Module 3 - Processes of Air

Module No.
3
Psychrometric Processes of Air
ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES OF AIR AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES OF AIR
The course deals with Psychrometric properties of air; factors affecting human comfort; air
distribution and basic duct design, drying, heating and ventilation, cooling load calculation; complete
design of an air conditioning system and components. (CMO No. 97 series of 2017)
The module deals with psychrometric processes of air and their representation. Important
psychrometric processes namely, sensible cooling and heating, cooling and dehumidification, cooling
and humidification, heating and humidification, chemical dehumidification and mixing of air streams
are presented here. Representation of the above processes on psychrometric chart and equations
for heat and mass transfer rates are discussed including the concept of sensible heat factor, by-pass
factor and apparatus dew point temperature of cooling coils. The principle of air washers and various
psychrometric processes that using air washers are also part of this module.
At the end of the module, it is expected that students can solve engineering problems by
applying the concept and theories of psychrometric processes of air.
Perform calculations for various psychrometric processes using the psychrometric charts and
equations and represent various psychrometric processes on psychrometric chart.
Define and discuss sensible heat factor, by-pass factor, contact factor and apparatus dew
point temperature including the principle of an air washer and its practical use.
ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL 31
In the design and analysis of air conditioning system, the fundamental requirement is to
identify the various processes being performed on air. Once identified, the processes can be analyzed
by applying the laws of conservation of mass and energy. All these processes can be plotted easily
on a psychrometric chart. This is very useful for quick visualization and also for identifying the
changes taking place in important properties such as temperature, humidity ratio, enthalpy and other
properties.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
• It is the graphical representation of the psychrometric properties wherein the humidity is the
ordinate and the dry bulb temperature is the abscissa.
• Three psychrometric charts are commonly used namely: the ASHRAE psychrometric chart, the
IHVE psychrometric chart, and the Carrier chart.
• Available charts are used to determine properties of moist air at standard atmospheric pressure
at 101.325 kPa.
Enthalpy of
Saturated Air
Humidity
Saturation curve
Wet Bulb Temperature
Relative Humidity, RH Enthalpy of

Saturated Air
Dew-point Temperature Dry Bulb Temperature Specific Volume
The Skeletal Psychrometric Chart
Source: Carrier Corporation/ Psychrometric Chart PDF
Exercise No. 1
Moist air at 1 atmospheric pressure has a dry bulb temperature of 32oC and a wet bulb
temperature of 26oC. Using the Psychrometric Chart, determine a) humidity ratio, b) relative humidity,
c) dew point temperature, d) specific volume, and e) enthalpy of moist air.
TDP
w
RH
TWB = 32oC
TDB = 32oC
From Psychrometric Chart:
a) W = 0.188 kgv/kgda
b) RH = 62%
c) TDP = 23.8oC
d) v = 0.89 m3/kg
e) h = 80 kJ/kg
Compare these derived properties to Exercise No. 1 in Module 2.
Assessment No. 1
Direction: Using the Psychrometric Chart, determine the properties of air in each problem. Sketch
the properties of air in skeletal Psychrometric Chart and Handwrite your answer below each skeletal
PC. Present your work in a scholarly manner. Use the prescribed Assessment Form for your
solutions.
1) A certain air has a dry bulb temperature of 34oC and a wet bulb temperature of 25oC. Using
psychrometric chart, determine the following properties of air: a) relative humidity, b) the dew
point temperature, c) humidity ratio, d) specific volume, and e) enthalpy. Draw a skeletal
psychrometric chart and sketch the properties of air.
2) A certain air in space has a TDB of 35oC and a TWB of 24oC. Determine the following at a
pressure of 101.325 kPaa.
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew point temperature
c) Humidity ratio
d) Specific volume
e) Enthalpy
3) Atmospheric air at a pressure of 95kPa has a humidity ratio of 0.016 and a temperature of 27°C.
Determine the following quantities using psychrometric chart: (i) the dew-point temperature, (ii)
the relative humidity, (iii) the specific volume, and (iv) the enthalpy.
4) Moist air exists under conditions of 24°C DBT and relative humidity 50%. The pressure is
101.3kPa. Using the psychrometric chart, determine (i) the wet-bulb temperature, (ii) the dew
point, (iii) the humidity ratio, (iv) the enthalpy, and (v) the specific volume
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES OF AIR

The common processes involved in air conditioning are at practically constant pressure and
can be illustrated by lines on the psychrometric chart.
7 5
2 1
6 8
Process 0 – 1 : Sensible heating

