SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF OPEN GROUND STOREY

FRAMED BUILDING

A thesis Submitted by

SHAMBHU NATH MANDAL

(Roll: 109CE0526)
In partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of
PROF. ROBIN DAVIS P

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA
ROURKELA 769008 ODISHA, INDIA
May 2013

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OD TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA
ODISHA, INDIA 769008

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF OPEN GROUND

STOREY FRAMED BUILDING submitted by Mr. Shambhu Nath Mandal

(109CE0526) in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology

in Civil Engineering during the session 2009-2013 at the National Institute of Technology

Rourkela.

A bonafide record of research work carried by him under my supervision and guidance and

has fulfilled all the prescribed requirements.

Department of civil engineering Robin Davis P

National Institute of Technology Rourkela Associate professor
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to thank God for his blessings due to which I have achieved all the successes and

achievements in my life.

Then after I am very grateful to my respectable and honourable guide Dr. Robin Davis P, an associate

professor for his support, guidance, care, tutelage, motivation and patience throughout the research period. I

just appreciate his talent and the encouragement which he provided me throughout this academic year. All

credit goes to him who made my project successful. Without his help and contribution my work has not been

able to come to this stage of completeness and fulfilment of my bachelor degree.

Also I sincerely offer my gratitude towards my faculty advisor Dr. Ramakar Jha for his valuable support

throughout these 4 years.

Apart from this I would like to thank each and every faculties of my civil engineering department for their

knowledge, assistance, motivation and care throughout the study period.

I just cant leave my friends, their help, togetherness and support which changed a simple man into a

respectable and responsible citizen of a society. So I would like to thank them too for their indebted love and

care towards me.

Last but not the least I hereby want to mention the role of my family members, especially my dad for his

unconditional love, moral support and the encouragement for the successful completion of my bachelor

degree.

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Lots of people have contributed their ideas and help in completion of my project and the thesis I hereby once

more would like to thank them all.

I apologise if left anyone.

Thank You Shambhu Nath Mandal

Roll No: 109CE0526

B.Tech Civil Engineering

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 ABSTRACT

The concept of open ground building (OGS) has taken its place in the Indian urban environment due to the

fact that it provides the parking facility in the ground storey of the building. The cost of construction of this

type of building is much less than that of a building with basement parking. Surveys of buildings failed in

the past earthquakes show that this types of buildings are found to be one of the most vulnerable. The

majority of buildings that failed during the Bhuj earthquake (2001) and Gujraat earthquake were of the open

ground storey type.

The collapse mechanism of such type of building is predominantly due to the formation of soft-storey

behavior in the ground storey of this type of building. The sudden reduction in lateral stiffness and mass in

the ground storey results in higher stresses in the columns of ground storey under seismic loading. In

conventional design practice, the contribution of stiffness of infill walls present in upper storeys of OGS

framed buildings are ignored in the structural modelling (commonly called bare frame analysis). Design

based on such analysis, results in under-estimation of the bending moments and shear forces in the columns

of ground storey, and hence it may be one of the reasons responsible for the failures observed.

After the Bhuj earthquake took place, the IS 1893 code was revised in 2002, incorporating new design

recommendations to address OGS framed buildings. According to this clause 7.10.3(a) of the same code

states: The columns and beams of the soft-storey are to be designed for the multiplication factor of 2.5

times the storey shears and moments calculated under seismic loads of bare frame. The prescribed

multiplication factor (MF) of 2.5, applicable for all OGS framed buildings, is proved to be fairly higher and

suggests that all existing OGS framed buildings (those designed to earlier codes) are highly vulnerable under

seismic loading. This MF value however does not account for number of storeys, number of bays, type and

number of infill walls present, etc and hence it is independent of all of the above factors.

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 Present study deals with various aspects related to the performance of OGS

buildings. The values of magnification factor recommended in literatures vary from 1.0 to 4.8 (Kaushik,

2009). The main objective of present study is the study of comparative performance of OGS buildings

designed according to various MFs using nonlinear analysis. As the more realistic performance of the OGS

building requires the modelling the stiffness and strength of the infill walls, the stiffness and strength of the

infill walls also considered. The variations in the type of the infill walls using in Indian constructions are

significant. Depending on the modulus of elasticity and the strength, it can be classified as strong or weak.

The two extreme cases of infill walls, strong and weak are considered in the study. The behavior of

buildings depends on the type of foundations and soils also. Depending on the foundations resting on soft or

hard soils, the displacement boundary conditions at the bottom of foundations can be considered as hinged

or fixed. As the modeling of soils is not in the scope of the study, two boundary conditions, fixed and

hinged, that represent two extreme conditions are considered.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

Acknowledgements..3

Abstract............................................5

Table of contents......7

Lists of tables ......11

Lists of figures......11

Notations.......13

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction............14

1.2 Typical Masonry Infilled Building.....17

1.3 Open Ground Storey (OGS) Building....18

1.4 Study area...19

1.5 Objective of the thesis.....20

1.6 Scope of the study ......20

1.7 Methodology21

1.8 Organisation of the thesis..22

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction....23

2.2 Provisions in various codes.....23

2.2.1. IS 1893-2002 recommendation..........................................................................23

2.2.2 Conventional design practice.......24

2.2.3 Provisions in other codes..24

2.3 Other concepts..25

2.4 Behavior in the presence of infill wall....27

2.5 Summary......................................................................................30

CHAPTER 3 THE PROJECT WORK

3.1 General....31

3.2 Example Frames..31

3.3 Magnification Factor34

3.4 Types of building frames considered35

3.5 Seismic data..35

3.6 Material properties .......36

3.7 Structural elements36

3.8 Loads considered37

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3.9 Design of building frames..37

3.10 Structural modelling.37

3.10.1 Pushover analysis37

3.10.2 Structural modelling elements38

3.10.2.1 Modelling of beams and columns39

3.10.2.2 Performance level of beams and columns39

3.10.2.3 Non-linear hinge properties of beams and columns....41

3.10.3 Pushover analysis42

3.10.4 Modelling of infill wall..43

3.10.4.1 Elastic Modulus of Equivalent Strut44

3.10.4.2 Non-linear hinge property for equivalent strut44

3.10.5 Comparison of behavior of bare frames designed with various MF..45

3.10.6 Comparison of pushover curves of infill wall condition49

3.10.7 Comparison between fixed and hinged type of support.50

3.10.8.1 Comparison of pushover curves of 4S and 4S building frame...54

3.10.8.2 Comparison of pushover curves of 4S and 10S building frame.56

3.11 Summary.57

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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS59

REFERENCES...62

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 LIST OF TABLES

Title Page no.

Table 3.1 4S6B building frames taken for the case study..31

Table 3.2 10S6B building frames taken for the case study....33

Table 3.3 Different codes with their magnification factor value35

Table 3.4 Seismic data assumed for the analysis....35

Table 3.5 Material Properties and geometric parameters Assumed36

LIST OF FIGURES

Title Page no.

Fig 1.1 Some typical examples of open ground storey building.14

Fig.1.2 Some common examples of failure of OGS building during

earthquake in the past....15

Fig.1.3 Behavior of infilled frame building..18

Fig 1.4 Difference in behavior between bare, infill and

OGS building frame.19

Fig 2.1 Behavior of infill frame.28

Fig.3.1 Pushover curve...38

Fig.3.2 Performance level of beam and column..40

Fig 3.3 Formation of hinge in the building frame42

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Fig 3.4 An example of pushover curve of 4S bare frame43

Fig. 3.5 Nonlinear hinged property of strut45

Fig 3.6 Pushover curves of 4s6b-B-MF1.0-F, 4s6b-B-MF2.5-F,

4s6b-B-MF3.0-F46

Fig 3.7 Comparison of pushover curves of bare frames 4s6b-B-MF1.0-H,

4s6b-B-MF2.5-H, 4s6b-B-MF3.0-H ...46

Fig 3.8 Comparison of pushover curves of bare frames 10s6b-B-MF1.0-F,

10s6b-B-MF2.5-F, 10s6b-B-MF3.0-F..47

Fig 3.9 Comparison of pushover curves of bare frames for 10s6b-B-MF1.0-F,

10s6b-B-MF2.5-F, 10s6b-B-MF3.0-F .48

Fig.3.10 Pushover curves of 4s6b-G-MF2.5-W-H, 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H49

