Outline

• Materials covered in MEP 361 (Thermo. II)

• Review of some of the definitions
• Use of Psychrometric chart
MEP 451 • Variation of atmospheric pressure with altitude
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Simple analysis of mixing process
• Humidification process and the use of the protractor
•
Space Air Conditioning • Space air conditioning
• Sensible heat ratio (SHR)
• Typical summer air conditioning
Feb. 2011 • Typical winter air conditioning
• Evaporative cooling
• Examples
1 2

Materials covered in Thermo II Humidity Parameters:

• Definition of dry air, moist air, and ideal gas mixture
of dry air and water vapor – Dry bulb temperature tdb or t
• Definition of dry bulb temperature (t) , wet bulb – Wet bulb temperature twb or t*
temperature (t*), dew point temperature (td), humidity
ratio (W), enthalpy (h), relative humidity, (ϕ), Specific – Humidity Ratio W
volume (v)
– Relative Humidity φ
• Adiabatic saturation
– Degree of Saturation µ=W/Ws
• Thermodynamic analysis of processes such as
sensible heating, sensible cooling, cooling and – Specific Enthalpy,h and Volume,v
dehumidification, humidification, adiabatic mixing, etc
– Dew Point temperature td.
• Idea of cooling towers
3 4

Summary of Ideal Gas relations for Moist Air

mv Pv
W= = 0.622
ma P − Pv
h = ha + W hv = 1.0 t + (2501.3 + 1.86 t ) W

ϕ=
Xv
=
Pv PSYCHROMETRIC
X vs t, p
Pvs t, p CHART
RaT R T (1 + 1.6078W )
v= = a
P − Pv P

(t * − t ) + Ws ( 2501 − 2.381 t * )
*
W=
2501 + 1.86 t − 4.186 t *
5 6

Psychrometric processes 1
 Variation of pressure with elevation

P = a + bH
H<=4000 ft H>4000 ft
Or 1220 m Or 1220
IP SI IP SI

a 29.92 101.325 29.42 99.436

b -0.001025 -0.01153 -0.0009 -0.010

in Hg kPa in Hg kPa
7 8

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Air Streams

h1 W

Humidifying
1
W1
h3
Sensible Sensible
Cooling Heating h2

3
W3

W2
2 ___
m& 1 23
t = ___
Dehumidifying
m& 3 12
9 10

Adiabatic water injection Humidification: Water injection

,h
py W
al
m& w = (W2 − W1 )m& m1 m2 h e nt
h

h1 h2 W
W1 W2
2
mw W

m& h1 + m& w hw = m& h2

2
hw
1 W
1
sat .

h2 − h1 t

hw =
t2 t1

W2 − W1 When the injected water at the wet temperature of

entering air, the process can be assumed to be constant
11 wet bulb temperature process( i.e. t1*=t2*) 12

Psychrometric processes 2
 Humidification
Space Air Conditioning
hw determines the
W
direction of process
1. Typical Summer Air Conditioning
from1 to 2
2. Typical Winter Air Conditioning
2b 2a
2d
2c
3. Evaporative Cooling
1

13 14

Re-circulated System
Space Air Conditioning r

m
s
to Ql
r
ti
Cooling coil Qs
s r
Ql
s

Qs
Typical space in humid hot climate 15 16

Typical Central AC System Typical Central AC –Draw through fan

Exhaust air r Exhaust air r

s
Ql c
o m s o m
Ql
Fresh air Fresh air
Qs Qs
Cooling coil o
o
Cooling Coil

m W
m

r r
s c
s

17 18
t

Psychrometric processes 3
 Typical Winter Central AC System
Typical Winter Air Conditioning Exhaust air r

Humd.
s Ql
h
o m
r Fresh air
mw Qs
Heating Steam hs
Coil

s Qs s

r
m
Ql
h
o
19 20

7- Evaporative cooling
Evaporative Cooling

s
o s

Hot and
o
dry

mw
hw
21 22

23 24

Psychrometric processes 4
 Example 7.2
1-State o (fresh air) can be located on the chart
A building has a calculated cooling load of 20 tons of which 5 tons is latent.
The space is to be maintained at 23° C and 50 % relative humidity. 10 % by 2-State r (room air) can also be located on the chart)
volume of the supplied air is outdoor air at 38°C and 50 % relative humidity.
3-The room condition line can be drawn since SHR is known and
The supply air is at 13°C. Assume atmospheric pressure to be 1 atm. The AC
state r is known.
system used consists basically of a mixing box, a cooling coil, and a ducting
system. Draw the processes on the psychrometric chart and find 4-State can be located on room condition line with ts=13° C

Qs
5-The mass flow rate of supplied air can be found using
Exhaust r
a) The amount and condition of the Space
Ql Qt=ms(hr-hs)
to be
supply air Air Cond.
o m 6-The volume flow rate of supplied air Vs can be found using
b) The condition and flow rate of air Fresh s
entering the cooling coil Vs=ms*vs
cooling
c) Cooling coil capacity, and the SHF for coil
the coil 7-Calculate the fresh air volume flow rate using Vo=0.1 Vs
d) Coil’s by pass factor and apparatus 8-Since all mass flow rates are known (Supplied, recirculated,
dew point and fresh) one locate state m (mixture air)
e) If the coil capacity is different than
the space load (i.e. 20 tons) state the 9-Draw a line from state m to s and extend it till the saturation line
reasons for this difference? to locate state cc (coil temp.)

25 26

20 * 3.52 Example 7.3

m& s = = 5.33kg / s
45 − 31.8
A building has a total heating load of 300,000 Btu/hr. The sensible heat factor for the space
is 0.8 and the space is to be maintained at 71°F dbt and 50 % relative humidity. Outdoor air
V&s = m& s v s = 5.33 * 0.82 = 4.371m 3 / s is at 40° F dbt and 20 % relative humidity in the amount of 1500 cfm. Air is supplied to the
space at 120° F dbt. Saturated steam at 300° F is used in the humidifier. The AC system
V&o = 0.1V&s = 0.4371m 3 / s used consists of a mixing box, heating coil, humidifier, and a ducting system. Draw the
processes on the psychrometric chart (assume sea level condition) and find
V&
m& o = = 0.4793kg / s a) The condition and the amount (cfm) of supplied air
Exhaust Return
vo b) The temperature rise through the heating coil r Space to be
c) The amount of saturated steam used air conditioed
d) The capacity of the heating coil
Fresh air m s
tm=24.3 °C, hm=49.5
Fan

ADP=td=5.7 °C States (o) and (r) are known so that they can
Steam

ts − td 13 − 5.7 easily be located on the chart

BF = = = 0.39
t m − t d 24.3 − 5.7 The space SHR is known so it can be drawing on chart

The SHR line must pass by state (r).

Qfresh=mo(ho-hr)=22.77 kW=6.47 tons

The supply temperature is given as 120° F, and this state must be

SHRcoil=0.65 (using the protractor) located on SHR line, therefore state (s) is located also on the chart.
27 28

The supplied mass flow rate can be calculated since the total s
load is known and states (r) and (s) are known

The outdoor supplied air mass flow rate can be calculated since the
volume flow rate of the outside air is known r
m
state (m) the resulted mixture can be located on chart.
h
o
Humidification process can be drawn since hs=is known. This
process must pass through state s

Draw s horizontal line from state m till it intersect with the

humidification line to locate state h

29 30

Psychrometric processes 5