Topic

Customary
16 Measurement
1
How far must a frog jump to
break the record in the Frog
Jumping contest in Calaveras
County? You will find out in
Lesson 16-3.

2
This kind of hat is sometimes
called a 10-gallon hat. Does
it really hold ten gallons? You
will find out in Lesson 16-4.

348

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 Vocabulary
Choose the best term from the box.
• cubes • miles
• feet • pounds

1. You can measure weight in ? .

2. You can measure the distance between
cities in ? .
3. You can measure the length of your
classroom in ? .

3 Compare Measurements
Mark Twain is a famous author.
What does his name have to
Choose the greater amount.
do with a unit of measure? You
will find out in Lesson 16 -1. 4. 3 inches or 3 feet
5. 20 quarts or 2 quarts
4 6. 6 pounds or 60 pounds
Owen, a baby hippo, and
Mzee, a giant tortoise, met 7. 2 minutes or 2 hours
after a tsunami. When they
first met, how much more did Arrays
Mzee weigh than Owen? You
will find out in Lesson 16-5. Writing to Explain Use the array for 8
and 9. Write an answer for each question.
8. How can you find
the number of dots
in the array?
9. Suppose there were 6 dots in each
row. How could you find the number
of dots in the array?

Topic 16 349

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 Lesson

16-1 Understanding inch ruler

Measurement
How can you describe
MG 1.0 Choose and use
appropriate units and the length of an object
measurement tools to
quantify the properties of in different ways?
objects.
Also MG 1.1 Measure the length of your
desktop in pencil-lengths
and in crayon-lengths.

Another Example How can you use inches to measure?

Find the length of the desktop in inches.

To use a ruler, line up the object with
the 0 mark.
You may need to move the ruler to
continue measuring. If so, make sure
that you mark where the ruler ends
before you move it.
When the ruler on the desk is moved,
it will show about 6 more inches.
12 ⫹ 6 ⫽ 18
To the nearest inch, this desktop is
18 inches long.

Explain It
1. Estimate the length of your shoe in inches. Explain
how you got your estimate.
2. Find the length of a pen to the nearest inch.

3. Explain why using a ruler is a better way to measure

length than using a crayon.

350

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 Find the length. Compare the units. Use a standard unit.
More crayon-lengths The crayon-length is a People use standard
than pencil-lengths smaller unit than the units to describe
equal the length of pencil-length. measurements.
the desktop. The smaller the A standard unit for
The desktop is unit used, the measuring length is
3 pencil-lengths or more units are the inch (in.).
6 crayon-lengths long. needed to equal
a given length. 1 inch

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
Estimate each length. Then measure to 4. In the example above, are more
the nearest inch. pencil-lengths or crayon-lengths
equal to the length of the desktop?
1.
5. Find the length of your desktop in
2. paper clip-lengths. First estimate
the length in paper clips.

6. What is the length of the candle to

3. the nearest inch?

Independent Practice
In 7–10, estimate each length. Then measure to the nearest inch.
7. 8.

9. 10.

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*For another example, see Set A on page 372. Lesson 16-1 351

27289_350-353_002 351 12/15/06 3:30:55 PM

 Independent Practice
In 11–13, estimate each length. Then measure to the nearest inch.
11. 12.

13.

Problem Solving

14. A marker is 4 times as long as a piece 15. Kevin’s father is 72 inches tall. He is
of chalk. The piece of chalk is 2 inches 26 inches taller than Kevin. How tall
long. How long is the marker? is Kevin?
marker
Kevin’s father 72
chalk
Kevin ? 26

16. Number Sense Jeff’s hand is 17. Writing to Explain You have a
3 large paper clips long. Alan’s hand piece of string and a ruler. How can
is 8 small paper clips long. Could you decide how long this curve is?
their hands be the same size? Explain.
How would standard units help?

18. Reasoning The author Mark Twain’s name is taken from

riverboat slang. “Mark twain” meant “Mark two” for 2 fathoms.
Two fathoms are equal to 12 feet. Which measurement unit is
longer, a fathom or a foot?

Algebra In 19–24, copy and complete each number sentence.

