Thermodynamics

Dr. Sana Yaqub

USPCAS-E, Nust
 Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Moving Boundary Work
• The expansion and compression is simply boundary work
• Boundary work occurs because the mass of the substance
contained within the system boundary causes a force, the pressure
times the surface area, to act on the boundary surface and make it
move.

V
Moving Boundary Work

The area
under the
curve is the
work
Moving Boundary Work

The work
depends on the
process path
 Moving Boundary Work

The net work done during a cycle is the

difference between work done by the
system and work done on the system
 Work is a mechanism of energy interaction between the system
and surrounding through boundary
 Boundary work done in a car engine
Practice
example 4-2
 Moving Boundary Work
Consider some special cases
 Constant volume
 Constant pressure
 Isothermal
 Polytropic 5

4
3
2
1

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Moving Boundary Work
Constant Volume

P 1 2
Wb  PdV 0
5 1

2
4
3
2
1 V

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Moving Boundary Work
Constant Pressure

P 1 2

W
V

2 2
Wb  PdV P  dV P V2  V1 
1 1
Advanced Thermodynamics
 Moving Boundary Work
Isothermal
mRT
P
P 1 V
2 2 mRT
2
Wb  PdV  dV
1 1 V
 V2 
V mRT ln  
 V1 

Advanced Thermodynamics
Polytropic Moving Boundary Work
Multiple expansion and compression processes which include heat transfer
n
PV constant
2 2 dV
1 Wb  PdV Const n
P 1 1 V
P2V2  P1V1
 , n 1
2
1 n
 V2 
PV ln   , n 1
 V1 
V
 Example 4-4
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially at 200 kPa. At this state, a linear spring that has a
spring constant of 150 kN/m is touching the piston but exerting no force on it. Now heat is transferred to the gas,
causing the piston to rise and to compress the spring until the volume inside the cylinder doubles. If the cross-
sectional area of the piston is 0.25 m2, determine (a) the final pressure inside the cylinder, (b) the total work done
by the gas, and (c) the fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it.

Assumption: The expansion process is quasi-equilibrium

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Example 4-4

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Example 4-4
Area under the curve (trapezoid)

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Example 4-6
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. Initially, one side of the tank contains 5
kg of water at 200 kPa and 25°C, and the other side is evacuated. The partition is then removed,
and the water expands into the entire tank. The water is allowed to exchange heat with its
surroundings until the temperature in the tank returns to the initial value of 25°C. Determine (a)
the volume of the tank, (b) the final pressure, and (c) the heat transfer for this process.

Approximating the
compressed liquid as a
saturated liquid at the given
temperature
 (a) Initially the water in the tank exists as a compressed liquid since its pressure (200
kPa) is greater than the saturation pressure at 25°C (3.1698 kPa). Approximating the
compressed liquid as a saturated liquid at the given temperature,
 we find
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems

For constant rates, the total quantities during a time interval ∆t are related to the quantities per unit time as

Energy balance can also be expressed in the differential form as

 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial and final states are identical, and thus

Then the energy balance for a cycle simplifies to

A closed system does not involve any mass flow across its boundaries, the energy balance for a cycle can be expressed
in terms of heat and work interactions as

In solving problems use the classical thermodynamics sign convention and to assume heat to be transferred into the
system (heat input) in the amount of Q and work to be done by the system (work output)
 Specific Heats
 Energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass
of substance by 1 degree
 Specific heat at constant volume (Cv)
1. The energy required to raise the temperature of the unit
mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is
maintained constant.
2. The change in internal energy with temperature at
constant volume
 Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp)
1. The energy required to raise the temperature of the unit
mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is
maintained constant.
2. The change in enthalpy with temperature at constant
pressure.
Advanced Thermodynamics
 Enthalpy, internal energy and specific heats for ideal
gases
 An ideal gas is a gas whose temperature, pressure, and specific volume are related by
Pv = RT u = u (T)

 The change in internal energy or enthalpy for an ideal

gas during a process from state 1 to state 2 is
determined by integrating these equations:
 Enthalpy, internal energy and specific heats for ideal
gases

There are three ways to determine the internal energy and enthalpy changes
of ideal gases (Fig.
1. By using the tabulated u and h data. This is the easiest and most accurate
way when tables are readily available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations as a function of temperature and
performing the integrations. This is very inconvenient for hand calculations
but quite desirable for computerized calculations. The results obtained are
very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats. This is very simple and certainly very
convenient when property tables are not available. The results obtained are
reasonably accurate if the temperature interval is not very large.
 Example 4-10
A piston–cylinder device initially contains air at 150 kPa and 27°C. At this state, the piston
is resting on a pair of stops, as shown in Fig. 4–32, and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The
mass of the piston is such that a 350-kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now
heated until its volume has doubled. Determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work done
by the air, and (c) the total heat transferred to the air.
Close system, boundary work done by the system, heat is transferred to
the system

(a) Using ideal gas relation

 (b) The work done could be determined by integration, but for this case it is much
easier to find it from the area under the process curve on a P-V diagram, shown in
Fig.

(c) Under the stated assumptions and observations, the energy balance on the
system between the initial and final states (process 1–3) can be expressed as

Advanced Thermodynamics
 The positive sign verifies that heat is transferred to the system
Advanced Thermodynamics
Enthalpy, internal energy and specific heats of solids and liquids
 A substance whose specific volume (or density) is constant is called an
incompressible substance.
 The specific volumes of solids and liquids essentially remain constant during a
process.
 Constant pressure and constant volume specific heat values of incompressible
substance are identical.
cp= cv = c

 For small temperature intervals, a c value at the average temperature can be used and
treated as a constant.
 Enthalpy, internal energy and specific heats for solids and liquids
 For solids

 For Liquids constant pressure process (as in heaters)

 For Liquids constant temperature process (as in pumps)

 Problem 4-9
A frictionless piston–cylinder device initially contains 200 L of saturated liquid
refrigerant-134a. The piston is free to move, and its mass is such that it maintains a
pressure of 900 kPa on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is now heated until its
temperature rises to 70°C. Calculate the work done during this process.
Assumption: The process is quasi-equilibrium

Use Table A-
11(LI), A-13

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Problem 4-28
0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent
quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 700 kPa.
Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in the tank and (b) the amount of heat
transferred. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
Assumption: The system is stationary and no work interactions

(a)

Use Table A-
11, A-13
 (b) The amount of heat transferred to tank

Extrapolation Formula:

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Problem 4-119 (Home Task)
A mass of 0.2 kg of saturated refrigerant-134a is contained in a piston–cylinder device
at 200 kPa. Initially, 75 percent of the mass is in the liquid phase. Now heat is
transferred to the refrigerant at constant pressure until the cylinder contains vapor
only. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines. Determine (a)
the volume occupied by the refrigerant initially, (b) the work done, and (c) the total
heat transfer
Assumption: The system is stationary and the process is quasi equilibrium
(a) Use property table A11,

Advanced Thermodynamics
 (b) Work done

A-13

(c) Total heat transfer

Advanced Thermodynamics
 Problem 4-6 (Home Task)
A piston–cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.3 kg of steam at 1.0
MPa and 400°C. The location of the stops corresponds to 60 percent of the initial
volume. Now the steam is cooled. Determine the compression work if the final state
is (a) 1.0 MPa and 250°C and (b) 500 kPa. (c) Also determine the temperature at the
final state in part (b).

(a) Use table A-6

(b)

Use table A-5

(c)