Fig 3.11 Pushover curves of 10s6b-G-MF2.5-W-F, 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F.50

Fig.3.12 Pushover curves of 4s6b-F-MF1.0-S-H, 4s6b-F-MF1.0-S-F51

Fig.3.13 Pushover curves of 10s6b-F-MF1.0-S-H, 10s6b-F-MF1.0-S-F52

Fig.3.14 Pushover curves of OGS 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H, 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F..52

Fig.3.15 Pushover curves of OGS 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H, 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F..53

Fig 3.16 Pushover curves of 4S building frame54

Fig 3.17 Pushover curves of 10S building frame..56

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NOTATIONS

B Bare

W Weak

S Strong

F Fixed

H Hinged

CP Collapse Prevention

IO Immediate Occupancy

IS Indian Standards

LS Life Safety

MDOF Multi Degree Of Freedom

MF Multiplication Factor

OGS Open Ground Storey

PA Pushover Analysis

RC Reinforced Concrete

RSA Response Spectrum Analysis

SDOF Single Degree Of Freedom

WI With Infill

WOI Without Infill

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Open ground storey (also known as soft storey) buildings are commonly used in the urban environment

nowadays since they provide parking area which is most required. This type of building shows

comparatively a higher tendency to collapse during earthquake because of the soft storey effect. Large

lateral displacements get induced at the first floor level of such buildings yielding large curvatures in the

ground storey columns. The bending moments and shear forces in these columns are also magnified

accordingly as compared to a bare frame building (without a soft storey). The energy developed during

earthquake loading is dissipated by the vertical resisting elements of the ground storey resulting the

occurrence of plastic deformations which transforms the ground storey into a mechanism, in which the

collapse is unavoidable. The construction of open ground storey is very dangerous if not designed suitably

and with proper care. This paper is an attempt towards the study of the comparative performance evaluation

of

three OGS buildings case studies.

Fig 1.1 showing some typical examples of open ground storey building.

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 Marina earthquake 1989 Taiwaan earthquake Dali City 1999

Fig.1.2 showing some common examples of failure of OGS building during earthquake in the past.

Modern seismic codes just neglect the effects of non-structural infill walls during analysis. Conventional

practice neglects the effect of infill stiffness by assuming that this would give some conservative results,

Fardis and Panagiotakos (1997). However this is not true in the case of columns present in the open ground

storey. Many codes (e.g., IS 1893- 2002, EC -8, IBC ) recommended a factor to take care for the

magnification of bending moments and shear forces.

Scarlet (1997) studied the quantification of seismic forces in OGS buildings proposing a multiplication

factor for base shear for soft-storey type of building. This procedure requires the analysis of OGS framed

building by modelling the infill walls considering their stiffness. The proposed multiplication factor ranges

from 1.86 to 3.28 as the number of storeys increases from six to twenty. Fardis et. al. (1999) observed that

the bending of the columns in the more infilled storey (first storey of OGS building) under the lateral load is

in an opposing direction to that of the less infilled storey (ground storey). Based on this observation, an

alternate capacity design rule was proposed for the beams present at the top (first floor level) of the less

infilled storey i.e. ground storey. According to this rule, the demand on the beams in the first floor should

also be increased, depending on the capacity of the columns in the first storey.

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IS 1893-2002 recommends a factor 2.5 accounting for the magnification of the forces in the ground storey of

an OGS building. According to the clause, the shear forces and bending moments in the ground storey

columns, obtained from the bare frame analysis are to be multiplied by a factor 2.5. The factor is to take care

for the increase in the forces in the ground floor columns due to the presence of soft-storey. There are many

such open ground storey buildings existing in the India which have been designed with earlier codes. Such

buildings are designed only for gravity load condition. But as per the present code, both seismic lateral loads

and the magnification factor shall be considered while designing any building. But the surveys of some

existing buildings in India comments that there are existing OGS buildings that are designed for seismic

lateral loads as per design code but not by considereing the magnification factor of value 2.5.It was

recognized subsequently that the MF of value 2.5 should not be applied to the beams as because this is likely

to result in the formation of strong beam-weak column situation (with the plastic hinge forming at the

column end, rather than the beam end). The clause was amended in the year 2005 as follows: It is not

advisable to design the beams of the soft-storey also to design for higher storey shears as recommended by

the above clause. Strengthening of beams will further increase the demand on the columns, and deny the

plastic hinge formation in the beams. These recommendations have met with some resistance in design and

construction practice due to the congestion of heavy reinforcement in the columns. Hence the aims of this

thesis are to review the design provisions for OGS buildings, to study their behavior and also to provide a

rational approach to enable the design of ground storey columns in OGS buildings.

The behavior of OGS framed building is totally differently as compared to a bare framed building (without

any infill) or a fully infilled framed building under lateral loads. The bare frame is much less stiffer than a

fully infilled frame; it resists the applied lateral load through frame action and shows well-distributed plastic

hinges at failure condition. But when this frame is fully infilled, truss action is introduced. A fully infilled

frame shows lesser inter-storey drift, though it attracts higher base shear (due to increased stiffness). A fully

infilled frame yields lesser force in the frame elements and hence dissipates greater amount of energy

through infill walls. The strength and stiffness of infill walls in infilled frame buildings are ignored during

the structural modelling in conventional design practice. The design in such cases will generally be

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conservative in the case of fully infilled framed building than others. But things will be somewhat different

for an OGS framed building. OGS building being slightly stiffer than the bare frame, has larger storey drift

(especially in the ground storey), and fails due to soft storey-mechanism at the ground floor. Therefore, it

may not be conservative to ignore strength and stiffness of infill wall while designing OGS buildings.

The failure pattern observed in the buildings during the Jabalpur earthquake in 1997 showed higher

vulnerability of OGS buildings. Some reinforced concrete framed building which collapsed partially, had

open ground storey on one side, and brick infill walls on the other side.

1.2 TYPICAL MASONRY INFILLED BUILDINGS

Typical masonry infilled frames contain infill walls throughout the building in all storeys uniformly.

Although infill walls are known to provide the stiffness and strength to the building globally, these are

considered as non-structural by design codes and are commonly ignored in the design practice for more

convenience. The presence of infill walls in a framed building not only enhance the lateral stiffness in the

building, but also alters the transmission of forces in beams and columns, as compared to the bare frame. In

a bare frame, the resistance to lateral force occurs by the development of bending moments and shear forces

in the beams and columns through the rigid jointed action of the beam-column joints. In the case of infilled

frame, a substantial truss action can be observed, contributing to reduced bending moments but increased

axial forces in beams and columns, (Riddington and Smith, 1977; Holmes, 1961).The infill in each panel

behaves somewhat like a diagonal strut as shown in Fig. below.

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 a) Infilled frame b) deformed frame c) equivalent strut model

Fig.1.3 showing behavior of infilled frame building

Hence these infill walls are beneficial to the building, only when they are evenly placed in plan and

elevation. These infill walls come to rescue the structure at worst lateral loads such as seismic loading

and wind loading owing to its high stiffness and strength.

1.3 OPEN GROUND STOREY (OGS) BUILDINGS

The presence of infill walls in the upper storeys of the OGS building increases the stiffness of the

building, as seen in a typical infilled framed building. Due to increase in the stiffness, the base shear

demand on the building increases while in the case of typical infilled frame building, the increased

base shear is shared by both the frames and infill walls in all the storeys. In OGS buildings, where the

infill walls are not present in the ground storey, the increased base shear is resisted entirely by the

columns of the ground storey, without the possibility of any load sharing by the adjoining infill walls.

The increased shear forces in the ground storey columns will induce increase in the bending moments

and curvatures, causing relatively larger drifts at the first floor level. The large lateral deflections

further results in the bending moments due to the P- effect. Plastic hinges gets developed at the top

and bottom ends of the ground storey columns. The upper storeys remain undamaged and move

almost like a rigid body. The damage mostly occurs in the ground storey columns which is termed as
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 typical soft-storey collapse. This is also called a storey-mechanism or column mechanism in the

ground storey as shown in the figures below. These buildings are vulnerable due to the sudden

lowering of stiffness or strength (vertical irregularity) in the ground storey as compared to a typical

infilled frame building.