19. 35 ⫹ ■ ⫽ 50 ⫹ 5 20. ■ ⫺ 10 ⫽ 38 ⫹ 1 21. 40 ⫺ ■ ⫽ 30 ⫹ 1

22. ■ ⫹ 22 ⫽ 30 ⫺ 2 23. 50 ⫺ ■ ⫽ 46 ⫹ 3 24. 32 ⫺ ■ ⫽ 20 ⫹ 4

352

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 25. Without using a ruler, draw a line 26. Al fed his friend’s dog for 4 days. He
segment about 4 inches long. Then used 2 cups of food 2 times each day.
measure it to the nearest inch. How many cups of food did Al use
in all?

27. Juan has 15 pennies and 3 dimes. 28. Alberto had 104 peacock stickers.
Olivia has the same amount of He put 68 of them in his old sticker
money, but she has only nickels. book and gave 18 away. How many
How many nickels does Olivia have? peacock stickers does Alberto have
left to put in his new sticker book?

29. Number Sense Suppose two pizzas 30. Reasoning Ken has 8 quarters,
are the same size. One pizza is cut 5 dimes, 5 nickels, and 5 pennies.
into eighths and the other pizza This is all the money he has. Explain
is cut into tenths. Which pizza has why the total value of all of Ken’s
larger pieces? coins could not be $2.81. Then find
the correct amount he had.

31. Which of the pencil stickers below is 2 inches high?

Use a ruler to measure.

1 2 3 4

A Sticker 1 C Sticker 3
B Sticker 2 D Sticker 4

32. Ruth did 63 extra math problems in 7 days. She did the same
number of problems each day. Which number sentence would
you use to find the number of problems she did each day?
A 63  7  ■ C 63  7  ■
B 63  7  ■ D 63  7  ■

Lesson 16-1 353

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 Lesson

16-2 Fractions of an Inch inch ruler

How do you measure to

a fraction of an inch?
MG 1.1 Choose the In the picture, what is the
appropriate tools and
units (metric and U.S.) and length of the red pepper to
estimate and measure
the length, liquid volume, the nearest _12 inch and to the
and weight/mass of given
nearest _14 inch?
% & ' ( )
objects. >C8=:H
Also MG 1.0

Other Examples
1 1
The nearest __
2
inch and __
4
inch can be the same.
In the picture, the length of the green bean is measured to the nearest _12 inch and _14 inch.
1
To the nearest __
2
inch: To the nearest _14 inch:

% & ' ( ) % & ' ( )

>C8=:H >C8=:H

The red marks are the nearest _12 -inch marks. The blue marks are the nearest _14 -inch marks.

To the nearest _12 inch: 3_12 inches To the nearest _14 inch: 3_12 inches

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
Measure the length of each object to the 3. In measuring the red pepper above,
nearest _12 inch and _14 inch. between which two _12 -inch marks
does the pepper end?
1.
4. Is 2_12 inches or 2_34 inches closer to
the actual length of the pepper?
2. Explain.

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354 *For another example, see Set A on page 372.

27289_354-355_001 354 12/15/06 3:31:17 PM

 1 1
Measure to the nearest __
2
inch. Measure to the nearest __
4
inch.

% & ' ( )
% & ' ( )
>C8=:H
>C8=:H

The red marks are all _12 -inch marks. The nearest The blue marks are all _14 -inch marks. The nearest
1
_
2
-inch marks are 2_12 inches and 3 inches. 1
_ -inch marks are 2_12 inches and 2_34 inches.
4

To the nearest _12 inch: 2_12 inches To the nearest _14 inch: 2_34 inches

Independent Practice
Measure the length of each object to the nearest _12 inch and _14 inch.
5. 6.

7. 8.

Problem Solving

9. Reasoning Can a piece of carrot 10. Karina has 3 rows of tomato plants
be 3 inches long to the nearest inch, in her garden. There are 9 plants in
nearest _12 inch, and nearest _14 inch? each row. How many tomato plants
Explain. are in her garden?

11. What is the length of the asparagus to the nearest _12 inch?
Use a ruler to measure.

A 5 inches B 5_12 inches C 6 inches D 6_12 inches

Lesson 16-2 355

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 Lesson

16-3 Using Inches, Feet, Yards,

and Miles
How can you estimate
MG 1.1 Choose the
appropriate tools and and measure length?
units (metric and U.S.) and
estimate and measure
the length, liquid
Joe is writing about fire
volume, and weight/ trucks. What units of
mass of given objects.
length or distance
might he use?