Process 0 – 2 : Sensible cooling
Process 0 – 3 : Humidifying (Adding Moisture in Air)
Process 0 – 4 : Dehumidifying (Decreasing Moisture in Air)
Process 0 – 5 : Heating and Humidifying
Process 0 – 6 : Cooling and Dehumidifying
Process 0 – 7 : Cooling and Humidifying
Process 0 – 8 : Heating and Dehumidifying
1) SENSIBLE HEATING (Process 0 – 1)

During this process, the moisture content of air remains constant and its temperature
increases as it flows over a heating coil. The heat transfer rate during this process is given by:
𝑸𝑺𝑯 = 𝒎𝒂 (𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟎 ) = 𝒎𝒂 𝑪𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟎 )
Where:
Cp - the humid specific heat (≈1.0216 kJ/kgdry airK)
ma - is the mass flow rate of dry air (kg/s.
h0 & h1 - enthalpy, kJ/kg
T0 & T1 - temperatures, K
HEATING
MEDIUM
0 1
mda mda
h0 h1
W0 W1
0 1
W1 = W2
Schematic diagram, Sensible Heating Psychrometric Diagram, Sensible Heating
Exercise No. 2
Determine the quantity of heat required to raise 14 m3/min, if air at 20oC and 80% RH to 35oC.
What is the final relative humidity?
H1
h0 RH1
RH0
0 1
W0 = W1
TDB0 =20oC TDB1 =35oC
From PC at 20oC and 80% RH1

h0 = 50 kJ/kg
v0 = 0.847 m3/kg
RH1 = 34%
H1 = 65.5 kJ/kg
𝑚3
𝑉 14 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑚𝑎 = = 3 = 16.53
𝑣0 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.847
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
Q𝑆𝐻 = m𝑎 (ℎ1 − ℎ0 ) = 16.53 (65.5 − 50)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑺𝑯 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟐𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟒. 𝟐𝟕
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄
2) SENSIBLE COOLING (Process 0 – 2)

During this process, the moisture content of air remains constant but its temperature
decreases as it flows over a cooling coil. For moisture content to remain constant, the surface of
the cooling coil should be dry and its surface temperature should be greater than the dew point
temperature of air. If the cooling coil is 100% effective, then the exit temperature of air will be
equal to the coil temperature. However, in practice, the exit air temperature will be higher than
the cooling coil temperature. The heat transfer rate during this process is given by:
𝑸𝑺𝑪 = 𝒎𝒂 (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟎 ) = 𝒎𝒂 𝑪𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟎 )
REFRIGERANT
0 2
mda mda
h0 h2
W0 W2
2 0
W0 = W2
Schematic of device for Sensible Cooling Psychrometric Diagram, Sensible Cooling
Exercise No. 3
Determine the quantity of heat removed from 14 m3/min of air when cooled from 37oC TDB
21oC TWB to 15oC. What are the initial and final relative humidities?
From PC at 37oC TDB0 and 21oC TWB0
RH0 = 23%
h0 = 61 kJ/kg
v0 = 0.889 m3/kg
h0 From PC at 15oC TDB2 and W0= W2
h2 RH0 RH2 = 85%
RH2 h2 = 38 kJ/kg
2 0
W0 = W2 𝑚3
0.889
TWB0 TDB2 TDB0 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
Q𝑆𝐶 = m𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ0 ) = 15.75 (38 − 61)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑺𝑪 = −𝟑𝟔𝟐. 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟔. 𝟎𝟒
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄
3) HUMIDIFYING (Process 0 – 3)
It is a process of increasing the humidity ratio without changing the dry-bulb temperature
of the air.
REFRIGERANT
0 3
Water in
3 W3
air air
Spray of Water
Water out
0 W0
TDB0 = TDB3
Schematic of device for Dehumidifying Psychrometric Diagram, Dehumidifying
Amount of Moisture added:

𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊3 − 𝑊0 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐
4) DEHUMIDIFYING (Process 0 – 4)
It is the process of decreasing the humidity ratio without changing the dry – bulb
temperature of air.
REFRIGERANT
0 4
Water in
0 W0
air air
Air Washer
Water out
4 W4
TDB0 = TDB4
Schematic of device for Dehumidifying Psychrometric Diagram, Dehumidifying
Amount of Moisture removed:

𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊0 − 𝑊4 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐
5) HEATING AND HUMIDIFYING (Process 0 – 5)

During winter it is essential to heat and humidify the room air for comfort. As shown in
the figure below, this is normally done by first sensibly heating the air and then adding water vapor
to the air stream through steam nozzles as shown in the figure.
0 Heating Coil 5
Steam Nozzle
h5
5
W5
air air
h0
0 W0
Water in TDB0 TDB5