Fig 1.4 showing difference in behavior between bare, infill and OGS building frame

1.4 STUDY AREA

The accurate analysis of the OGS buildings requires the modeling of such building frames with infill walls

for its stiffness and strength. There are many implications of considering infill walls in the OGS buildings

but our aims for the case study or the area of our concern are stated below:

a) The project illustrates a simple computer-based analysis technique called pushover analysis for

performance-based design of building frameworks subjected to earthquake loading.

b) The technique is commonly based on the conventional displacement method of elastic analysis under

constant gravity loads and incrementally increasing lateral loads.

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 c) Such inelastic analysis procedures help to demonstrate how building really performs by identifying

the failure modes and the potential for progressive collapse.

For this there should be a clear need to assess the design guidelines recommended by

various codes. Existing recommendations for the design of OGS buildings do not depend on the factors such

as number of storeys, number of bays, type and the number of infill walls present, etc.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS

From the above discussion the objectives of the present study can be figure out as follows:

To study the behavior of Open Ground Storey buildings designed considering the magnification

factor (M.F.) suggested by various codes (Indian & UBC Code).

To study the performance and behavior of the typical OGS buildings using pushover analysis and

capacity spectrum method.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Open ground storey (OGS) buildings have been most common nowadays and are constructed heavily in high

populated countries like India since they provide much needed parking space in an urban environment.

Failures observed in past earthquakes proved that the collapse in such buildings is predominantly due to the

formation of soft-storey mechanism in the columns of the ground storey building.

The scope of this project are summarized as:

RC framed Buildings, which is regular in plan

4-10 storey buildings without basement and shear wall.

Infill walls non-integrated with RC frames.

Concept of out of plane action of masonry not taken into account

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 Asymmetric arrangement of the infill walls neglected

The effect of soil structure interaction is ignored

Flexibility of floor diaphragms rejected

The base of the column is assumed to be fixed and hinged.

a) The study of this project deals with two different types of support conditions commonly used in

analysis and design i.e. fixed and hinged suppots. All other types of support conditions are ignored.

Soil-structure interaction is also ignored for the present study.

b) Number of storeys and number of bays in two orthogonal horizontal directions have a great effect on

the lateral load resisting behavior of the OGS buildings. However, the conclusions drawn in the

present study are based on the case study 4 storeyed and 10 storeyed buildings.

c) It is assumed that the infill panels dont have any window and door openings while modelling the

infill walls.

d) Only the plastic flexural hinge is considered for modelling the frame elements as the building is

designed as per current design codes of practices which assumes no shear failure will precede the

flexural failure.

e) In the present study building models are analyzed using linear static analysis, dynamic analysis and

nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. Although nonlinear dynamic analysis being superior to other

analysis procedures, and is kept outside the scope of the present study due to time limitation.

1.7 METHODOLOGY

The methodology followed out to achieve the above-mentioned objectives is as follows:

(i) Review of the existing literatures by different researchers and also by the Indian design code

provision for designing the OGS building

(ii) Selecting the building models for the case study.

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 (iii) Modelling of the selected buildings with and without considering their infill strength and

stiffness. Models need to consider the above mentioned two types of end support conditions.

(iv) Performing nonlinear analysis of the selected building models and a comparative study on the

results obtained from the analyses.

(v) Finally the observations of results and discussions

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

This introductory chapter (Chapter 1) gives a brief introduction towards the importance of the seismic

evaluation of OGS buildings by considering the MF and the reason why they are adopted by the designers

despite of the fact that they are more vulnerable during earthquake. The need, objectives and scope of the

proposed project work are identified along with the methodology that will be followed to carry out the work.

Chapter 2 presents the literature survey on the behavior of OGS buildings with and without infill walls

during earthquake, along with the description of the selected building and the structural modelling

parameters and modelling of infill walls. This chapter also comments on the procedures and important

parameters to model the nonlinear plastic hinges point.

Results obtained from the linear analysis of the building modelled considering the various cases are

presented in the third chapter. This chapter critically evaluate the linear analysis results to compare the

building responses and behavior with and without considering infill strength and stiffness of the building.

Nonlinear analysis is an important tool to evaluate the seismic performance of a building correctly and

effectively. Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis of the considered building models are carried out as part of

this project and the corresponding results and observations are presented in the same chapter.

Finally in Chapter 4, the summary and the conclusions of the entire project are illustrated.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Here in this chapter we will be discussing about three different sub topics. In the very first unit we will

discuss an overview of existing design provisions for OGS buildings as per various design codes. In the next

one we will discuss about different concepts and literatures given by the researchers some of them are:

(Scarlet, 1997; Kaushik, 2006; Fardis et. al.,1999; Arlekar et. al., 1997; Hashmi and Madan, 2008) based on

the open ground storey building frame and finally in the last unit we will discuss about the behavior of OGS

in the presence and absence of the infill wall.

2.2 Provisions in various codes

2.2.1 IS code 1893-2002 recommendations

The OGS buildings is considered to be as extreme soft-storey type of buildings in most of the practical

situations, and shall be designed considering special provisions so as to increase the stiffness in lateral

direction or strength of the soft/open ground storey. A dynamic analysis is suggested which includes the

strength and stiffness effects of infill walls and also the inelastic deformations of members, particularly

suggested in those soft-storey of such buildings. The members in the soft/open storey shall be designed as

per suggested by the codes considered in this project. However, IS 1893-2002, does not give any explicit

recommendations on the modelling of the infills for the open ground stroey building frame.

In the absence of infill wall, more accurate analysis such as dynamic analysis, an equivalent static lateral

load analysis neglecting the infill walls, that is, a bare frame analysis, can be employed provided the bending

23
moments and the shear forces in the critical members (columns in the ground storey) shall be enhanced by

the factor as recommended by the code. The code recommendation to magnify the above forces for the

equivalent static analysis (bare frame) for the columns in the soft/open storey is by a factor of 2.5. This

multiplication factor will be responsible for compensating the vertical irregularity of the building frame.

2.2.2 Conventional design practice

Conventional design practice follows the equivalent static analysis i.e. linear static analysis, ignoring the

stiffness of the infill walls. This bare frame analysis as suggested by the design code, is preferable because

the modeling of infill walls is much required for the design office environment. Moreover, inelastic dynamic

analysis, which includes the degradation of stiffness and strength of infill walls can be quite complicated.

A check on the stiffness ratio (k0/k1, where k0 and k1 are the stiffness in the lateral direction of ground

storey and first storey respectively), will almost invariably, yield at a value less than 0.7 in OGS buildings.

Hence the shear forces and bending moments of the ground storey columns, calculated from an equivalent

static analysis of the bare frame ignoring the stiffness of infill walls, should be multiplied by a factor of 2.5

for design purposes as suggested by the code. In some of the cases, especially in the presence of infill walls

with large openings, the OGS frame may resemble to be vertically regular as per the code, and strictly, as

per the code, no multiplication of column forces in the ground storey is required.

An approach similar to IS 1893 -2002 is followed by the European codes, except that the expression used for

the multiplication factor being different.

2.2.3 Provisions in other codes

The provisions given in other design codes are discussed here in this unit. EC 8 (2004) recommends some

additional design guidelines for building with vertical irregularity which arises due to the presence of infill

walls. Although quantitative limit criteria has not been suggested by EC 8 (2004) to check the vertical

irregularity, as in other codes. If in case there is a drastic reduction of infill walls in any storey compared to

the adjoining storeys, seismic forces in the less infilled storey i.e. ground storey of OGS building shall be

increased by a multiplication factor (MF) as given by the following expression,

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 ( 1+ VRw/VB )

Where VRw being the total reduction in the lateral resistance of masonry infill wall in the ground storey as

compared to that in the upper storey. As there is no infill wall present in the ground storey of an OGS

building, Vrw is equal to the resistance of masonry in the first storey itself. VB being the design base shear

of the building. The ratio of strength of the masonry infill in the first storey to the design base shear of the

same building governs the multiplication factor, MF. The term q is known as the behavior factor and is

expected to fall in between 1.5 to 4.7, Kaushik (2006). Hence the MF will be as high as 4.7 in certain cases.

According to Fardis and Panagiotakos (1997), the MF factor value suggested by EC 8 (2004) is such a high

that it may lead to over-reinforcement in the columns of the ground storey.

