensile strength average (14 days)

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
REPLACEMENT DETAILS
(N/MM²)
Conventional 2.30
Mix 1 2.44
Mix 2 2.62
Mix 3 2.53
Mix 4 2.39
Mix 5 2.28
Mix 6 2.37
Mix 7 2.21
Mix 8 2.14
46
The table 4.12 shows that the value of average 28 days split tensile test. In that
Mix 2 ratio is more to the conventional concrete, by adding Flyash as replacement
of cement by 15% and replacement of fine aggregate by adding marble powder by
15%.
Table 4.12 Split tensile strength average (28 days test results)
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

REPLACEMENT DETAILS
(N/MM²)
Conventional 2.97
Mix 1 3.31
Mix 2 3.51
Mix 3 3.06
Mix 4 2.9
Mix 5 3.09
Mix 6 3.30
Mix 7 3.15
Mix 8 2.96
In fig 4.7 shows that the graphical representation for 7, 14, 28 days of
compression strength.
47
Split Tensile Strength
7
Average strength 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Conventi
onal
28 days 2.97 3.31 3.51 3.06 2.9 3.09 3.3 3.15 2.96
14 days 2.3 2.44 2.62 2.53 2.39 2.28 2.37 2.21 2.14
Replacement details
14 days 28 days
Fig 4.7 :Split tensile graph
4.2.3 Flexural Test

“Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a
measure of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending.
It is measured by loading 100mm x 100mm x 500mm concrete beam” and it
shown in fig4.8.
Fig 4.8 :Flexural test
48
1. Prism mould
2. compression testing machine
B) Procedure
1. Test specimens are stored in water at a temperature of 24 oC to 30oC

for 48 hours before testing. They are tested immediately on removal
from the water whilst they are still wet condition.
2. The dimension of each specimen should be noted before testing.
3. The bearing surface of the supporting and loading rollers is wiped
and clean, and any loose sand or other material removed from the
surfaces of the specimen where they are to make contact with the
rollers.
4. The specimen is then placed in the machine in such manner that the
load is applied to the upper most surface as cast in the mould
5. The axis of specimen is carefully aligned with the axis of the loading
device. No packing is used between the bearing surfaces of the
specimen and rollers.
6. The load is applied without shock and increasing continuously at a
rate of the specimen. The rate of loading is 4kN/min for the 15cm
specimen and 18 kN /min for the 10cm specimen.
7. The load is increased until the specimen fails and the maximum load
applied to the specimen during the test is recorded.
Modulus of Rupture (MR) = 3Pa
(bd2)
where,
MR - Modulus of Rupture, MPa
P - Maximum load applied, N
L - Span length, mm
49
b - Average width of specimen, mm
a - Average depth of specimen, mm
The table 4.13 shows that the 14 days Flexural strength and maximum load
of each sample for conventional, mix1,mix2,mix3,mix4,mix5,mix6, mix7 and mix8.
In that mix1 to mix4 we have replaced cement by fly ash and fine aggregate by
marble powder. Again in that mix5 to mix8 we have replaced cement by GGBS and
fine aggregate by marble powder.
Table 4.13Flexural strength (14 days)
Replacement Max Flexural Max Flexural Max Flexural
Details Load Strength Load Strength Load Strength
Conventional 5.30 3.18 5.35 3.21 5.29 3.17

Mix 1 5.56 3.41 5.42 3.33 5.66 3.48
Mix 2 5.65 3.56 5.68 3.58 5.72 3.60
Mix 3 5.50 3.3 5.65 3.39 5.69 3.41
Mix 4 5.41 3.25 5.55 3.33 5.58 3.35
Mix 5 5.36 3.22 5.40 3.24 5.35 3.21
Mix 6 5.50 3.3 5.58 3.35 5.50 3.3
Mix 7 5.40 3.24 5.48 3.29 5.45 3.27
Mix 8 5.3 3.18 5.28 3.16 5.35 3.21
The table 4.14 shows that the 28 days Flexural strength and maximum
load of each sample for conventional, mix1,mix2,mix3,mix4,mix5,mix6, mix7
and mix8. In that mix1 to mix4 we have replaced cement by fly ash and fine
aggregate by marble powder. Again in that mix5 to mix8 we have replaced
cement by GGBS and fine aggregate by marble powder.
50
Table 4.14 Flexural strength (28 days)
Replacement Max Flexural Max Flexural Max Flexural
Details Load Strength Load Strength Load Strength
Conventional 6.41 3.85 6.35 3.81 6.45 3.87