Schematic of device for Heating and Psychrometric Diagram, Heating and Humidifying
Humidifying
Amount of Moisture added:
𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊5 − 𝑊0 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Amount of Heat Added:
Q𝐻𝐻 = m𝑎 (ℎ5 − ℎ0 ) = 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇5 − 𝑇0 )
Exercise No. 4
How much heat and moisture must be added to 28 m3/min of air at 24oC and 40% Relative
Humidity to raise it to 38oC TDB and 27oC TWB?
From Psychrometric Chart at TDB0=21oC and 40%
h5 RH0
5
W5 h0 = 43 kJ/kg
W0 = 0.0075 kg/kg
h0 v0 =0.852 m3/kg
From Psychrometric Chart at TDB5=38oC and
0 W0
TWB5=27oC
TDB5 h5 = 84.5 kJ/kg

TDB0
W5 = 0.0181 kg/kg
𝑚3
𝑉 28
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑚𝑎 = = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 32.86 𝑘𝑔
𝑣0 𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.852
𝑘𝑔
Heat Added to the moist air
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
Q𝐻𝐻 = m𝑎 (ℎ5 − ℎ0 ) = 32.86 (84.5 − 43) = 1364 = 22.73
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑, 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊5 − 𝑊0 )
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑚𝑣 = 32.86 (0.0181 − 0.0075) = 0.3483 = 0.00581
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐
6) COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING (Process 0 – 6)

Air can be simultaneously cooled and dehumidified by being drawn over cold surfaces or
through sprays of cold water. When moist air is cooled below its dew-point by bringing it in contact
with a cold surface as shown in figure below, some of the water vapor in the air condenses and
leaves the air stream as liquid, as a result both the temperature and humidity ratio of air decreases
as shown. This is the process where air undergoes in a typical air conditioning system. Although
the actual process path will vary depending upon the type of cold surface, the surface
temperature, and flow conditions, for simplicity the process line is assumed to be a straight line.
COOLING COIL
0 6 h0
2 hW 0
mda h6 W0
mda 6
h0 W6
h6
W0
W6
QT Condensed water out, mw TDB6 TDB0
Schematic of device for Cooling and Psychrometric Diagram, Cooling and

Dehumidifying Dehumidifying
The heat and mass transfer rates can be expressed in terms of the initial and final conditions
by applying the conservation of mass and conservation of energy equations as given below:
𝑚𝑎 𝑊0 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑊6 + 𝑚𝑤
By applying energy balance:
𝑚𝑎 ℎ0 = 𝑄𝑇 + 𝑚𝑤 ℎ𝑤 + 𝑚𝑎 ℎ6
from the above two equations, the load on the cooling coil, QT is given by:
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ0 − ℎ6 ) − 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊0 − 𝑊6 )ℎ𝑤
the 2nd term on the above equation is normally small compared to the other terms, so it can be
neglected. Hence,
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ0 − ℎ6 )
It can be observed that the cooling and de-humidification process involves both latent and
sensible heat transfer processes, hence, the total, latent and sensible heat transfer rates (QT, QL
and QS) can be written as:
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑸𝑳 + 𝑸𝒔
Where:
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ0 − ℎ𝑤 ) = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥 [ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑊0 − 𝑊6 )]
𝑄𝑆 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝑤 − ℎ6 ) = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥 [𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇0 − 𝑇6 )]
Exercise No. 5
How much heat and moisture must be removed to cool 28 m3/minute of air from 35oC TDB and
26oC TWB to 21oC and 50% RH.
From Psychrometric Chart at TDB0 = 35oC and TWB0 = 26oC
h0
h0 = 80 kJ/kg
TWB0
0
W0 = 0.0175 kg/kg
h6
W0
6
v0 =0.896 m3/kg
W
RH6 Psychrometric Chart at TDB6 = 21oC and 50% RH6
6
h6 = 40.5 kJ/kg
W6 = 0.0077 kg/kg
TDB6 TDB0
𝑚3
0.896
𝑘𝑔
Heat Removed to the moist air
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
Q𝐶𝐻 = m𝑎 (ℎ6 − ℎ0 ) = 31.25 (40.5 − 80) = −1234.4 = −20.57
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑, 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊6 − 𝑊0 )
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑚𝑣 = 31.25 (0.0077 − 0.0175) = −0.306 = 0.0051
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐
7) Cooling and Humidifying (Process 0 – 7)