2.3 Concepts given by (Scarlet, 1997; Kaushik, 2006; Fardis et. al.,1999; Arlekar et. al.,

1997; Hashmi and Madan, 2008) and others

Fardis et. al. (1999) noted out that the MF proposed by the EC 8 (2004) expression not only results to

higher seismic forces and reinforcements to the building frame but also lacks a rational basis. Due to these

reasons, despite of its general effectiveness in protecting the columns of the soft ground storey buildings,

MF proposed by Euro code needs to be revised. A revision was also proposed in this study at the end based

on capacity based design for the beams of the open ground storey.

Kaushik (2006) commented that the ambiguity in the use of expression given by EC 8 (2004) for infilled

building frames. It is seen that the natural time period of vibration of the infilled building frames suggested

by EC 8 (2004) for the estimation of base shear is an inverse function of the total area of the infill walls in

the ground storey frame. For OGS type of buildings, the natural time period of vibration becomes

unrealistically much higher due to zero value of area of infill wall in the ground storey. However, he is

25
unable to mention it clearly whether this expression for natural time period of vibration can be used for OGS

buildings or not.

ASCE 7 (2005) and IS 1893 (2002) provides the similar kind of definitions and assumptions for the

classification of vertical irregularity. ASCE 7 (2005) does not permit the buildings with extreme irregularity

such as OGS buildings with more than two storeys or building height being more than 9 m.

SEAOC (1994) recommends a multiplication factor of 3R/8 (average value of response reduction factor, R =

8) for OGS buildings, Scarlet (1997). This will result a value of MF of around three. It is also clear from the

above expression that the MF is completely independent and is no related with that of the amount of

irregularity present in the building.

Kaushik (2006) performed a comprehensive survey of the approaches of various codes in dealing with the

vertical irregularity, and hence showed that BCDBSS (1987), SII (1995), FCEACR (1986) and NBC

(1995b) are not consistent and applicable with regard to the design of OGS buildings.

BCDBSS (1987) suggests that any storey is a soft-storey if the lateral stiffness is less than 50% of that of

adjacent storey. The beams and columns of the ground storey building frame shall be designed for three

times the design seismic force corresponding to regular bare frame with an addition of 50% increment in the

base shear.

According to the SII (1995), a storey is considered to be as a soft storey, if the lateral stiffness is less than

70% of that of the storey above, or less than 80% of average stiffness of three storeys above, also which

contains less than half of the length of the infill walls, as compared to the storey above it, at least in one of

its principal directions. A storey is differentiated as a weak storey if the lateral shear capacity in any

direction is less than 80% of that of the storey above in the same direction. This code allows soft or weak

storey, including the open ground storey, only in buildings with lower or medium ductility levels. The

design forces for weak or flexible storey members, and for the members in the storey just above and below,

26
are required to be increased by a factor 0.6R, where R being the response reduction factor. For masonry

infilled RC frame buildings, R is taken as 3.5 for low ductility level, and 5.0 for medium ductility level.

Therefore, the beams and columns of the soft/weak storey building frame along with that of the adjacent

storeys are required to be designed for the value of at least 2.1-3.0 times the design forces for regular storey,

depending upon the level of ductility. SII (1995) grants the design of extremely weak storeys whose shear

resistance being less than 65% of that of the adjacent storey, in buildings having height up to 2 storeys or

9m, whichever is less. The height restriction is compensated if the total strength of weak storey in the lateral

direction and adjacent storeys above and below is more than 0.75R times the seismic design base shear of

that building.

NBC (1995b) limits the vertical irregularity of a building frame using some rules. And according to him

there should be at least two lateral load resisting walls present along the two principal directions at any level

of the building. He provided a clear idea from the observation of various code provisions that there is no

consensus among different codes to address the vertical irregularity arising due to open storeys, although

some provisions being similar.

2.4 BEHAVIOR IN THE PRESENCE OF INFILL WALL

Under lateral load condition the frame and the infill wall tends to stay intact initially. As the lateral load is

increased the infill wall gets separated from the surrounding frame at the unloaded (tension) corner, but at

the compression corners the infill walls remaining still intact in position as previously. The length over

which the infill wall and the frame are intact in position is called the length of contact. Load transfer in the

wall occurs through an imaginary diagonal which acts like a compression strut member. Due to this behavior

of the infill wall, they can be modelled as an equivalent diagonal strut by connecting the two compressive

corners diagonally. The property of the stiffness should be such that the strut is active only when subjected

to compression. Thus, only under lateral loading one diagonal will be operating at a time. This new and

unique concept was first put forward by Holmes (1961).

27
 Fig 2.1 showing the behavior of infill frame

The effect of slip and interface friction between the frame and the infill wall was first investigated by

Mallick and Severn (1967) using finite element analysis method. The infill panels were simulated by means

of linear elastic rectangular finite elements, with dual degrees of freedom present at each of the four corner

nodes. Interface between frame and infill was modelled accordingly and contact length was calculated. The

slip between the frame and the infill was taken into account by considering frictional shear forces in the

contact region using link element. Each node of this element has altogether two degrees of freedom in the

translational direction. The element was now able to transfer compressive and bond forces, but was

incapable of resisting tensile forces. Rao et. al. (1982) performed theoretical and experimental studies on

infilled frames with opening strengthened by lintel beams. He concluded that the lintel over the opening

does not provide any influence on the lateral stiffness of an infilled frame. Karisiddappa (1986) and

Rahman (1988) verified the effect of openings and their location on the behavior of single storey RC frames

with brick infill walls.

There are many such studies on infilled frames under cyclic and dynamic loading condition. Choubey and

Sinha (1994) examined the effect of various parameters such as separation of infill wall from frame, plastic

deformation, stiffness and energy dissipation of infilled frames under cyclic loading condition. Arlekar et.al

(1997) reported the behavior of RC framed OGS building when subjected to seismic loads. A four storeyed
28
OGS building was analyzed using Equivalent Static Analysis and Response Spectrum Analysis method to

figure out the resultant forces and displacements. This thesis verifies that the behavior of OGS frame is quite

different from that of the bare frame.

The effect of the parameters such as plan aspect ratio, relative stiffness, and number of bays on the behavior

of infilled frame was examined by Riddington and Smith (1997). Scarlet (1997) provided the qualification

of seismic forces in OGS buildings. A multiplication factor only applicable for OGS building was proposed

for the base shear of the building. This procedure requires the modelling of the stiffness of the infill walls in

the analysis. The study proposed that as the multiplication factor ranges from 1.86 to 3.28 as the number of

storey increases from six to twenty. Deodhar and Patel (1998) noted that even though the brick masonry in

infilled frame are non-structural element, they can have considerable influence on the lateral response on the

designed building.

Davis and Menon (2004) concluded that the presence of masonry infill panels in a building frame modifies

the structural force distribution significantly in an OGS building frame. The total shear force of the building

increases as the stiffness of the building increases in the presence of masonry infill at the upper floor of the

building. Apart from this they also concluded that the bending moments in the ground floor columns

increase approximately by more than two folds, and the mode of failure is basically by the soft storey

mechanism i.e. by the formation of hinges in ground floor columns of the building frames. Das and Murthy

(2004) commented that the presence of infill walls in a structure, generally bring down the damage resulted

by the RC framed members of a fully infilled frame during earthquake shaking. The columns, beams and

infill walls of lower stories are comparatively more vulnerable to damage than those in upper stories.

Asokan (2006) examined how the presence of masonry infill walls in the frames of a building behaves due

to the lateral stiffness and strength of the structure. This research put forwarded a plastic hinge model for

infill wall to be used during nonlinear performance based analysis of a building which concludes that the

ultimate load (UL) approach along with the proposed hinge property providing a better estimate of the

inelastic drift of the building.

29
Hashmi and Madan (2008) performed a non-linear time history analysis along with pushover analysis of

OGS buildings. The study comments that the MF as suggested by IS 1893(2002) for such buildings is

adequate for preventing collapse.

Sattar and Abbie (2010) in their study pointed out that the pushover analysis showed an increase in initial

stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation of the infilled frame as compared to the bare frame analysis,

despite of the walls brittle failure modes. Likewise, dynamic analysis results concluded that the fully-

infilled frame has the lowest collapse risk and the bare frames were found to be the most vulnerable to

earthquake-induced collapse comparativey. The better collapse performance of the fully-infilled frames is

limited with the larger strength and energy dissipation of the system which is resulted due to the added

walls.

