NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes

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Cell cycle and Cell division
Cell cycle Telophase
• During Cell division DNA replication & cell growth take place. • Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their
• Although cell growth (in terms of cytoplasmic increase) identity is lost as discrete elements.
is a continuous process, DNA synthesis occurs only during one • Nuclear envelope develops around the chromosome clusters at
specific stage in the cell cycle. each pole forming two daughter nuclei.
• Duration of cell cycle • Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform.
 Eukaryotic cell → 24 hr
 Yeast → 90 Min Cytokinesis
 E Coli divides in 20 Min • Cytokinesis is separation of cytoplasm
• Cytokinesis in animal cell
Phases of Cell Cycle  furrow appear in the plasma membrane which gradually
The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases: deepens and ultimately joins in centre dividing the cell
1. Interphase: Duration 23 hr cytoplasm into two → centripetal (Outer to inner) cytokinesis
2. M Phase (Mitosis phase): duration 1 hr • Cytokinesis in Plant cell Animal centre ki taraf bhagta hai
 cell-plate that represents the middle lamella between the walls
Interphase (Resting phase) of two adjacent cells appear in the centre of the cell and grows
G1 Phase S (Synthetic) Phase G2 Phase
outward to meet the existing lateral walls → centrifugal
Cell is metabolically • Synthesis of DNA • Cell grows cytokinesis
active, cell grows • DNA amount doubles • Protein synthesis • In some organisms karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis
continuously • Chromosome number remains same as a result of which multinucleate condition arises leading to the
• Centrioles duplicates formation of syncytium (e.g., liquid endosperm in coconut).

Quiescent stage (G0) Significance of Mitosis

• Some Cells exit G1 stage, remain metabolically active but no • A very significant contribution of mitosis is cell repair.
longer proliferate unless called on to do so depending on the • The cells of the upper layer of the epidermis, cells of the lining
requirement of the organism of the gut, and blood cells are being constantly replaced.
• Some Cells exit G1 stage, never divides again called permanent • Mitotic divisions in the Meristematic tissues –result in a
cell e.g., Heart cells, Neurons continuous growth of plants throughout their life.

Mitotic cell division is only seen in diploid somatic cells. Meiosis

Exceptions male honey bee and plants that can • Meiosis results in formation of haploid cell (eg gamete)
show mitotic divisions in both haploid and diploid cells • Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half : reductional
M Phase (Mitosis) division
• Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell
• The M Phase starts with the nuclear division (karyokinesis) and division called meiosis I and meiosis II but only a single cycle of
usually ends with division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis). DNA replication.
• Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny • Meiosis I is initiated after the parental chromosomes have
cells is the same, it is also called as equational division replicated to produce identical sister chromatids at the S phase.
• Karyokinesis involves following four stages: Prophase, • Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase recombination between non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes.
Karyokinesis Professor is MAT • Four haploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis II.
Prophase
• Start of Condensation of chromosome Meiosis I
• Centrosome move towards opposite poles of the cell
• Each centrosome radiates out microtubules called asters. Prophase I
• Two asters together with spindle fibres forms mitotic apparatus
• End of prophase: Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, Leptotene
nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear • Chromosomes compact and become gradually visible under the
light microscope
Metaphase
• Condensation of chromosomes is completes and they can be Zygotene
observed clearly under the microscope. Small disc-shaped • Homologous chromosomes start pairing k/a : synapsis
structures on the side of the centromeres are called kinetochores • Chromosome synapsis forms synaptonemal complex, visible
• Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores of chromosomes. under electron microscope
• Chromosomes are moved to equator and get aligned along • This synaptonemal complex is called bivalent or a tetrad
metaphase plate . Zygote matlab pair, zygotene me chromosomes pair banate hai
Metaphase: Jab we met at equator
Pachytene
Anaphase • This phase last longer as compared to previous stages
• Chromosomes separates (segregates) to form two daughter • Tetrad clearly visible
chromatids • This stage is characterized by the appearance of recombination
• Centromeres split and chromatids separate. nodules, the sites at which crossing over occurs between non-
• Chromatids move to opposite poles. sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes.
Ana separates chromosomes

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 NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes
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Pachytene: pack it and cross it

• Crossing over Meiosis II
 exchange of genetic material between two homologous
chromosomes takes place Prophase II
 an enzyme-mediated process • In contrast to meiosis I, meiosis II resembles a normal mitosis.
 enzyme involved is called recombinase • The nuclear membrane disappears
 leads to recombination of genetic material • Chromosomes again become compact.
• End of pachytene: chromosome still linked at the sites of
crossing over Metaphase II
• Chromosomes align at the equator
Diplotene • Microtubules spindle get attached to the kinetochores of sister
• Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex chromatids.
• Homologous chromosomes separate except at the sites of
crossovers, these X shapes structure is called as chiasmata Anaphase II
• In oocytes of some vertebrates, diplotene can last for • splitting of the centromere of each chromosome (which was
months or years. Dipak dissolution of synaptonemal complex holding the sister chromatids together) takes place
Diakinesis • Sister chromatids separates
• Terminalization of chiasmata
• Nucleolus, nuclear envelope disappears Telophase II
• Two groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed by a
Metaphase I nuclear envelope
• Bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate • Cytokinesis follows, resulting in - tetrad of cells i.e., four
• The microtubules from the opposite poles of the spindle haploid daughter cells
attach to the kinetochore of homologous chromosomes.
Anaphase I Significance of meiosis
• Separation of homologous chromosomes • Reduction division
• sister chromatids remain associated at their centromeres • Increases the genetic variability in the population → Evolution
Meiosis I Meiosis II
Telophase I Synapsis occur No synapsis
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, Crossing over occurs No crossing over
• Cytokinesis follows and the resultant is called as dyad of cells In metaphase I, paired homologous In metaphase ll, sister
chromosomes line up at equator chromatids line up at equator
Interkinesis In anaphase l, paired homologous In anaphase ll, sister
chromosomes separate and move chromatids separate and
• The stage between the two meiotic divisions is called to opposite poles move to opposite poles
interkinesis short lived. At the end of meiosis I, 2 haploid At the end of meiosis I, 4
• There is no replication of DNA during interkinesis cells are formed haploid cells are formed

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Cell cycle tricks explained here

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