Mix 1 6.50 3.99 6.45 3.97 6.50 3.99
Mix 2 6.55 4.13 6.54 4.12 6.60 4.15
Mix 3 6.48 3.89 6.40 3.84 6.45 3.87
Mix 4 6.08 3.65 6.15 3.69 6.00 3.6
Mix 5 6.53 3.92 6.45 3.87 6.55 3.93
Mix 6 6.85 4.11 6.78 4.06 6.80 4.08
Mix 7 6.60 3.96 6.45 3.87 6.53 3.92
Mix 8 6.45 3.87 6.23 3.74 6.35 3.81
The table 4.15 shows that the value of average 14 days Flexural strength
test. In that Mix 2 ratio is more to the conventional concrete, by adding Flyash as
Table 4.15 Flexural strength average(14 days)
AVERAGE FLEXURAL
REPLACEMENT DETAILS
STRENGTH (N/MM²)
Conventional 3.19
Mix 1 3.41
Mix 2 3.58
Mix 3 3.36
Mix 4 3.31
Mix 5 3.22
51
Mix 6 3.32
Mix 7 3.27
Mix 8 3.18
The table 4.16 shows that the value of average 28 days Flexural strength
test. In that Mix 2 ratio is more to the conventional concrete, by adding Flyash as
Table 4.16 Flexural strength average(28 days)

AVERAGE FLEXURAL
REPLACEMENT DETAILS
STRENGTH (N/MM²)
Conventional 3.84
Mix 1 3.98
Mix 2 4.13
Mix 3 3.86
Mix 4 3.65
Mix 5 3.90
Mix 6 4.08
Mix 7 3.92
Mix 8 3.80
52
In fig 4.9 shows that the graphical representation for 7, 14, 28 days of Flexural
strength.
Flexural strength
9
8
Average strength
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Conventi
onal
28 days 3.84 3.98 4.13 3.86 3.65 3.9 4.08 3.92 3.8
14 days 3.19 3.41 3.58 3.36 3.31 3.22 3.32 3.27 3.18
Replacement Details
14 days 28 days
Fig 4.9 :Flexural strength graph
53
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.1.1 Compressive Strength Test
1. For 10% replacement of cement by Fly ash and complete replacement of

fine aggregate by 15% of marble powder and 85% of M-sand,the
compressive strength has increased to about 29.41 N/mm 2 from 28.29
N/mm2 when compared to conventional concrete.



compressive strength has decreased to about 27.44 N/mm 2 from 28.29
5. For 10% replacement of cement by GGBS and complete replacement of


compressive strength has increased to about 30.96 N/mm2 from 28.29
54
compressive strength has increased to about 29.19 N/mm2 from 28.29

fine aggregate by 15% of marble powder and 85% of M-sand, the
compressive strength has decreased to about 27.59 N/mm2 from 28.29
5.1.2 Split Tensile StrengthTest

fine aggregate by 15% of marble powder and 85% of M-sand, the split
tensile strength has increased to about 3.31 N/mm2 from 2.97 N/mm2when
compared to conventional concrete.

fine aggregate by 15% of marble powder and 85% of M-sand,the split
tensile strength has increased to about 3.51 N/mm2 from 2.97 N/mm2 when

tensile strength has increased to about 3.06 N/mm2 from 2.97 N/mm2 when

tensile strength has increased to about 2.9 N/mm 2 from 2.97 N/mm2 when

55


tensile strength has decreased to about 2.96 N/mm 2 from 2.97 N/mm2 when
5.1.3 Flexural Strength Test

fine aggregate by 15% of marble powder and 85% of M-sand, the flexural
strength has increased to about 3.98 N/mm 2 from 3.84 N/mm2 when



strength has decreased to about 3.65 N/mm 2 from 3.84 N/mm2 when
56



strength has decreased to about 3.80 N/mm 2 from 3.84 N/mm2 when
5.2 CONCLUSION
1. Compressive strength increases by increasing percentage of Fly ash and