As the name implies, during this process, the air temperature drops and its humidity increases.
This process is generally known as adiabatic saturation, which is a simultaneous process of cooling
and humidifying without changing the wet bulb temperature. This process is shown in the figure below.
Cooling and Humidifying can be achieved by spraying cool water in the air stream. The temperature
of water should be lower than the dry-bulb temperature of air but higher than its dew-point
temperature to avoid condensation (TDP<Tw< TO).
0 7
Cold Water spray or a
wetted surface
T0 T7
mda 7
W7
mda
h0 h7
W0 W7
0
W0
Twater TDP TE T0
Schematic of device for Cooling and Psychrometric Diagram, Cooling and Humidifying
Humidifying
It can be seen that during this process there is sensible heat transfer from air to water and
latent heat transfer from water to air. Hence, the total heat transfer depends upon the water
temperature. If the temperature of the water sprayed is equal to the wet bulb temperature of air, then
the net transfer rate will be zero as the sensible heat transfer from air to water will be equal to latent
heat transfer from water to air. If the water temperature is greater than TWB, then there will be a net
heat transfer from water to air. If the water temperature is less than T WB, then the net heat transfer
will be from air to water. Under a special case when the spray water is entirely recirculated and is
neither heated nor cooled, the system is perfectly insulated and the make-up water is supplied at TWB,
then at steady-state, the air undergoes an adiabatic saturation process, during which its TWB remains
constant. The process of cooling and humidification is encountered in a wide variety of devices such
as evaporative coolers, cooling towers etc.
Exercise No. 6
Air at 33oC TDB and 19oC TWB is cooled and humidified by passing it through an air washer in
which the water is continuously recirculated. The air leaves the air washer at 32oC TDB. Determine
the moisture added per kg of dry air. What is the efficiency of the air washer?
In this process, we must take note that TWB0 = TWB7
7 W7 From the Psychrometric Chart at TDB0 = 33oC and

TWB0 = 19oC
0 W0 = 0.0081 kg/kg
W0
Psychrometric Chart at TDB7 = 23oC and TWB7=19oC
TDP0 W7 = 0.0122 kg/kg

TDB7 TDB0
Moisture Added per kg dry air

𝑚𝑣 = (𝑊5 − 𝑊0 ) = (0.0122 − 0.0081) = 0.0041
𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
Air Washer Efficiency
𝑇𝐷𝐵0 − 𝑇𝐷𝐵7 33 − 23
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = = 71.43%
𝑇𝐷𝐵0 − 𝑇𝑊𝐵 33 − 19
8) Heating and Dehumidifying (Process 0 – 8)

This process is also called Chemical Dehumidification. This can be achieved by using a
hygroscopic material, which absorbs or adsorbs the water vapor from the moisture. If this process is
thermally isolated, then the enthalpy of air remains constant, as a result the temperature of air
increases as its moisture content decreases as shown in the figure below. This hygroscopic material
can be a solid or a liquid. In general, the absorption of water by the hygroscopic material is an
exothermic reaction, as a result heat is released during this process, which is transferred to air and
the enthalpy of air increases.
Usually, chemical dehumidifying process, the moisture is condensed and gives up latent heat,
raising the dry bulb temperature of the air, which leaves the air dryer and warmer. The wet bulb
temperature in this process may increase or decrease. Units employing such chemical
dehumidification are used in some comfort cooling but mainly for industrial air conditioning.
0 Hygroscopic 8
Material
0
W0
8 W8
T0 T8
Chemical Dehumidification Process
Exercise No. 7
Air at 24oC TDB and 15oC TWB enters a dehumidifier and leaves at 41oC TDB and 19oC TWB.
How much moisture has been removed per kilogram of dry air?
0 W0
W8
8
TDB0 TDB8
From the Psychrometric Chart at TDB0 = 24oC and TWB0 = 15oC

W0 = 0.0070 kg/kg
From the Psychrometric Chart at TDB8 = 41oC and TWB8 = 19oC
W7 = 0.0048kg/kg
oisture Added per kg dry air
𝑚𝑣 = (𝑊5 − 𝑊0 ) = (0.0070 − 0.0048) = 0.0023
MIXING OF AIR STREAMS