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
In 1–3, choose the better estimate. 4. In the example above, why would
the width of the hose be measured
1. The distance you travel on a train:
in inches instead of feet?
200 yards or 200 miles
5. What unit is the best to use
2. A man’s height:
when measuring the height of a
6 feet or 6 yards
bookcase? Why?
3. The length of a room:
3 feet or 30 feet

Independent Practice
In 6–13, choose the better estimate.
6. The length of a pool: 7. The length of a car:
20 inches or 20 yards 3 feet or 16 feet

8. The distance you travel on an airplane: 9. The height of a house:

800 feet or 800 miles 15 yards or 15 miles

10. The length of a dollar bill: 11. The length of a bicycle:

6 inches or 6 yards 3 yards or 30 yards

12. The distance you might walk to 13. The length of a horse:
the library: 8 feet or 8 miles
2 miles or 20 miles
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356 *For another example, see Set B on page 372.

27289_356-357_001 356 12/21/06 11:51:13 AM

 Besides the inch, some customary units
of length are the foot (ft), yard (yd), and
mile (mi). The length of the ladder on the fire
A loaf of bread is truck is best measured in feet.
about a foot long.

The length of the fire hose is best

measured in yards. The width of the
A baseball bat is about a yard long. fire hose is best measured in inches.
Most people can walk a mile in about The distance a fire truck travels is best
15 minutes. measured in miles.

Problem Solving

14. Writing to Explain Would you measure the length of a

soccer field in yards or inches? Explain.

15. Reasonableness Choose the better estimate. The California

red-legged frog is the largest frog that has always lived in the
western United States. The record for the longest jump by
this kind of frog was more than 20 feet. This jump was about
60 times the length of the frog. Is this frog about 4 inches
long or about 4 feet long? Explain.

16. Geometry Which of the following 17. Look at the poster below. What
shapes is a scalene triangle? fraction of the squares on this
A C poster show food?
1
A __
15
7
B D B __
15
8
C __
15
D _35

18. Which measurement best describes 19. Which measurement best describes
the length of a couch? the height of a kitchen table?
A 6 miles C 6 feet A 1 foot C 6 feet
B 6 yards D 6 inches B 3 feet D 12 feet

Lesson 16-3 357

27289_356-357_357 357 10/23/07 12:06:41 PM

 Lesson

16-4 Customary Units of

Capacity
What customary units describe
MG 1.1 Choose the
appropriate tools and how much a container holds?
units (metric and U.S.) and
estimate and measure
the length, liquid volume,
The capacity of a container pint (pt)
and weight/mass of given is the volume of a container
objects.
Also MG 1.0 measured in liquid units. What
is the capacity of this pail?
cup (c)
gallon (gal)
quart (qt)

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
For 1 and 2, choose the better estimate 3. Number Sense Why does it make
for each. sense to measure the pail above in
gallons rather than in cups?
1. 2.
4. Find a container that you think
holds about 1 gallon and another
that holds about 1 cup. Then use
1 c or 1 qt 3 pt or 3 gal measuring containers to see how
well you estimated each capacity.

Independent Practice
For 5–12, choose the better estimate for each.
5. 6. 7. 8.

1 pt or 1 gal 1 c or 1 pt 1 c or 1 pt 1 c or 1 qt

9. kitchen sink 10. water glass 11. baby bottle 12. tea kettle
22 c or 22 qt 1 c or 1 qt 1 qt or 1 c 3 qt or 3 c

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358 *For another example, see Set B on page 372.

27289_358-359_358 358 10/23/07 12:06:57 PM

 Step 1 Step 2
Cups, pints, quarts, and gallons are Measure the
customary units of capacity. capacity of
Choose an appropriate unit and estimate. the pail.
The cup, pint, and
quart are too small. Units of Capacity
So use gallons.
1 pint ⫽ 2 cups
Count how many
The pail looks like times you can fill a
1 quart ⫽ 2 pints
it will hold more gallon container and
1 gallon ⫽ 4 quarts
than 1 gallon. empty it into the pail.
The pail holds about 2 gallons.

Choose the better unit to measure the capacity of each.

13. teacup 14. swimming pool 15. water bottle 16. pitcher of juice
pt or c pt or gal pt or gal c or qt

Problem Solving

17. Writing to Explain Can containers with different shapes

have the same capacity? Why or why not?
This ten-gallon
18. Look at the cowboy hat at the right. hat has a capacity of
about 3 quarts!
It is called a ten-gallon hat!
a Can this hat really hold 10 gallons?
How do you know?
b Can this hat hold 1 gallon? How do
you know?

