5.1 Bio400
5.1 Bio400
5.1 Bio400
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
Newborn baby
Process of mitosis turn a small
number of cells into a larger
number of cells.
sister
chromatids
centromere
pair of homologous
chromosomes
Animal Cell
at Interphase aster 20µm duplicated 20µm
chromosome
nuclear
envelope centromere
fragments
MITOSIS
chromatin
condenses
nucleolus
disappears spindle
fibers forming
Plant Cell
400x
at Interphase spindle chromosomes 6.2 µm
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL centrosome
hascentrioles
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS
Animal Cell
at Interphase aster 20µm duplicated 20µm
chromosome
nuclear
envelope centromere
fragments
MITOSIS
chromatin
condenses
nucleolus
disappears spindle
fibers forming
Plant Cell
400x
at Interphase spindle chromosomes 6.2 µm
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS (cont)
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
kinetochore
kinetochore
polar spindle fiber
Metaphase
Early metaphase/prometaphase
• Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are
• Each duplicated chromosome is
aligned at the equator
attached to the spindle apparatus
• Kinetochores attach sister chromatids to
• Polar spindle fibers stretch from
spindle fibers that come from opposite poles.
each pole and overlap
500x 6.2 µm
Pole lacks centrioles and aster. spindle fibers
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS (cont)
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
20 µm 16µm
daughter chromosome cleavage furrow
nucleolus
Anaphase
• Sister chromatids part and become daughter
chromosomes that are pulled toward the poles Telophase
• In this way, each pole receives the same • Daughter cells are forming as nuclear
number and kinds of chromosomes as the envelopes and nucleoli reappear.
parent cell • Chromosomes will become indistinct
chromatin.
6.2 µm 1,500x
cell plate
animal cells (anaphase, telophase): © Ed Reschke; plant cells(anaphase): © R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; (telophase): © Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS (cont)
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL
2n
2n
2n
Importance of mitotic cell division
adult
teen
infant
embryo
Process of mitosis turn a small number of
cells into a larger number of cells. It is how
we grow and developed into large complex
human.
Repair worn out or damage
cell
diploid, containing 2
sets of chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes separate during
meiosis
Plant Cell
at Interphase tetrad
centrosome has
centrioles
2n=4
synapsis of
homologous
Synapsis sister chromatids
chromosomes
Homologous
chromosomes come
together and line up chiasmata
(singular, chiasma)
side by side sites of
crossing-over crossovers between
nonsister chromatids
❖Each set of four
chromatids is called
a tetrad
Crossing-over
chromatids
During synapsis, the after exchange
homologues
sometimes
exchange genetic
material
recombinant daughter
❖Nonsister chromosomes
chromatids
Phases of meiosis I
(in animal cells and plant cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plant Cell
at Interphase tetrad
centrosome has
centrioles
2n=4
Prophase I
• Chromosomes have duplicated. Metaphase I Anaphase I
Animal Cell
• Homologues pair during
synapsis,
• Homologues align • Homologues
at Interphase • crossing-over occurs. in dependently at separate and are
the equator. pulled toward the
poles.
Phases of meiosis I
(in animal cells and plant cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plant Cell
at Interphase
n=2
centrosome has
centrioles
Plant Cells
at Interkinesis
n=2
Animal Cells
at Interkinesis
n=2
Plant Cells
at Interkinesis
n=2
n=2
1 Homologues undergo
synapsis, and crossing-
over occurs.
either or
tetrad
independent
2 Homologues alignment
independently align at
the equator of spindle.
MEIOSIS I
n
n
n
2n n
n
n
Meiosis compared to mitosis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
n=2
2n = 4 n=2
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Four haploid daughter cells.
Synapsis and Homologues pair Homologues separate and When these daughter
n=2 Their nuclei are genetically
crossing-over and move toward the poles. nuclei divide the sister
different from the parent cell.
occur. align independently chromatids will separate.
at the equator.
MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
Telophase
Daughter cells 2n = 4
are forming.
Daughter cells
2n = 4
Two diploid daughter cells.
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Their nuclei are genetically
Chromosomes align Sister chromatids identical to the parent cell.
at the equator. separate and become
MITOSIS daughter chromosomes.
mitosis = 2 daughter cells only... thus 1 cell division
meiosis = 4 daughter cells [1 = 2 = 4]... thus 2
divisions
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS