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    10 - Cell Cycle and Mitosisi

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    anathizatu100
    The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It describes the different phases of the cell cycle including G1, S, and G2 phases. It also describes the four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Chromosomes and their structure are also discussed.

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    10 - Cell Cycle and Mitosisi

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    anathizatu100
    12 views21 pages
    The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It describes the different phases of the cell cycle including G1, S, and G2 phases. It also describes the four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Chromosomes and their structure are also discussed.

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    10 - Cell cycle and Mitosisi

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    The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It describes the different phases of the cell cycle including G1, S, and G2 phases. It also describes the four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Chromosomes and their structure are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    12 views21 pages

    10 - Cell Cycle and Mitosisi

    Uploaded by

    anathizatu100
    The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It describes the different phases of the cell cycle including G1, S, and G2 phases. It also describes the four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Chromosomes and their structure are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    BOTT101

    BOTX101

    Plant Cell Biology


    Ms Penny Lithauer
    120021

    [email protected]
    Cell Cycle

     New cells arise:


    • Division of existing cells (Cell Theory)
     Cease to exist:
    • Divide once more
    • Specialized cells die (some die as part of specialization)
    Types of Division
    Research types of cell division
    Chromosomes

     Gene
    • Polymer of nucleotides
    • Unique sequence
    • Code for specific protein
    • Many plants/animals ≥ 30 000

    different genes
     Genome
    • All the genes of organism
    Chromosomes

     Before cell division


    • DNA duplicated ≥ 60 000 genes
    • Organized into chromosomes
    - Linear arrangement of genes
    - Linking DNA
     E.g. lilies
    • DNA = 21.8 m (each nucleus!)
     Complex with histone proteins
    • Structural organization
    • Protection
    Chromosomes

     Single chromosome
    • Before duplication:
    - Single DNA molecule
    • After duplication:
    - Two DNA molecules
    - Identical
    - Attached at centromere
    - Sister chromatids
    Chromosome number

     Σ of chromosomes in nucleus chromosome number


     Characteristic for each species
    • Number, length, shape
    • Karyotype
     Diploid no. (2n)
    • 2 of each type
    • E.g. humans = 46
     Haploid no. (n)
    • Single set
    • E.g. humans = 23
    Chromosome Structure

     Nucleosome
    • Section of DNA looped ± twice around histone core
    - Core = 8 histone proteins “octamer”
    - Associated with histone H1 in condensed chromatin
    Chromosome Structure

    Nucleosomes pack into coils


    • Form cylindrical fibre
    • Fibre forms super-coils
    Chromosome Structure

     Multiple levels of coiling


     DNA becomes very tightly packed
     Degree of packing depends on activity:
    • Regulation of transcription
    • Nuclear division
    Chromosome Structure
     Condensed chromosome
    constricted at centromere
     Kinetochore
    • Forms during nuclear division
    • At centromere
    • Attachment for microtubules
    Cell Cycle

     Length
    • ± equal for cells of

    same type
    • Different for different

    types (tissues)
    • Relative length of phases

    depend on activity of
    cells
    G1 Phase (Gap 1)

     Cells conduct most of normal metabolism


    • Grow, increase mass
    • ± doubles cytoplasmic components
     NB synthesise nucleotides for S phase
     Usually longest phase of cell cycle

     Cell maturation
    • Cell cycle arrest
    • Differentiate – specialized function
    • Remain in G1-like state until cell death
    S Phase (Synthesis)

     Chromosomes replicated
    • Genes +
    • Linking DNA +
    • Histone proteins
     Each chromosome
    • Two sister chromatids
    • Attached at centromere
    - Cohesin
    G2 Phase (Gap 2)

     Make proteins to drive cell division:


    • α-, β-tubulin microtubules
    • Process chromosomes
    • Break down nuclear membrane
    Mitosis

    mitosis
     Duplication division
    • Nuclear genes duplicated
    • One set separated from the other
    • Each packed into own nucleus
     NB Products:
    • Two daughter cells
    • Same number:
    - 2n 2n, n n
     Function:
    • Growth, repair body tissues
    • Asexual reproduction
    Mitosis: Prophase

     The nuclear envelope,


    nucleolus disappears.
     Chromatin condenses -
    becomes visible as threadlike
    chromosomes.
     Spindle forms – microtubules
    attach to sister chromatids.
    Mitosis: Metaphase

     No clear boundary with Prophase


     Chromosomes are aligned at the
    equator of the cell
     At the end of metaphase
    centromeres divide and sister
    chromatids split from each other
    at the centromere region
    Mitosis: Anaphase

     Microtubules shorten
     Sister chromatids move apart.
     Once this has happened each
    chromatid is referred to as a
    daughter chromosome
     Daughter chromosomes are pulled
    to opposite poles of the cell
    Mitosis: Telophase

     Chromosomes start to uncoil


    and become chromatin
     Spindle fibers disappear
     Nucleus and nuclear envelope
    reforms

     Theprocess is summarised in
    Fig 9.6 (Starr pg 147)
     mitosis

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