19. Which measurement best describes 20. Which of the objects below holds
the capacity of a bathtub? about 1 pint?
A 50 cups A Bowl of soup
B 50 quarts B Punch bowl
C 50 gallons C Gas tank
D 50 pints D Pool

21. Jeanne made 5 pitchers of lemonade. Each pitcher served

12 customers at her lemonade stand. If Jeanne had 1 pitcher
of lemonade left, how many customers did Jeanne serve?

Lesson 16-4 359

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 Lesson

16-5 Units of Weight

What customary units describe
how heavy something is?
MG 1.1 Choose the The weight of an object is a measure
appropriate tools and
units (metric and U.S.) and of how heavy the object is. What is
estimate and measure
the length, liquid volume, the weight of this apple?
and weight/mass of given
objects.
Also MG 1.0

1 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) about 1 ton (T)

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
For 1 and 2, choose the better estimate 3. Number Sense If you buy a bag
for each. of 6 apples, what unit would you
use for its weight? Explain.
1. 2.
4. Find an object that you think
weighs about 1 pound and another
that weighs about 1 ounce. Then
1 oz or 1 lb 6 oz or 6 lb weigh the objects to see how well
you estimated.

Independent Practice
For 5–12, choose the better estimate for each.
5. 6. 7. 8.

10 oz or 10 lb 300 lb or 300 T 200 lb or 2 T 2 oz or 2 lb

9. cracker 10. television set 11. baseball hat 12. elephant

1 oz or 1 lb 30 oz or 30 lb 5 oz or 5 lb 60 lb or 6 T

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360 *For another example, see Set B on page 372.

27289_360-361_360 360 10/23/07 12:07:23 PM

 Step 1 Step 2
Ounces, pounds, and tons are units of weight. Weigh the apple.
Choose a unit and estimate. Three stacks of three 1-ounce weights
balance with the apple.
The units pound
and ton are too big. Units of Weight
Use ounces.
16 ounces ⫽ 1 pound
The apple weighs 2,000 pounds ⫽ 1 ton
less than 1 pound
but more than 1 ounce.
The apple weighs about
9 ounces.

For 13–16, choose the better unit to measure the weight of each.
13. student desk 14. lemon 15. bicycle 16. truck
lb or T oz or lb oz or lb oz or T

Problem Solving

17. How much does the orange weigh? 18. When would you use this scale
instead of a pan balance?
Each stack has three
1-ounce weights.

19. Number Sense Which weighs 20. Writing to Explain Do small

more—a pound of rocks or a pound objects always weigh less than
of feathers? Explain your thinking. large objects? Use examples to
explain your thinking.

21. When Owen and Mzee first met, 22. Which animal weighs about 1 ton?
Owen weighed 600 pounds. Mzee A Squirrel C Wolf
weighed 661 pounds.
How much more B Giraffe D Monkey
Mzee
did Mzee weigh 661 pounds
than Owen
when they
first met?
Owen
600 pounds

Lesson 16-5 361

27289_360-361_002 361 12/15/06 3:32:14 PM

 Lesson

16-6 Converting Customary Units

How can you change units?
Relating Customary Units
How many 3 feet
1 foot (ft) ⫽ 12 inches (in.)
MG 1.4 Carry out inches are in
simple unit conversions
within a system of 3 feet? How 1 yard (yd) ⫽ 3 feet
measurement (e.g.,
centimeters and meters, many ounces 1 quart (qt) ⫽ 2 pints (pt)
hours and minutes).
Also NS 2.8, AF 1.4. are in 4 pounds? 1 gallon (gal) ⫽ 4 quarts (qt)
1 pound (lb) ⫽ 16 ounces (oz)
This book weighs
4 pounds.

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
For 1–3, copy and complete to change 4. Reasoning In the example
the units. above, how many yards long is
the table? Explain.
1. 5 feet ⫽ ■ inches
5. Malena put 4 quarts of juice
2. 3 gallons ⫽ ■ quarts
in a punch bowl. How many
pints of juice did she put in the
3. 2 feet, 3 inches ⫽ ■ inches
punch bowl?

Independent Practice
For 6–11, copy and complete.
6. 6 yards ⫽ ■ feet 7. 4 pounds ⫽ ■ ounces

8. 7 quarts ⫽ ■ pints 9. 8 yards ⫽ ■ feet

10. 2 yards ⫽ ■ inches 11. 8 gallons ⫽ ■ quarts

For 12–15, change the units.