There are numerous such research efforts available on this topic seismic behavior of OGS buildings and also

on the modelling of the infill walls for linear and nonlinear analysis.

2.5 SUMMARY

This chapter briefly discusses the previous work performed on the area of seismic behavior of the open

ground storey RC buildings and modelling of the infill walls as equivalent diagonal strut. From these

published work it has to be concluded that that even though the brick masonry in infilled frame are intended

to be non-structural in behavior, they have a considerable influence on the lateral response of the building.

The concept of having multiplication factor is to increase the design forces of ground storey columns and

beams of OGS buildings which is a function of storey numbers. IS 1893:2002 (Part-1) proposal for

multiplication factor of 2.5 may not be appropriate for the building in Indian condition.

30
 CHAPTER 3

PROJECT WORK

3.1 GENERAL

To perform any sort of analysis i.e. linear/non-linear, static/dynamic its necessary to develop a

computational model. Hence in this chapter we will discuss the parameters defining the computational

models, the basic assumptions and the geometry of the selected building considered for this study. A

detailed description on the nonlinear modelling of RC building frames is discussed in this chapter.

3.2 EXAMPLE FRAMES

The type of building frames considered for the case study is vertically irregular. The buildings were of 4 &

10 storeyed with the number of bays remaining constant i.e. 6. Types of building frames considered are

shown in the table below:

Table 3.1 showing the 4S6B building frames taken for the case study

Sl Frame Name Frame type Storeys bays MF Type of Infill Support

No walls conditions

1 4s6b-B-MF1.0-H Bare 4 6 1.0 No infill walls Hinged

2 4s6b-B-MF1.0-F Bare 4 6 1.0 No infill walls Fixed

3 4s6b-B-MF2.5-H Bare 4 6 2.5 No infill walls Hinged

4 4s6b-B-MF2.5-F Bare 4 6 2.5 No infill walls Fixed

31
5 4s6b-B-MF3.0-H Bare 4 6 2.5 No infill walls Hinged

6 4s6b-B-MF3.0-F Bare 4 6 2.5 No infill walls Fixed

7 4s6b-G-MF1.0-S-H OGS 4 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

8 4s6b-G-MF1.0-W-H OGS 4 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

9 4s6b-G-MF1.0-S-F OGS 4 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

10 4s6b-G-MF1.0-W-F OGS 4 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

11 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H OGS 4 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

12 4s6b-G-MF2.5-W-H OGS 4 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

13 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F OGS 4 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

14 4s6b-G-MF2.5-W-F OGS 4 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

15 4s6b-G-MF3.0-S-H OGS 4 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

16 4s6b-G-MF3.0-W-H OGS 4 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

17 4s6b-G-MF3.0-S-F OGS 4 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

18 4s6b-G-MF3.0-W-F OGS 4 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

19 4s6b-F-MF1.0-S-H Full Infilled 4 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

20 4s6b-F-MF1.0-W-H Full Infilled 4 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

21 4s6b-F-MF1.0-S-F Full Infilled 4 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

22 4s6b-F-MF1.0-W-F Full Infilled 4 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

32
Table 3.2 showing the 10S6B building frames taken for the case study

Sl Frame Name Frame type Storeys bays MF Type of Infill Support

No walls conditions

1 10s6b-B-MF1.0-H Bare 10 6 1.0 No infill walls Hinged

2 10s6b-B-MF1.0-F Bare 10 6 1.0 No infill walls Fixed

3 10s6b-B-MF2.5-H Bare 10 6 2.5 No infill walls Hinged

4 10s6b-B-MF2.5-F Bare 10 6 2.5 No infill walls Fixed

5 10s6b-B-MF3.0-H Bare 10 6 2.5 No infill walls Hinged

6 10s6b-B-MF3.0-F Bare 10 6 2.5 No infill walls Fixed

7 10s6b-G-MF1.0-S-H OGS 10 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

8 10s6b-G-MF1.0-W-H OGS 10 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

9 10s6b-G-MF1.0-S-F OGS 10 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

10 10s6b-G-MF1.0-W-F OGS 10 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

11 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H OGS 10 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

12 10s6b-G-MF2.5-W-H OGS 10 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

13 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F OGS 10 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

110 10s6b-G-MF2.5-W-F OGS 10 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

33
15 10s6b-G-MF3.0-S-H OGS 10 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

16 10s6b-G-MF3.0-W-H OGS 10 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

17 10s6b-G-MF3.0-S-F OGS 10 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

18 10s6b-G-MF3.0-W-F OGS 10 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

19 10s6b-F-MF1.0-S-H Full Infilled 10 6 1.0 Strong Hinged

20 10s6b-F-MF1.0-W-H Full Infilled 10 6 1.0 Weak Hinged

21 10s6b-F-MF1.0-S-F Full Infilled 10 6 1.0 Strong Fixed

22 10s6b-F-MF1.0-W-F Full Infilled 10 6 1.0 Weak Fixed

Apart from variations in height we have considered other variations in the type of building frames for this

project. The same frames were redesigned for other different cases like variation in their base support (fixed

and hinged), types of infill wall provided (strong and weak)and also in terms of Open Ground Storey (OGS)

introducing a term called Magnification factor (MF).

3.3 MAGNIFICATION FACTOR (MF)

It is a factor which is considered when any building frame is designed ignoring its infill wall but considering

its weight i.e. for OGS type of building. Since we know that the function of infill wall in a building is to

provide stiffness to the building so that it can stand on the surface but since we neglect infill wall in such

building, the purpose of providing that stiffness and help any building to stand is provided by other element

which is column. Whatever load the building was withstanding is now multiplied by this MF value so that it

can stand still by providing sufficient stiffness. Talking about MF value there are several codes which

suggests different values of MF. But in our case we have considered the Indian Code which suggests the MF

34
value to be 2.5 and the other one we have accounted is UBC code or Bulgarian Code which suggests the

value of 3.0.

Table 3.3: Different codes with their suggested magnification factor value

Code Name Magnification Factor (MF)

Indian Standard Code 2.5

Kaushi (2006) <2.5

Euro Code 1.6-4.7

Israeli Code 2.1-3

UBC/Bulgarian Code 3.0

Note: Initially all buildings were designed by MF value 1.0 as reference.

3.4 TYPES OF BUILDING FRAMES CONSIDERED

Overall the different types of building frames are modelled given below:

1. Bare frame

2. OGS building considering different MF as suggested by various codes.

3. Fixed support

4. Hinged support

5. Weak infill

6. Strong infill

3.5 SEISMIC DESIGN DATA

Table 3.4 showing seismic data assumed for the analysis

Sl Design Parameter Value

No.
1 Seismic Zone V
2 Zone factor (Z) 0.36

35
3 Response reduction factor (R) 5
4 Importance factor (I) 1
5 Soil type Medium soil
6 Damping ratio 5%
7 Frame Type Special Moment Resisting Frame

3.6 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Table 3.5 Material Properties and geometric parameters Assumed

Sl Design Parameter Value

No.
1 Unit weight of concrete 25 kN/m3
2 Unit weight of Infill walls 18kN/m3
3 Characteristic Strength of concrete 25 MPa
4 Characteristic Strength of concrete 415 MPa
5 Compressive strength of strong masonry (Em) 5000MPa
6 Compressive strength of weak masonry (Em) 350MPa
7 Modulus of elasticity of Masonry Infill walls (Em) 750fm
8 Damping ratio 5%
9 Modulus of elasticity of steel 2E5 MPa
9 Frame Type Special Moment Resisting
Frame
10 Slab thickness 150 mm
11 Wall thickness 230 mm

3.7 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

The dimensions of the elements of the structure were:

1. Beam : 230 mm x 350 mm

2. Column : 300 mm x 300 mm

3. Slab thickness : 150 mm

4. Wall thickness : 230 mm

5. Parapet height : 230 mm

36
3.8 LOADS CONSIDERED

The types of load considered during the design were:

1. Self-weight of beams and columns

2. Weight of slab

3. Infill weight

4. Parapet weight

5. Floor finish of 1.5 KN/m2

6. Live load of 3 KN/m2(as per IS 1893-2002)

3.9 DESIGN OF BUILDING FRAMES

All the above building frames were first designed in the software called Staad Pro. After designing in the

software, necessary data such as shear forces, bending moment, axial load, reinforcement detailing of each

beam and column were imported to another software called SAP for modelling purpose.