Mixing of air streams at different states is commonly encountered in many processes, including in
air conditioning. Depending upon the state of the individual streams, the mixing process can take
place with or without condensation of moisture.
1) MIXING WITHOUT CONDENSATION
Figure below shows an adiabatic mixing of two moist air streams during which no
condensation of moisture takes place. As shown in the figure, when two air streams at state points
1 and 2 mix, the resulting mixture condition 3 can be obtained from mass and energy balance.
h2
1
2
h3 W2
3
3 h1
ma1 + ma2 = ma3 W3
2 1 W1
TDB1 TDB3 TDB2
From the mass balance Figure. Mixing of two air streams without condensation
of dry air:
𝑚𝑎1 +𝑚𝑎2 = 𝑚𝑎3
From the mass balance of water vapor (moisture):
𝑚𝑎1 𝑊1 +𝑚𝑎2 𝑊2 = 𝑚𝑎3 𝑊3 = (𝑚𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2 )𝑊3
𝑚𝑎1 𝑊1 + 𝑚𝑎2 𝑊2
𝑊3 =
𝑚𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2
From energy balance in terms of enthalpy:
𝑚𝑎1 ℎ1 +𝑚𝑎2 ℎ2 = 𝑚𝑎3 ℎ3 = (𝑚𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2 )ℎ3
𝑚𝑎1 ℎ1 + 𝑚𝑎2 ℎ2
ℎ3 =
From energy balance in terms of Dry-bulb Temperature:
𝑚𝑎1 𝑇𝐷𝐵1 +𝑚𝑎2 𝑇𝐷𝐵2 = 𝑚𝑎3 𝑇𝐷𝐵3 = (𝑚𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2 )𝑇𝐷𝐵3
𝑚𝑎1 𝑇𝐷𝐵 1 + 𝑚𝑎2 𝑇𝐷𝐵 2
𝑇𝐷𝐵 3 =
From energy balance in terms of Dew - point Temperature:
𝑚𝑎1 𝑇𝐷𝑃1 +𝑚𝑎2 𝑇𝐷𝑃2 = 𝑚𝑎3 𝑇𝐷𝑃3 = (𝑚𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑎2 )𝑇𝐷𝑃3
𝑚𝑎1 𝑇𝐷𝑃 1 + 𝑚𝑎2 𝑇𝐷𝑃 2
𝑇𝐷𝑃 3 =
From the above equations, it can be observed that the final enthalpy and humidity ratio of mixture
are weighted averages of inlet enthalpies and humidity ratios. A generally valid approximation is that
the final temperature of the mixture is the weighted average of the inlet temperatures. With this
approximation, the point on the psychrometric chart representing the mixture lies on a straight line
connecting the two inlet states. Hence, the ratio of distances on the line, i.e., (1-3)/(2-3) is equal to
the ratio of flow rates ma2/ma1. The resulting error (due to the assumption that the humid specific
heats being constant) is usually less than 1 percent.
2) MIXING WITH CONDENSATION
As shown in the figure below, when very cold and dry air mixes with warm air at high relative
humidity, the resulting mixture condition may lie in the two-phase region, as a result there will be
condensation of water vapor and some amount of water will leave the system as liquid water. Due to
this, the humidity ratio of the resulting mixture (point 3) will be less than that at point 4. Corresponding
to this will be an increase in temperature of air due to the release of latent heat of condensation. This
process rarely occurs in an air conditioning system, but this is the phenomenon which results in the
formation of fog or frost (if the mixture temperature is below 0OC). This happens in winter when the
cold air near the earth mixes with the humid and warm air, which develops towards the evening or
after rains.
2
1 W2
4
3
ma1 + ma2 = ma3 W3
3
2
1 W1
Figure. Mixing of two air streams with condensation
Exercise No. 8
One half cubic meter per second of air at 15oC TDB and 13oC TWB are mixed with 0.20
m3/second of air at 25oC TDB and 18oC TWB. Determine a) the dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point
temperatures of the mixture, and b) the enthalpy of the mixture.
h2
2
1 h3
3 TWB2
3 h1 TDP3
2
1
TWB3
TDB1 TDB3 TDB2 TWB1