12. How many quarts are in 13. How many pints are in
4 gallons, 1 quart? 2 quarts, 1 pint?

14. How many ounces are in 15. How many feet are in
5 pounds, 13 ounces? 12 yards, 2 feet?

362 *For another example, see Set C on page 373.

27289_362-363_001 362 12/21/06 11:53:02 AM

 Since there are 12 inches in 1 foot, the Since there are 16 ounces in 1 pound,
number of inches in 3 feet is 3 ⫻ 12. the number of ounces in 4 pounds is
4 ⫻ 16.
3 ⫻ 12 inches ⫽ ■ inches 4 ⫻ 16 ounces ⫽ ■ ounces
2
12 16
× 3 × 4
36 64

There are 36 inches in 3 feet. There are 64 ounces in 4 pounds.

Problem Solving

16. Mr. Allen is 5 feet, 4 inches tall. 17. The swim race is 200 yards long.
How many inches tall is Mr. Allen? How many feet long is the race?

For 18 and 19, use the table at the right.

18. Estimation About how much would one
18-foot tree and one 6-foot tree cost in all? Item Price
6 foot $21
19. What is the total cost of four 12-foot trees? 12 foot $37
18 foot $58
20. Number Sense A tree was planted 32 years
before 1980. How old was the tree in 2000?

For 21 and 22, use the pictures at the right. Grapefruit:

1 lb, 3 oz
21. Writing to Explain Nelda bought a grapefruit,
an orange, and a melon. Which weighed more,
the grapefruit or the orange? Explain how you
found your answer.

Melon:
22. a How many oranges weigh about the same 2 lb, 5 oz
as 1 melon?
b How many grapefruits weigh about the same
as 1 melon?

23. Which of the following is used to find how Orange:

9 oz
many quarts are in 3 gallons?
A 3⫻2 B 3⫻3 C 3⫻4 D 3 ⫻ 12

Lesson 16-6 363

27289_362-363_363 363 10/23/07 12:07:56 PM

 Lesson
This seed sprouted

16 -7 Units of Time in 4 days.

How can you change units of time?

The class is growing a plant
MG 1.4 Carry out from a seed. The project will
simple unit conversions
within a system of last for 5 weeks. How many Relating Units of Time
measurement (e.g.,
centimeters and meters, days are in 5 weeks? It might 1 week (wk) ⫽ 7 days
hours and minutes).
Also AF 1.4 Express take 4 days for the seed to 1 day (d) ⫽ 24 hours
simple unit conversions sprout. How many hours are
in symbolic form (e.g., 1 hour (h) ⫽ 60 minutes
inches ⫽ feet ⫻ 12). in 4 days?

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
For 1–3, copy and complete to change 4. In the example above, why do you
the units. multiply the number of weeks by 7?
1. 8 weeks ⫽ ■ days
5. At the end of the first week, the
class had worked on the science
2. 2 days ⫽ ■ hours
experiment for 6 hours. How many
minutes did the class work on
3. How many days are in 2 weeks,
the experiment?
4 days?

Independent Practice
For 6–15, copy and complete to change the units.
6. 3 hours ⫽ ■ minutes 7. 5 days ⫽ ■ hours

8. 4 hours ⫽ ■ minutes 9. 7 weeks ⫽ ■ days

10. 3 weeks ⫽ ■ days 11. 7 days ⫽ ■ hours

12. How many hours are in 13. How many minutes are in
3 days, 5 hours? 5 hours, 10 minutes?

14. How many days are in 15. How many hours are in
10 weeks? 9 days?

364 *For another example, see Set C on page 373.

27289_364-365_001 364 12/21/06 11:53:24 AM

 Since there are 7 days in 1 week, the Since there are 24 hours in 1 day, the
number of days in 5 weeks is 5  7. number of hours in 4 days is 4  24.

5  7 days  ■ days 4  24 hours  ■ hours

1
7 24
× 5 × 4
35 96

There are 35 days in 5 weeks. There are 96 hours in 4 days.

Problem Solving

16. In 30 more minutes, the International 17. A group of high school students
Space Station will complete an orbit. helped to prepare samples
It has been in this orbit for 1 hour. of materials to send to the
How many minutes does it take International Space Station in 2001.
the International Space Station to The samples were returned to Earth
complete 1 orbit? from space after 4 years. In what
year were the samples returned?