3.10 STRUCTURAL MODELLING

All the above structures were now ready for modelling and were about to be modelled in the software SAP.

As per our objective we were focused on the behavior analysis of the building frame here in this step we

introduced the type of non-linear analysis to study the behavior said to be as pushover analysis.

3.10.1 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure to analysis any building where the building is loaded

incrementally with a certain definite predefined pattern (i.e., inverted triangular or uniform). Local non-

linear effects are modelled and the structure is pushed until a collapse mechanism is developed in the same

building. With increase in the magnitude of loads, weak links and failure modes of the building are
37
observed. At each step, the structure is pushed until enough hinges form to develop a curve between base

shear and the corresponding roof displacement of the building and this curve commonly known as pushover

curve.At each step, the total base shear and the top displacement are plotted to get this pushover curve at

various phases.this gives an idea of the maximum base shear that the structure is capable of resisting and the

corresponding inelastic drift that it can overcome. For regular buildings, it also gives the estimate of global

stiffness of the building. The pushover curve diagram is shown below:

Base Shear(V)

Base Shear (V) Roof Displacement ()

Fig.3.1 showing pushover curve

The popularity of pushover analysis is based on the fact that it can predict the sequence offailure of the

different members in a building.

3.10.2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS MODELLING

Beams and columns

They are modelled as frame elements with central lines joining at nodes.

Beam-column joints

The rigid beam-column joints are modelled by giving end offsets at the joints. A rigid zone factor of 1.0 was

taken.

38
Slabs

The floor slabs are assumed to act as diaphragms, ensuring the integral action of all the vertical lateral load-

resisting elements. The weight of the slab was distributed in triangular and trapezoidal form to the

surrounding beams as per IS 456:2000.

3.10.2.1 MODELLING OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS

In pushover analysis, it is required to model the non-linear incremental load versus deformation behavior of

each element. The beams and columns are modelled as frame elements and the infill walls as equivalent

struts by truss elements. Since the deformations are expected to go beyond the elastic range in the analysis, it

is necessary to model the non-linear incremental load versus deformation behavior of the members. The

non-linear behavior of the building is incorporated in the load versus deformation property of a concentrated

hinge attached to the member. A beam of any section is assigned with a moment versus rotation curve where

a hinge is expected to develop. In addition to that a shear force versus shear deformation curve is defined to

model for the possible shear failure at any section. Similarly, a column is also assigned with flexural and

shear hinges with moment versus rotation diagram. For equivalent strut, the hinge is placed at the middle of

the strut with an assigned axial load versus deformation curve.

3.10.2.2 PERFORMANCE LEVELS OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS

The performance of any building frame is a combination of the performance of all its structural and non-

structural components as a whole. The performance levels are nothing but the discrete damage states

identified from a continuous spectrum of possible damage states. The structural performance levels based on

the roof drifts are as follows (FEMA 356, 2000).

i) Immediate occupancy (IO)

ii) Life safety (LS)

iii) Collapse prevention (CP)

39
 CP

LS

IO

Fig.3.2 showing Performance level of beam and column

The three levels are arranged according to decreasing order of performance for the lateral load resisting

systems. The element performance levels are defined by values of the deformation of the particular

structural element. There are three performance levels as defined in the load versus deformation curve for

the hinges of the element. An idealized load versus deformation curve is shown in fig. above. It is a piece-

wise linear curve defined by five points as explained below.

(i) Point A corresponds to no load condition point.

(ii) Point B corresponds to the initiation of yielding.

(iii) Point C corresponds to the ultimate strength point.

(iv) Point D corresponds to the residual strength point. For computational stability, it is

recommended to specify non-zero residual strength point beyond C. In the absence of the

modelling of the descending branch of a load versus deformation curve, the residual

strength is assumed to be 20% of the yield strength.

40
 (v) Point E corresponds to the maximum deformation capacity with the residual strength.

To maintain computational stability, a high value of deformation capacity is assumed

normally.

The performance levels (IO, LS, and CP) of a structural element are represented in the load versus

deformation curve as shown in the above diagram. Usually all the performance levels are represented in the

BC region (ATC 40, 1996).

3.10.2.3 NON-LINEAR HINGE PROPERTIES OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS

The force versus deformation curves in flexure and shear were obtained from the reinforcement details from

the staad pro design and were assigned in all the columns and primary beams for the analysis. The flexural

hinges (M3) and shear hinges (V2) were assigned for the beams at two ends. Flexural hinges (PMM) and

shear hinges (V2 and V3) were also given for all the columns both at upper and lower ends.

Formation of hinges in beams and columns during bare frame analysis is shown below.

The diagram below clearly shows the hinge formed in the bare frame of 4 storey with MF value 2.5.

41
 Fig 3.3 showing the hinged formed in the building frame

This diagram suggests the points and locations where the frame will undergo failure during earthquake. The

points with different colors indicate the types of vulnerability of hinges formed in the given building

frame.

3.10.3 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

The gravity loads were assigned in all the beams and pushover analysis is done for the gravity loads

(DL+0.25LL) incrementally under load control. The lateral pushover analysis PUSH was followed after the

gravity pushover, under displacement control. The building is pushed in lateral direction until the formation

of collapse mechanism. One of the example of pushover curve of the corresponding building frame is shown

below.

42
 250

200
base shear (KN)

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
displacement (mm)

Fig 3.4 showing an example of pushover curve of 4S bare frame

3.10.4 MODELLING OF INFILL WALL

Infill walls are two dimensional elements that can be modelled with orthotropic plate element for linear

analysis of buildings with infill wall. But the nonlinear modelling of a two dimensional plate element is

not understood well. Therefore infill wall has to be modelled with a one-dimensional line element for

nonlinear analysis of the buildings. All of these buildings model with infill walls modelled as one-

dimensional line element is used in the present study for nonlinear analysis. Infill walls are modelled here

as equivalent diagonal strut elements.

In a linear structural analysis, the required properties of an equivalent strut are the effective width, thickness,

length and elastic modulus. The thickness (t) is assumed to be same as that of the infill wall. The length (d)

is the diagonal length of the frame. The remaining properties to be determined are the effective width (w)

and elastic modulus (Es) of the equivalent strut. The strength of the equivalent strut is required to check its

capacity with the axial load demand in the strut. The simplest form w and Es are taken equal to d/4 and Em

(modulus of masonry), respectively.

43
3.10.4.1 ELASTIC MODULUS OF EQUIVALENT STRUT

The elastic modulus of the equivalent strut Es can be equated to Em, the elastic modulus of the masonry.

Krishnakedar (2004) conducted a series of experiments on masonry prisms on various types of bricks in

India. Following range of values for Em were obtained.

Em= 350 to 800 MPa for table moulded bricks

Em= 2500 to 5000 MPa for wire cut bricks

3.10.4.2 NON-LINEAR HINGE PROPERTY FOR EQUIVALENT STRUT

The nonlinear hinge property for the infill walls is studied by various researchers for many years and a

recent study by Asokan (2006) reviewed the state of the art, combined all the previous experimental data and

recommended the following simplified piece-wise linear plastic hinge property, including many parameters.

The parameters considered are wall panel dimensions, grade of concrete, yield moments of the adjacent

beam and column, size of the adjoining columns, wall thickness, compressive strength, shear strength,

coefficient of friction between brick and mortar, interface coefficient of friction between frame and infill

wall etc. A typical hinge property for the equivalent strut suggested by Asokan (2006) is as shown in fig

below

44
 C

IO LS CP
Moment
0.2
0.5
0.9 D E

A
Rotation

Fig. 3.5 showing nonlinear hinged property of strut

3.10.5 COMPARISON OF BEHAVIOR OF BARE FRAMES DESIGNED WITH VARIOUS MF

The pushover analysis of all the frames discussed in the previous sections are conducted. The base shear

versus roof displacement at each analysis step are obtained. The pushover curves are presented in each

case.