Given:
From Psychrometric Chart with the following properties at stream 1
TDB1 = 15oC TWB1 = 13oC V1 = 0.50 m3/sec
W1 = 0.0085 kgv/kgda v1 = 0.825 m3/kg
From Psychrometric Chart with the following properties at stream 2
TDB2 = 25oC TWB2 = 18oC V2 = 0.20 m3/sec
W2 = 0.011 kgv/kgda v2 = 0.858 m3/kg
Solution:
a) Determine the mass flow rate at stream 1 and stream 2 and the mass of the mixture
m3
V1 0.50 sec kg da
𝑚𝑎1 = = 3 = 0.606
v1 m sec
0.825
kg
m3
V2 0.20 sec kg da
ma2 = = 3 = 0.233
v2 m sec
0.858
kg
kg da
ma3 = ma1 +ma2 = 0.606 + 0.233 = 0.839
sec
b) Determine the dry bulb temperature and humidity ratio of the mixture
kg o kg o
ma1 TDB1 + ma2 TDB 2 [(0.606 sec) (15 C) + (0.233 sec) (25 C)]
TDB 3 = =
ma3 kg
(0.839 sec)
TDB 3 = 17.8o C
kg da kg v kg kg v
ma1 W1 + ma2 W2 [(0.606 sec ) (0.0085 kg da ) + (0.233 sec) (0.011 kg da )]
W3 = =
ma3 kg da
(0.839 sec )
kg v
W3 = 0.0092
kg da
c) From the Psychrometric Chart at TDB3 and W3,
TWB3 = 14.6o C
TDP3 = 12.5o C
kJ
h3 = 41
kg
Note: By computation, the TDB, TDP and enthalpy of the mixture can also be derived.
Assessment No. 2
Direction: Solve the following problems in a scholarly manner. Make a diagram for each problem
and sketch the data in skeletal psychrometric chart, if needed. Use the prescribed Assessment Form
for your solutions.
1) What is the required wattage of an electrical heater that heats 0.1 m3/s of air from 15oC and 80%
RH to 55oC? The barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa. Specific heat of air is 1.0062 kJ/kg,K.
2) How much heat and moisture must be removed to cool 28 m3/min of air from 35oC dry bulb and
26oC wet bulb temperatures to 21oC and 50% relative humidity?
3) How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 0.50 m3/kg of air from 19oC dry bulb and
15oC wet bulb to 36oC? What is the final dew point temperature?
4) How much heat must be removed to cool 30 m3/minute of air from 34oC dry bulb and 18oC dew
point to a wet bulb temperature of 19oC? What is the final relative humidity?
5) Air at 32oC and 20% relative humidity is cooled and dehumidified by means of an air washer until
the relative humidity becomes 90%. How much moisture was added per kg of dry air? What was
the air washer efficiency and the dew point temperature of the leaving air?
6) A stream of outdoor air is mixed with stream of return air in an air – conditioning system that
operates at 101 kpa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor air is 2 kg/s, and its condition is 35oC dry
bulb temperature and 25oC wet bulb temperature. The flow rate of the return air is 3 kg/s, and its
condition is 24oC dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity. Determine a) enthalpy of the
mixture, b) the humidity ratio of the mixture, and c) the dry bulb temperature of the mixture.
7) An auditorium is to be maintained at 25oC dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity. The
supply air enters the auditorium at 17oC. The sensible and latent heat loads are 150 kW and 61
kW, respectively. Determine the wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, and the volume flow
rate of the supply air.
8) 0.2 kg/s of moist air at 45oC (DBT) and 10% RH is mixed with 0.3 kg/s of moist air at 25oC and
a humidity ratio of 0.018 gv/kgda in an adiabatic mixing chamber. After mixing, the mixed air is
heated to a final temperature of 40oC using a heater. Find the temperature and relative humidity
of air after mixing. Find the heat transfer rate in the heater and relative humidity of air at the exit
of heater.
9) A cooling tower is used for cooling the condenser water of a refrigeration system having a heat
rejection rate of 100 kW. In the cooling tower air enters at 35oC (DBT) and 24oC (WBT) and
leaves the cooling tower at a DBT of 26oC relative humidity of 95%. What is the required flow
rate of air at the inlet to the cooling tower in m3/s.? What is the amount of make-up water to be
supplied? The temperature of make-up water is at 30oC, at which its enthalpy (hw) may be taken
as 125.4 kJ/kg. Assume the barometric pressure to be 1 atm.
10) In an air conditioning system return air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity
is mixed with outdoor ambient air at 34°C dry-bulb temperature and 60% relative humidity. The
dry air mass flow rate of outdoor air is 30% of the supply air mass flow rate to the space. The
pressure is constant at 101.3kPa. Calculate (i) the enthalpy, (ii) the humidity ratio, and (iii) the
dry-bulb temperature of the supply air. Compare the results obtained using the ideal gas
expressions with those obtained using the psychrometric chart.
COOLING LOAD AIR QUANTITIES