For 18 and 19, use the table at the right.

18. Astronauts at the International
Spacewalk
Space Station took a spacewalk to
do tasks outside the station. They Planned Time 6 hours, 20 minutes

finished their tasks in less time than Actual Time 5 hours, 54 minutes
was planned. How many minutes of
actual time did the astronauts need?

19. Writing to Explain How many fewer minutes than planned

did the astronauts need? Explain how you found your answer.

20. The class plans to work in the 21. How many days are in 6 weeks?
community garden for 8 hours. A 42 C 13
How many minutes does the class
plan to work in the garden? B 36 D 7

Lesson 16-7 365

27289_364-365_365 365 10/23/07 12:08:18 PM

 Lesson

16-8 Elapsed Time Start End

End
How can you find elapsed time?
Janey took part in a charity walk. 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
MG 1.5, Grade 2 The walk started at 7:00 A.M. 9 3 9 3
Determine the duration
of intervals of time in It ended at 11:20 A.M. How long 8 4 8 4
hours (e.g., 11:00 A.M.
to 4:00 P.M.). did the walk last? 7 6 5 7 6 5
Also MR 2.2 Apply
strategies and results Elapsed time is the total amount of
from simpler problems to
more complex problems. time that passes from the starting time to the ending time.

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
For 1–3, find the elapsed time. 4. In the example above, why do
you count the minutes by 5s as
1. Start Time: 11:00 A.M.
the minute hand moves to each
End Time: 5:00 P.M.
number on the clock?
2. Start Time: 1:00 P.M.
5. During the charity walk, lunch was
End Time: 4:45 P.M.
served from 12:00 P.M. until 2:10 P.M.
How long was lunch served?
3. Start Time: 7:10 A.M.
End Time: 8:00 A.M.

Independent Practice
For 6–14, find the elapsed time.
6. Start Time: 6:30 P.M. 7. Start Time: 11:00 A.M. 8. Start Time: 5:40 P.M.
End Time: 9:50 P.M. End Time: 3:55 P.M. End Time: 6:00 P.M.

9. Start Time: 8:10 A.M. 10. Start Time: 9:15 A.M. 11. Start Time: 10:00 A.M.
End Time: 10:45 A.M. End Time: 10:45 A.M. End Time: 3:00 P.M.

12. Start Time: 3:20 P.M. 13. Start Time: 7:30 A.M. 14. Start Time: 12:45 P.M.
End Time: 6:00 P.M. End Time: 9:45 A.M. End Time: 2:20 P.M.

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366 *For another example, see Set D on page 373.

27289_366-367_366 366 10/23/07 12:08:31 PM

 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Find the starting time. Count the hours. Count the minutes.
5 minutes
4 10
11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 3 10 2 10 2 15
9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4 20
2
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5

1 hour
The walk lasted 4 hours,
20 minutes.

Problem Solving

15. The picnic started at 12:10 P.M. and 16. The baseball game started at
ended at 5:00 P.M. How long did the 1:15 P.M. It lasted 2 hours, 45 minutes.
picnic last? What time did the game end?

17. The picnic started at 12:10 P.M. 18. Mr. Parker had _56 of a sandwich. He
Kevin’s family had arrived at the gave _26 of the sandwich to Mikey.
picnic 30 minutes earlier. What He gave the rest of the sandwich to
time did Kevin’s family arrive at Ben. What fraction of the sandwich
the picnic?
did he give to Ben? Draw a picture.

Mrs. Flores keeps a list of the amount of time it takes for different
items to bake. Use the table at the right for 19–20.

19. Which items take less than _12 hour Baking Time
Item
to bake? in Minutes
Bread 26
20. Estimation About how many Granola Bars 21
more minutes does it take to bake Pasta Dish 48
the pasta dish than to bake the Vegetables 24
granola bars?