Figure 3.6 shows pushover curves of bare frames designed for various MFs such as 1.0, 2.5 and 3.0. Initially

the base shear increases linearly with the roof displacement. After reaching a certain base shear the

building yields. The bare frame designed with MF =1 fail at a base shear of 180kN while other buildings

designed with MF =2.5 and 3.0 exhibit a higher capacity of 230kN. The increase in strength being 1.3

times more than that with MF 2.5. The buildings designed with MFs = 2.5 and 3.0 undergoes a higher

values of displacements as compared to that of MF =1.0. The ductility of buildings designed with MF =2.5

and 3.0 are marginally same and the value is about 3.2. While for the building designed with MF = 1.0, the

ductility factor is about 1.2.

45
 3 2.5 1
250

200
BASE SHEAR (KN)

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig 3.6 showing pushover curves of 4s6b-B-MF1.0-F, 4s6b-B-MF2.5-F, 4s6b-B-MF3.0-F

Note:

1 denotes the building frame with MF value 1.0

2 denotes the building frame with MF value 2.5

3 denotes the building frame with MF value 3.0

1 2.5 3

250

200
BASE SHEAR (KN)

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig 3.7 shows the comparison of pushover curves of bare frames 4s6b-B-MF1.0-H, 4s6b-B-MF2.5-H, 4s6b-

B-MF3.0-H

46
 From the above pushover curve we can say Base shear Capacity of a building

designed with MF of 3.0 & 2.5 is about 28% more than that designed with MF 1.0 also they can undergo deflection

twice than that with MF 1.0

From the above two pushover curves fig. 3.8 and 3.9 we can say that the nature

or the behavior of the building remains almost same for both fixed and hinged support condition. All their

parameters like magnitude of base shear, roof displacement and the ductility ratio is almost same for the

support condition and hence performs in the same manner. From this we can conclude that for frame

condition the performance of the building is independent of the type of support. Their performance remains

almost same throughout the loading period.

1 2.5 3
3500
3000
BASE SHEAR (KN)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig 3.8 shows the comparison of pushover curves of bare frames 10s6b-B-MF1.0-F, 10s6b-B-MF2.5-F,

10s6b-B-MF3.0-F

From the graph above base shear capacity of a 10 storeyed building designed with MF of 3.0 & 2.5 is about

28 % more than that designed with MF 1.0 whereas the deflection vary by note more than 15 mm between

them.
47
The graph below shows the pushover curves of bare frames for 10s6b-B-MF1.0-F, 10s6b-B-MF2.5-F,

10s6b-B-MF3.0-F. Base shear Capacity of a 10 storeyed building designed with MF of 3.0 & 2.5 is about

28% more than that of a building designed with MF equal to 1.0 whereas the deflection vary by note more

than 10 mm between them.

3500
3000
2500
base shear (KN)

2000 1
1500 2.5
1000 3

500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Displacement (mm)

Fig 3.9 shows the comparison of pushover curves of bare frames for 10s6b-B-MF1.0-F, 10s6b-B-MF2.5-F,

10s6b-B-MF3.0-F

For 10 storeyed bare frame building it can be concluded from the above graph that the pushover curves for

fixed and hinged support condition are same. They exibit the same performance in the same loading

condition. The amount of displacement and the ductility ratio of the building is predicted to be same.

Hence as like in the case of 4S the same thing can be concluded that the performance of the building frame

is independent of the support condition.

3.10.6 COMPARISON OF PUSHOVER CURVES OF INFILL WALL CONDITION

In this topic we will be comparing the pushover curves obtained between strong infill versus weak infill for

both fixed and hinged support as shown in graph below. For strong infill condition the value of modulus of

elasticity of brick is taken as 5000 MPa whereas for weak infill it is taken as 350 MPa. The pushover

curves obtained due to the design of this type of building frame are shown below:
48
 WEAK INFILL-HINGED STRONG INFILL-HINGED
400
350
300
BASE SHEAR (KN)

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig.3.10 shows the pushover curves of 4s6b-G-MF2.5-W-H, 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H

From the above diagram it can be concluded that the building designed with strong infill has the better

performance as compared to the weak infill condition. Strong infill 4S6B frame with hinged support has

almost 25 % more shear strength than that of weak infill also former can withstand 53 mm of deflection

when loaded whereas later can take only 38 mm.

The fact behind this is strong infill provides extra amount of stiffness to the building frame which results in

the better performance. The one with strong infill wall has the ability to withstand higher amount of load

and undergo higher amount of deflection as compared to that with the weak infill wall such that it provides

a clear warning before failing.

WEAK INFILL-OGS-FIXED STRONG INFILL-OGS-FIXED

1200

1000
BASE SHEAR (KN)

800

600

400

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig 3.11 shows the pushover curves of 10s6b-G-MF2.5-W-F, 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F.

49
From this pushover curve above the same thing we can predict that the frame designed with strong infill has

the higher capacity than that of the weak infill. The magnitude of load that the strong infill can take is

about 1000 KN whereas that of weak infill has about 300 KN. Strong infill 10s frame with fixed support

can take 3 times more load than that with weak infill whereas the deflection being almost same about 66

mm for both the cases. Also for weak infill in this case it seems that this frame doesnt provide any

warning before failure since it is varying linearly but the strong one it has a definite curve and possesses

the ability of giving some warning before failure.

Overall from this two curves above we can say that though the nature of the building

being the same the 10S building can withstand higher magnitude of base shear as compared to the 4S. In

4S case the building can take load upto 355 KN but in the case of 10S it can withstand load upto 1000 KN.

And hence that one with higher load can perform well and is considered good as compared to the other

one.

3.10.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED AND HINGED TYPE OF SUPPORT

Here we will be discussing between pushover curves that obtained between fixed and hinged type of

support only for strong infill for both 4 and 10 storeyed building frame.

4S-1-FIXED-FULL-STRONG 4S-1-HINGED-FULL-STRONG
2000
1800
1600
BASE SHEAR (KN)

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig.3.12 shows the pushover curves of 4s6b-F-MF1.0-S-H, 4s6b-F-MF1.0-S-F

50
Both 4S6B frame almost follows the same path but that designed with fixed support has 24% more strength

than that with hinged support also the former one can undergo deflection up to 11 mm whereas the later

only up to 8.5 mm

From this figure above we can sum up that both the building frames of 4S that with fixed and hinged support

have the same nature of pushover curves for fully strong infilled case. The only difference is that the one

with fixed support condition gives the higher performance than that of the hinged one. The former can take

high amount of load and undergo higher deflection than that of the later one. So preferably the former

building is considered as better among the two.

FIXED-STRONG HINGED-STRONG
20000
18000
16000
BASE SHEAR (KN)

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig.3.13 shows the pushover curves of 10s6b-F-MF1.0-S-H, 10s6b-F-MF1.0-S-F

For 10S frame also the behavior of fixed & hinged supported frame with full infill is almost same only the

difference being in the base shear. For fixed support the strength is more than hinged one almost by 29%

and the deflection that the fixed supported frame can go up to 31 mm whereas hinged up to 22 mm.

The same thing can be concluded here as well the frame with fixed support condition can perform well as

compared to the that of hinged one. The magnitude of load and deflection for the fixed case is much more

higher than that of hinged condition.

51
 FIXED-STRONG-OGS HINGED-STRONG-OGS
2500

2000
BASE SHEAR (KN)

1500

1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig.3.14 shows the pushover curves of OGS 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H, 4s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F (OGS 2.5)

Here in this case we can clearly observe that the capacity of the frame designed with fixed support condition

is much more higher than that of the hinged support. The former one can take load of about 2000 KN

whereas the later one is limited to 700 KN. Hence the frame with fixed support has 2.7 times higher load

bearing capacity during failure than the hinged support but the deflection of hinged being more than fixed

support by 15 mm.

FIXED-OGS HINGED-OGS
2500

2000
BASE SHEAR (KN)

1500

1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig.3.15 shows the pushover curves of OGS 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-H, 10s6b-G-MF2.5-S-F

52
From the pushover curves above we can conclude that the frame with fixed support possesses 3 times higher

strength than that with hinged support whereas in deflection point of view hinged has higher ability of

deforming than fixed by 10 mm.

The capacity of the building designed with fixed support can perform well than that designed with hinged

support.

Conclusion: hence from the above 4 figures we can conclude that the building frames designed with MF 1

exibit the same nature and follows the same curve only difference being in the magnitude of deflection it

undergoes but for the same frame in the case of MF value 2.5 we can see that their nature changes. Both

show different pushover curves with clear differentiation between them.