In conditioning air for industrial use and comfort cooling, the quantity of air circulated must be
adequate to handle the cooling load as the air warms up to room temperature from its supply
temperature. The lower temperature of the supply air, the less quantity of air must be circulated, but
the minimum temperature is determined by the system arrangements, the necessity of avoiding drafts
and cold regions, the ceiling heights, and the other requirements.
The total heat load to be determined inside the space is composed of sensible heat and latent
heat loads. Sensible heat process involves only the change in dry bulb temperature. If a building to
be airconditioned receives or losses heat due to transmission or other reasons, it is supposed to have
sensible heat load. Heat gain in the building will require the conditioning of air to lower temperature
causing a cooling load on the air conditioning equipment. However, heat loss in the building will
require the heating of air causing a heating load on the equipment.
Sensible Heat Load
tB m
hB
Supply Air tA
hA
A B
WA = WB
m
Qs b
TDP TA TB
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝐴 ) = 1.0062 𝑚(𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝐴 )
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
Where: Qs – Sensible heat load, kJ/sec
m – mass flow rate of supply air, kg/sec
Cpair – 1.0062 kJ/kg.K
TB – inside temperature
TA – outside temperature
Meanwhile, latent heat process involves change in humidity ratio. When the state of air along
the constant dry bulb temperature line is altered, the moisture in the air has to be transferred to
change the humidity ratio of the air. Because of the change in humidity ratio, there is also a change
in specific enthalpy of the air. In air conditioning practice, this change in enthalpy due to change in
humidity ratio is called latent heat transfer. If the building gains or losses moisture, it is supposed to
have latent heat load. A gain in moisture will require the condensation of moisture for humidification
of air in conditioning apparatus, hence a cooling load while a loss in of moisture will necessitate the
evaporation of water for the humidification of air in the apparatus, hence a heating load.
Latent Heat Load
WC hC
m
C
WC
hB
Supply Air
m WB B
QL WB
TB =TC
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑈𝑝 = 𝑊𝐶 − 𝑊𝐵
Where: WC – humidity ratio of inside air, kg/kg
WB – humidity ratio of supply air, kg/kg
The Latent heat of steam (hfg) in the air conditioning is approximately 2500 kJ/kg
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚(𝑊𝐵 − 𝑊𝐶 ) = 2500 𝑚 (𝑊𝐵 − 𝑊𝐶 ), 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Total Heat Load

When the state of air is changed inside the space, both the temperature and humidity ratio
also changed. Consider the figure below for analysis.
hC
h 1-SHF
hB C
WC
SHF
hA W
 B
A WB
TA TB =TC
The change in temperature causes a change in Sensible Heat Load:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) = 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝐴 )
The change in humidity ratio causes moisture transfer:
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊) = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊𝐶 − 𝑊𝐴 ) = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊𝐶 − 𝑊𝐵 )
The Latent Heat would be
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 ) = 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑊) = 2500 𝑚 (𝑊)
𝑘𝑔 𝑎
Total Heat Load is the sum of Sensible heat load and Latent heat load
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 ) = 𝑚𝑎 [𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴 ) + ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝑊𝑐 − 𝑊𝐴 )]
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 [1.0062 (𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴 ) + 2500 (𝑊 − 𝑊𝐴 )]
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝑐
SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO
When we separate the total heat transfer rate from the cooling coil into sensible and
latent heat transfer rates, a useful parameter called Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR) is defined. It is also
known as the sensible heat factor. SHR is defined as the ratio of sensible to total heat transfer rate.
𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑆
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = =
𝑄𝑇 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
Substituting with QS and QL equations:
𝑄𝑆 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 )
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = = =
𝑄𝑇 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) + 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 ) (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) + (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 )
(ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = =
(ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) + (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 ) ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐴
We can notice in the figure that point B divides the total enthalpy change (hC – hA) in the ratio
of SHF and 1 - SHF. The sensible heat transfer that is taking place along AB is proportional to SHF
and the latent heat transfer along BC is proportional to 1 – SHF. The process line AC is called
Sensible Heat Factor Line or Process or Condition line.
From the above equations, one can deduce that a SHF of 1.0 corresponds to no latent heat
transfer and a SHF of 0 corresponds to no sensible heat transfer. A SHF of 0.75 to 0.80 is quite
common in air conditioning systems in a normal dry-climate. A lower value of SHF, say 0.6, implies a
high latent heat load such as that occurs in a humid climate.
From Psychrometric diagram, it can be seen that the slope of the process line A - B is:
∆𝑊
tan ∅ =
∆𝑇
From the definition of SHR,
1 − 𝑆𝐻𝑅 𝑄𝐿 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑊 2500 ∆𝑊 ∆𝑊
= = = = 2485
𝑆𝐻𝑅 𝑄𝑆 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇 1.0062 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
From the above equations, we can write the slope as:
1 − 𝑆𝐻𝑅 ∆𝑊
= 2485
𝑆𝐻𝑅 ∆𝑇
but
∆𝑊
2485 tan ∅ =
∆𝑇
And so,
1 1 − 𝑆𝐻𝐹 1 1
tan ∅ = ( )= ( − 1)
2485 𝑆𝐻𝐹 2485 𝑆𝐻𝐹
Exercise No. 9
An auditorium is to be maintained at a temperature of 20oC TDB and 19oC TWB. The sensible
heat load is 88 kW and 8 kg/hr of moisture must be removed. Air is supplied to the auditorium at
18oC. Determine a) the mass flow rate of supply air, b) the relative humidity, dew point, and wet bulb
temperatures of the supply air, c) the latent heat load, and d) sensible heat ratio.
h2
W2 m o
TWB2=19 C
2
W2
Supply Air
h1
m W1
QL 1 W1
T1 = 18oC T2 =25oC
Given:
Moisture Removed = 58 kg/hr
Sensible Heat Load = 88 kW
Solution:
a) Determine the mass flow rate of supply air
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 88 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝑎 = = = 12.49
𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 1.0062 𝑘𝐽 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(28 − 18)𝐾
𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 . 𝐾
b) Determine the relative humidity, dew point, and wet bulb temperatures of the supply air
𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 58 𝑣 𝑥 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 = = ℎ𝑟 = 0.0013
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
12.49 𝑠𝑒𝑐
From Psychrometric Chart at TDB2 = 25oC and TWB2 = 19oC
𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑊2 = 0.0114
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑈𝑝 = 𝑊2 − 𝑊1
𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑊1 = 𝑊2 − 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 = 0.0114 − 0.0013 = 0.0101
𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
From Psychrometric Chart at TDB1 = 25oC and W1 =0.0101 kgv/kgair
b.1) Relative humidity = 77%
b.2) TDP1 = 14.2oC
b.3) TWB1 = 15.6oC
c) Latent Heat Load