21. The train leaves Carlton at 9:25 A.M. and arrives at Longview at
10:55 A.M. How long is the train ride?
A 1 hour, 20 minutes C 1 hour, 30 minutes
B 1 hour, 25 minutes D 1 hour, 35 minutes

Lesson 16-8 367

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 Lesson Problem Solving

16-9 Work Backward Arrive at Theater

Eric’s family wants to arrive at the
movie theater at 2:30 P.M. It takes 11 12 1
MR 1.1 Analyze
problems by identifying them 30 minutes to travel to the 10 2
relationships,
distinguishing relevant
theater, 15 minutes to get ready, and 9 3
from irrelevant 30 minutes to eat lunch. What time 8 4
information, sequencing
and prioritizing should the family start eating lunch? 7 6 5
information, and
observing patterns.
Also AF 1.0, MR 1.0

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
Solve the problem by drawing a picture 2. In the example above, why do the
and working backward. arrows in the last step move to the
left?
1. The swim meet starts at 10:15 A.M.
It takes Abby 15 minutes to walk to
3. Write a Problem Write a problem
the pool. On her way, she needs
that you can solve by working
15 minutes to shop. It takes her
backward.
30 minutes to get ready. What time
should Abby start getting ready?

Independent Practice
In 4 and 5, solve the problem by drawing a picture
and working backward.
4. Emilio read the thermometer one evening. The
temperature was 56°F. This temperature was
• What do I know?
9°F less than the temperature that afternoon.
• What am I asked to find?
The afternoon temperature was 7°F greater
• What diagram can I use to help
than the temperature in the morning. What was understand the problem?
the temperature in the morning? • Can I use addition, subtraction,
multiplication, or division?
5. Jana’s dentist appointment is at 4:30 P.M. It • Is all of my work correct?
takes Jana 20 minutes to walk to the dentist’s • Did I answer the right question?
office, 20 minutes to get ready, and 30 minutes • Is my answer reasonable?
to clean her room. What time should she start
cleaning her room?

368 *For another example, see Set E on page 373.

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 Read and Understand Plan and Solve

What do I know? Arrive 2:30 P.M., Draw a picture to show each change.
30 minutes to travel, Eat
Get
Ready Travel
15 minutes to get 30 min 15 min 30 min
Start Eating Arrive
ready, 30 minutes ? 2:30 P.M.

to eat lunch Work backward from the end.

What am I being The time the family
asked to find? should start eating −30 min −15 min −30 min
Start Eating Arrive
lunch 1:15 P.M. 1:45 P.M. 2:00 P.M. 2:30 P.M.

Eric’s family should start eating lunch

at 1:15 P.M.

6. Kent read the thermometer this 7. Corinna read the thermometer at

evening. The temperature was 65°F. 7:00 P.M. The temperature was 16°C.
This temperature was 15°F less than This temperature was 9°C less
the temperature in the afternoon. than the temperature at 2:00 P.M.
The afternoon temperature was The temperature at 2:00 P.M. was
14°F greater than the temperature 10°C higher than the temperature at
in the morning. What was the 8:00 A.M. What was the temperature
temperature in the morning? at 8:00 A.M.?

8. Wan-li drew these polygons. What is 9. School starts at 8:15 A.M. It takes
the same in all three polygons? Shane 15 minutes to walk to school,
20 minutes to eat, 15 minutes to
walk his dog, and 15 minutes to get
ready. What time should he get up?

10. A scientist recorded the data shown

Time Prey Time Flytrap
in the table. About how long does it Landed Closed
take a Venus flytrap to close after an
1
__
insect or spider lands on it? 2:07 second after 2:07
2

A Less than 1 second 3

__
2:49 second after 2:49
4
B More than 1 second
1
__
2:53 second after 2:53
C More than 1 minute 2

D More than 2 minutes

Lesson 16-9 369

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 1. What is the length of the leaf to the 5. The concert in the park started at
nearest _12 inch? (16-2) 11:15 A.M. and ended at 2:50 P.M. How
long did the concert last? (16-8)
A 2 hours, 35 minutes
B 3 hours, 25 minutes
C 3 hours, 30 minutes
A 3 _12 inches D 3 hours, 35 minutes
B 3 inches
6. Mira’s goldfish is 2 inches
C 2 _12 inches long. Which could be Mira’s
goldfish? (16-1)
D 2 inches
A
2. Which of these units would be
best to measure the capacity of a
swimming pool? (16-4) B
A Gallons
B Cups
C Pints C
D Quarts

3. There are 4 quarts in a gallon. Which

number sentence can be used to
change 2 gallons to quarts? (16-6)
D
A 4 quarts ⫻ 4 ⫽ 16 quarts
B 4 quarts ⫻ 2 ⫽ 8 quarts
C 8 quarts ⫻ 4 ⫽ 32 quarts
D 4 quarts ⫼ 2 ⫽ 2 quarts
7. Which best describes the length of a
4. How many hours are in 4 days? (16-7) large school bus? (16-3)
A 52 A 12 inches
B 84 B 12 feet
C 96 C 12 yards
D 100 D 12 miles