constant value of M-sand and Marble Powder combination upto 15% and
GGBS and constant value of M-sand and Marble Powder combination upto
15% in M25 grade of concrete. By further increasing the percentage the
compressive strength gets reduced.
2. Split tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete are also
increased upto 15% for both the combination in M25 grade of concrete
(1:1:2).
3. It indicates that the marble powder can be successfully utilized as partial
replacement of fine aggregate in concrete.
4. We observed from the experimental results that the concrete made with Fly
ash combination gives more strength compared to GGBS combination.
57
REFERENCE
1. Arvind Murugesan M and Kaniska U.S, (2018) “Experimental behaviour
of high performance concrete using GGBS and M-sand ”, Indian Journal
Science and Research, Vol-17(2), pp: 17-23.
2. Bhupendra Singh Kalchuri, Dr. Rajeev Chandak and R.K.Yadav ,(2015)
“Study on concrete using marble powder waste as partial replacement of
sand” , International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,
Vol- 5(4), pp: 87-89.
3. Kumar Shantveerayya and Vikas Nikkam, (2016) “An Experimental
Study on the Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced and Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete”, SSRG International Journal
of Civil Engineering, Vol-3(3),pp: 197- 198.
4. Mallesh M and Suresh R,(2017) “Experimental study on concrete with
partial replacement of cement with GGBS and fine aggregate with steel
slag”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology,
Vol- 04(09), pp: 56-60.
5. Praveen B and Swathi L, (2016) “Experimental study on partial
replacement of cement with fly ash and fine aggregate with robo
sand”,International Journal of Engineering & Science Research, Vol-6
(6), pp: 143-149.
6. Rajith M and Amritha E K,(2015) “Performance of Concrete with Partial
Replacement of Cement and Fine Aggregate by GGBS and GBS”,
International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, International
Conference on Technological Advancements in Structures and
Construction, Vol-10(11), pp: 68-72.
7. Raman Kumar and Ankit, (2016) “An experimental study of marble
powder on the performance of concrete”, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology ,Vol-7(4), pp: 491–497
8. Reshma Rughooputh and Jaylina Rana (2014) “Partial Replacement of
Cement by Ground Granulated Blast furnace slag in concrete”, Journal
of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol-5(5), pp:
340-343.
58
9. Sonali K. Gadpalliwar, R. S. Deotale and Abhijeet R. Narde, (2014) “To
Study the Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS & RHA and Natural
Sand by Quarry Sand In Concrete”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
Civil Engineering, Vol-11(2), pp: 66-77.
10. Vinod Goud and Niraj Soni,(2016) “Partial replacement of cement with
fly ash in concrete and its effect”, IOSR Journal of Engineering , Vol-
06(10), pp: 69-75.
11. IS 516:1959. “Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete”. Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
12. IS10262-2009. Concrete Mix Proportioning – Guidelines (First Revision).
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
13. IS 456-2000 “Plain and Reinforced Concrete”. Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, India.
14. IS 1199-1959 “Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete”. Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
15. IS 2720“Methods of test for soils, Part 3: Determination of specific
gravity”. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
16. IS 4031“Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement, Part 4:
Determination of consistency of standard cement paste”. Bureau of
17. IS 4031 “Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement, Part 5:
Determination of initial and final setting times”. Bureau of Indian
18. IS 2386-1963 “Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part 1:
Particle Size and Shape”. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
19. IS 2386-1963 “Methods of Test For Aggregates For Concrete, Part 3:
Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption And Bulking”. Bureau of
20. IS 12269 “53 grade ordinary Portland cement”. Bureau of Indian
21. IS 383-1970 “Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates From
Natural Sources For Concrete”. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
India.
59

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

CEMENT AND FINE AGGREGATE WITH GREEN MATERIALS

DEBANKUR DEB (Reg. No. 3420703)

DIBYENDU SEN (Reg. No. 3420704)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

replacement of cement and fine aggregate with green

Head of the Department

Submitted for Viva voice Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

PLACE: CHENNAI SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Board of

We convey my thanks to Dr. N. Jyothilakshmi, M.E, PhD, Dean, School of

We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff

Significant development in Infrastructures leads to production of concrete is

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Physical properties of cement 13

3.2 Physical properties of M Sand 16

3.3 Physical properties of coarse aggregate 17

3.4 Physical properties of fly ash 19

3.5 Physical properties of GGBS 21

3.6 Physical properties of marble powder 23

3.7 The conventional mix proportion 30

4.1 The percentage of materials 35

4.2 Slump test 35

4.3 Compressive strength test (7 days) 38

4.4 Compressive strength test (14 days) 39

4.5 Compressive strength test (28 days) 39

4.6 Compressive strength average (7 days) 40

4.7 Compressive strength average (14 days) 41

4.8 Compressive strength average (28 days) 42

4.9 Split tensile strength (14 Days) 45

4.10 Split tensile strength (28 Days) 45

4.11 Split tensile strength average (14 days) 46

4.12 Split tensile strength average (28 days) 47

4.13 Flexural strength (14 days) 50

4.14 Flexural strength (28 days) 51

4.15 Flexural strength average (14 days) 51

4.16 Flexural strength average (28 days) 52

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

3.2 Ordinary Portland Cement 12

3.3 Manufactured Sand 15

3.4 Coarse aggregate 16

3.5 Fly ash 20

3.6 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

3.7 Marble powder 22

3.8 Hand mix 26

3.9 Casting of specimen 31

3.10 Specimen in curing 32

3.11 Demoulded specimen 32

4.1 Measuring slump of concrete 33

4.2 Compression strength test 36

4.3 Compressive strength dial gauge reading 38

4.4 Compressive strength graph 42

4.5 Split tensile test 43

4.6 Split tensile strength dial gauge readings 44

4.7 Split tensile graph 48

4.8 Flexural test 48

4.9 Flexural strength graph 53

The Green concrete is defined as an environmentally friendly of concrete