1.4 - Cell Cycle
1.4 - Cell Cycle
1.4 - Cell Cycle
Prophase
● Chromatin become more tightly coiled and
● The life of a cell from its origin in the division of thick known as chromosome
a parent cell until its own division into two ● Each chromosome is made up of 2 chromatids
● A repeating sequence of cell growth and joined together by the centromere
division ● Disappearance nuclear envelope and nucleoli
● Spindle fibers become visible
Roles of mitosis ● Some of the microtubules attach to the
● Growth, i.e., increase in size as a result of an
kinetochore of chromatids
increase in the number of cells ● Plants have no centrioles (centrioles are more
● Renewal and repair of cells that die from focused at the poles)
normal wear and tear and accidents
Two Phases
1. Interphase – synthesis of molecules & DNA. The
cell spends 90% of its time in interphase
2. Mitosis – division of chromosomes.
What is Interphase?
● Stage between nuclear divisions
● Period of growth and DNA replication
● Gap 1 (G1) - Preparatory stage for the replication
of DNA. Marked by the synthesis of tRNA,
mRNA and several enzymes
● Synthesis (S) – Replication of DNA
● Gap 2 (G2) - Synthesis, of tubulins for spindle
and aster and histone proteins
Mitosis
● Nuclear division in which there is the same
number and kind of chromosomes in the two
resulting daughter cells (DC).
● Occurs in all somatic cells
● Used by some organisms that undergo asexual
reproduction
● The shortest part of the cell cycle
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Anaphase
● Paired centromeres of each chromosome
separate
● Each chromatid is now known as a
chromosome
● The once-paired sisters begin to move toward
opposite poles
Telophase
● Disappearance of spindle fibers
● Reappearance of nuclear envelope
Metaphase
● Reappearance of nucleoli
● Chromosomes are aligned at the equatorial
● Chromosome mass disperse to give rise to
plane
chromatin material
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Cytokinesis
● Mitosis: nuclear division (karyokinesis)
● Division of cell cytoplasm after mitosis is known
as cytokinesis
● In animal cell, occurs by formation of a cleavage
furrow, which begins as a shallow groove in the
cell surface near the old metaphase plate
● In plant cell, vesicles from golgi apparatus
move along microtubules to the middle of the
cell where they coalesce forming a cell plate
CRITERIA ANIMAL PLANT
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● Going back to the living culture of these cells, ● A reduction division that takes place in the
the average quantity of DNA per cell is reproductive cells
measured. Of the cells in interphase ● Produces gametes (sperm and egg) that are
○ 50% contain 10 ng of DNA per cell haploid (n)
○ 20% contain 20 ng of DNA per cell ● Fertilization restores the diploid condition by
○ and the remaining 30% of the combining two haploid sets of chromosomes
interphase cells have amounts of DNA ● Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life
between 10 and 20 ng. Based on these cycles
data, determine the duration of the G1,
S and G2 Portions of the cell cycle. Stages of Meiosis
Answers: ● Meiosis I – reduces chromosome number
● 20 cells in mitosis - 20/100 x 100 = 20% (mitotic ● Meiosis II – separates chromatids
index) ● Result four haploid daughter cells
● Duration of interphase = 80% x 20 =16 hours
● Duration of mitosis = 20% x 20 = 4 hours
● G1 = 50% x 16 = 8 hours. S = 30 % x 16 = 4.8 hours.
G2 = 20% x 16 = 3.2 hours.
Diploid Chromosome Number
● Arabidopsis → 10
● Reductional division takes place in pistil and
stamen
● Alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte
phase
Meiosis I
Meiosis
● Prophase I: chromatin condenses, homologous
pairs align and exchange genetic materials
(crossing over)
● Metaphase I: homologous pairs (and copies)
align at a metaphase plate
● Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes (each
with two chromatids) move to opposite ends
● Telophase I: chromosomes gather into nuclei
● Nagduplicate na ba centromeres? NO. In
anaphase II
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Meiosis II
● Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis
● Interphase with no DNA replication
(interkinesis)
● Prophase II – chromosomes condense again
● Metaphase II - kinetochores of paired Mitosis and Meiosis have several key differences
chromatids align at metaphase plate ● The chromosome number is reduced by half in
● Anaphase II – chromatids separate to opposite meiosis, but not in mitosis
poles (=> chromosomes) ● Mitosis produces daughter cells that are
● Telophase II - separated sister chromatids genetically identical to the parent and to each
(chromosomes) arrive at opposite poles. other
○ Nuclei form around the chromosomes ● Meiosis produces cells that differ from the
parent and each other
● Cytokinesis – separates the cytoplasm
● At the end of meiosis, there are 4 haploid Origins of Genetic Variation
daughter cells Independent assortment
● Homologous pair of chromosomes position and
orient randomly (metaphase I) and
nonidentical sister chromatids during meiosis II
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● Combinations possible: 2n; with n the haploid ○ Later in prophase I, the joined
number of the organism homologous chromosomes are visible
as a tetrad
○ At X-shaped regions called chiasmata,
sections of nonsister chromatids are
exchanged
○ Chiasmata is the physical manifestation
of crossing over, a form of genetic
rearrangement
2. At metaphase I homologous pairs of
chromosomes, not individual chromosomes are
aligned along the metaphase plate
3. At anaphase I, it is the homologous
chromosomes, not sister chromatids, that
separate and are carried to opposite poles of
the cell.
○ Sister chromatids remain attached at
the centromere until anaphase II
○ The processes during the second
meiotic division are virtually identical to
those of mitosis
Crossing over (prophase I) ○ Mitosis produces two identical
● The reciprocal exchange of genetic material daughter cells, but meiosis produces 4
between nonsister chromatids during synapsis very different cells
of meiosis I (recombinant chromosomes)
chiasmata
Random fertilization
3 Events Unique to meiosis occur during the first
division cycle
1. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes
pair up in a process called synapsis
○ A protein zipper, the synaptonemal
complex, holds homologous
chromosomes together tightly Edited: itl/FSAY2020
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