370

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 8. Avi got to school at 8:05 A.M. She was 11. Which of the following weighs
on the bus 15 minutes, stood at the closest to 1 pound? (16-5)
bus stop for 10 minutes, and took A
40 minutes to get ready, after she
got up. What time did Avi get up?
(16-9)

A 9:10 A.M. B
B 7:05 A.M.
C 7:00 A.M.
D 6:55 A.M. C
9. Which unit would best measure the
weight of the world’s heaviest land
animal pictured below? (16-5)
D

12. Emily is 2 feet, 8 inches tall. How

many inches tall is Emily? There are
12 inches in a foot. (16-6)
A Inches A 28 inches
B Tons B 32 inches
C Pounds C 36 inches
D Ounces D 98 inches

10. Thomas hiked on a trail for 13. Joni was playing in a soccer game.
45 minutes without stopping. The game started at 11:10 A.M. and
Which measurement best describes ended at 12:40 P.M. How long did the
the length of the trail? (16-3) game last? (16-8)
A 3 miles A 30 minutes
B 3 yards B 1 hour, 10 minutes
C 3 feet C 1 hour, 30 minutes
D 3 inches D 2 hours, 30 minutes

Topic 16 Test Prep 371

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 Set A, pages 350–355

Measure to the nearest _12 inch. Remember that the nearest

1
_
2
inch and _14 inch measures for an
object can be the same.
Measure the length of each
% & ' object to the nearest inch,
1
>C8=:H _
2
inch, and _14 inch.

1.
To the nearest _12 inch: 1_12 inches

Measure to the nearest _14 inch.

2.

% & '
>C8=:H

To the nearest _14 inch: 1_34 inches

Set B, pages 356–361

Some customary units of length are the Remember to use the

foot (ft), yard (yd), and mile (mi). An egg examples to help estimate.
carton is about a foot long. A fence post is Choose the better estimate.
about a yard long. Distances between cities
are measured in miles. 1. A dog’s height:
3 feet or 13 feet
What is the capacity What is the weight
of this mug? of this eraser? 2. The distance you travel
on a bus:
10 yards or 10 miles
3. 4.
a gallon too much a ton too much
a quart too much a pound too much
a pint too much

Estimate using cups. Estimate using ounces. 8 oz or 8 lb 30 pt or 30 gal

The mug holds about The eraser weighs
1 cup. about 2 ounces.
372

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 Set C, pages 362–365

Change from feet to inches. Remember to use the

correct factors for the units
2 feet ⫽ ■ inches
you are changing.
Change
to inches. Copy and complete.

You know that 1 foot equals 12 inches. 1. 4 feet = ■ inches

2. 6 quarts = ■ pints
Multiply: 2 ⫻ 12 inches ⫽ 24 inches
2 feet ⫽ 24 inches 3. 5 weeks = ■ days
4. 4 days = ■ hours

Set D, pages 366–367

How long does the hockey game last? Remember to count hours and
Start Time: 11:00 A.M. then minutes.
End Time: 2:35 P.M. Find the elapsed time.
• Find the starting time: 11:00 A.M. 1. Start Time: 9:00 A.M.
• Count the hours: 12, 1, 2. End Time: 12:15 P.M.
• Count the minutes: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35.
2. Start Time: 5:00 P.M.
The game lasted 3 hours, 35 minutes. End Time: 9:50 P.M.

Set E, pages 368–369

Jay needs to arrive at soccer practice at Remember to check your solution.

10:00 A.M. It takes him 30 minutes to walk Work forward to check.
to the field. It takes him 10 minutes to walk Solve each problem by drawing a
his dog and 10 minutes to get ready. What picture and working backward.
time should Jay start getting ready?
1. Hal needs to meet Lou at
Work backward from the end using the 1:00 P.M. It takes him
opposite of each change. 10 minutes to walk to Lou’s
Get Walk Walk to field house, 10 minutes to get
ready dog
ready, and 20 minutes to eat
Start
lunch. What time should he
–10 min –10 min –30 min
Getting Ready
9:20 A.M. 9:30 A.M.
Arrive start eating lunch?
9:10 A.M. 10:00 A.M.

Jay should start getting ready at 9:10 A.M.

Topic 16 Reteaching 373

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