3.10.8.1 COMPARISON OF PUSHOVER CURVES OF 4S BUILDING FRAME

2000
1800
1600
BASE SHEAR (KN)

1400
BARE FRAME
1200
OGS-1
1000 OGS-2.5
800 OGS-3
600 FULL INFILL
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig 3.16 showing all pushover curves of 4S building frame.

Here we display the result of all pushover curves of 4S and 10S building frame. in this we have the pushover

curves of the frames in different conditions. They are: with bare frame, with MF value 1, OGS frame with

53
MF 2.5 and 3.0 and finally with full infill wall. All the desired pushover curves of different frames as

mentioned are shown in the figure below:

1. Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 3 is about 2.4 times more than that of MF =

2.5,

2. Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 2.5 is about 1.5 times more than that of MF =

1.0,

3. Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 1.1 times more than that of

Bare frame,

4. Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 6 times more more than that

of OGS frame designed with MF = 2.5,

5. The base shear capacity of bare frame is the lowest

6. Frame with MF 3 has the highest ability of undergoing deflection i.e. up to 85 mm whereas other can

go up to 58 mm maximum.

7. From the figure below we can say that the building frame without infill wall i.e. with bare frame has

the least performance and can withstand least magnitude of base shear as compared to other curves.

Also in terms of deflection we can say it fails under lower deflection value.

8. The frame with high load withstanding capacity is that of with full infill wall condition. It can take

load upto 1800 KN but it fails soon after reaching the value of 12 mm. in other words despite of high

load withstanding value this building frame is not considered as the effective because it fails soon

without warning. So this type of frame is more vulnerable than others with the fact that it reaches its

maximum permissible value within shorter time period.

9. The most convinced graph is of with MF value 3.0. Though it doesnt have the capacity of

undertaking as much load to that of infill case but it can undergo higher deformation and has the

ability to provide clear warning before failure.

10. Among OGS type of building frame that with MF 3.0 gives better performance having the maximum

permissible load limit upto 800 KN but for MF 2.5 it is just below 300 KN and for MF 1 it has

around 200 KN.

54
 11. Talking from the deflection point of view the frame with infill wall deforms first as compared to

others.

3.10.8.2 COMPARISON OF PUSHOVER CURVES OF 10S BUILDING FRAME

20000

18000

16000

14000
BARE FRAME
BASE SHEAR (KN)

12000
OGS-1
10000 OGS-2.5

8000 OGS-3
FULL INFILL
6000

4000

2000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Fig 3.17 showing pushover curves of 10S building frame.

1. Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 3 is about 1.5 times more than that of MF =

2.5,

2. Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 2.5 is about 2.5 times more than that of MF =

1.0,

3. Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 1.1 times more than that of

Bare frame,

4. Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 9.5 times more than that of

OGS frame designed with MF = 2.5,

55
 5. The base shear capacity of bare frame is the lowest

6. The highest deformation can be seen in the case of frame designed with MF 2.5 which is about 90

mm whereas for others its maximum up to 75 mm only.

7. Here also the highest load taking frame is that designed with infill wall condition and has the value

of approximately 19000 KN but its deflection value is that with the least one which is about 30 mm.

8. Among the OGS frames though that designed with MF 3.0 has the highest value of undertaking load

but has the ability of deforming earlier than that designed with MF 2.5. earlier one can take load upto

more than 3000 KN whereas that with MF 2.5 can take below 2000 KN.

9. From deformation point of view the frame designed with MF value 2.5 has the higher value of

deformation to undergo than that of MF 3.0.

10. That designed with bare frame shows the least performance.

11. The load withstanding ability of bare frame and that with MF 1 are nearly same. The only difference

in their nature is in the term of deformation. The one with MF 1 has the higher ability of undergoing

higher deformation.

3.11 SUMMARY

So far in this chapter we have discussed about the building frames considered for the case study. Altogether

we have modelled 76 building frames with several variations like that in type of support (fixed & hinged),

type of infill wall (weak &strong), MF values (1, 2.5 & 3) and finally bare frame. The number of storeys of

the building chosen was 4, 6, 8 &10 with number of bays remaining constant i.e. 6. Also we discussed about

the magnification factor suggested by various codes.

The most important topic discussed above was the modelling and analysis of the building frames.

In course of modelling we have gone through the modelling of both beams & columns and that of infill wall

individually along their hinges property during modelling. The various performance levels (immediate

occupancy, life safety and collapse prevention) were defined on the proposed curve. Based on the

56
performance levels, simplified piece-wise linear relationship was proposed for the axial hinge property of a

strut. The nonlinearity in the strut is incorporated by the changes in slope of the linear segments. The

proposed hinge property was modified to incorporate the diagonal compression failure in the strut.

All of the above proposed model were modelled and finally non-linear analysis that is pushover analysis was

performed from where we were able to get the pushover curves (the curve between base shear of the

building versus roof displacement). After that all the building frames were compared with respect to their

aspects like in terms of support, infill wall and MF values from those pushover curves obtained at the time

of analysis which are shown in the graphs above.

And finally the results and conclusion of this project is provided on the next chapter.

57
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Base shear Capacity of 4S6B bare frame with fixed support designed with MF 3.0 & 2.5 is about

27% more than that of a building designed with MF 1.0. & the deflection they can undergo is up to

85 mm whereas that with MF 1.0 can go up to only 35 mm.

Base shear Capacity of a 4S6B bare frame designed with MF of 3.0 & 2.5 is about 28% more than

that designed with MF 1.0 also they can undergo deflection twice than that with MF 1.0

Base shear Capacity of a 10 S6B bare frame designed with MF of 3.0 & 2.5 is about 28 % more than

that designed with MF 1.0 whereas the deflection vary by note more than 15 mm between them

Base shear Capacity of a 10S6B bare frame designed with MF of 3.0 & 2.5 is about 28% more than

that designed with MF equal to 1.0 whereas the deflection vary by note more than 10 mm between

them.

Strong infill 4S6B frame with hinged support has almost 25 % more shear strength than that of weak

infill also former can withstand 53 mm of deflection when loaded whereas later can take only 38

mm.

Strong infill 10s frame with fixed support can take 3 times more load than that with weak infill

whereas the deflection being almost same about 66 mm for both the cases.

Both 4S6B frame almost follows the same path but that designed with fixed support has 24% more

strength than that with hinged support also the former one can undergo deflection up to 11 mm

whereas the later only up to 8.5 mm.

58
 For 10S frame also the behavior of fixed & hinged supported frame with full infill is almost same

only the difference being in the base shear. For fixed support the strength is more than hinged one

almost by 29% and the deflection that the fixed supported frame can go up to 31 mm whereas hinged

up to 22 mm.

4S6B OGS-2.5 frame with fixed support has 2.7 times higher load bearing capacity during failure

than the hinged support but the deflection of hinged support being more than fixed support by 15

mm.

10S OGS-2.5 frame with fixed support possesses 3 times higher strength than that with hinged

support whereas in deflection point of view hinged has higher ability of deforming than fixed by 10

mm.

Conclusions from pushovers curves of 4S6B with all variations

Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 3 is about 2.4 times more than that of MF =

2.5,

Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 2.5 is about 1.5 times more than that of MF =

1.0,

Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 1.1 times more than that of

Bare frame,

Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 6 times more more than that

of OGS frame designed with MF = 2.5,

The base shear capacity of bare frame is the lowest

Frame with MF 3 has the highest ability of undergoing deflection i.e. up to 85 mm whereas other can

go up to 58 mm maximum.

59
 Conclusions from pushovers curves of 10S6B with all variations

Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 3 is about 1.5 times more than that of MF =

2.5,

Base shear capacity of OGS frame designed for MF = 2.5 is about 2.5 times more than that of MF =

1.0,

Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 1.1 times more than that of

Bare frame,

Base shear capacity of full infilled frame designed for MF = 1.0 is about 9.5 times more than that of

OGS frame designed with MF = 2.5,

The base shear capacity of bare frame is the lowest

The highest deformation can be seen in the case of frame designed with MF 2.5 which is about 90

mm whereas for others its maximum up to 75 mm only.

60
 REFERENCES

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
http://ascelibrary.org/
http://www.iust.ac.ir/ijce/browse.php?a_id=343&sid=1&slc_lang=en

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
http://www.technicaljournalsonline.com
IS code 1893-2000, 13920, 456
Bulgarian code.

61