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑄𝐿 = 2500 𝑚𝑎 (𝑊) = 2500 [12.49 (0.0013 )] = 40.59 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
d) Sensible Heat Ratio
𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑆 88
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = = = = 0.643
𝑄𝑇 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿 88 + 40.59
BY - PASS FACTOR
The eight basic psychrometric process were discussed, however, all of them cannot be
achieved in practice by the use of known air-conditioning equipment. The limitations of practical
psychrometric processes and the types of equipment used may be discussed but will be limited only
in by-pass factor which is a vital parameter signifying the performance of air-conditioning equipment.
h1
h2
1
2 hA W1
2
W2
S
1 WS
x 1-x
Evaporator Coils of an Air TS T2 T1

Conditioning System
TDB
1 2
Coils
Coolant
In and Out
Shown in the figure above is the process that the moist air flows over a surface. The air enters
at point 1 and leaves at point 2 when the surface is maintained at Saturation Temperature, Ts. The
saturation temperature Ts is the effective surface temperature of the cooling coil, and is known as
apparatus dew-point (ADP) temperature. In an ideal situation, when all the air comes in perfect
contact with the cooling coil surface, then the exit temperature of air will be same as ADP of the coil.
We call the air as the Contacted Air. However, in actual case the exit temperature of air will always
be greater than the apparatus dew-point temperature due to boundary layer development as air flows
over the cooling coil surface and also due to temperature variation along the fins, and is called
Uncontacted air. Thus, we define the by – pass factor of the apparatus representing the fraction of
Uncontacted air in terms of state 1,2 and S.
Hence, we can define a by-pass factor (BPF) as:

𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑆
𝐵𝐹𝑃 =
𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑆
The By – pass factor can also be defined in terms of temperature, specific humidity or humidity
ratio or enthalpy of air. In the absence of any specific data, values from all the three may be
considered to be the same.
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑆 𝑊2 − 𝑊𝑆 ℎ2 − ℎ𝑆
𝐵𝐹𝑃 = = =
𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑆 𝑊1 − 𝑊𝑆 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑆
It can be easily seen that, the higher the by-pass factor, the larger will be the difference
between air outlet temperature and the cooling coil temperature. When BPF is 1.0, all the air by-
passes the coil and there will not be any cooling or de-humidification. In practice, the by-pass factor
can be increased by increasing the number of rows in a cooling coil or by decreasing the air velocity
or by reducing the fin pitch.
Alternatively, contact factor (CF) is the fraction of the contacted air:
𝐶𝐹 = 1 − 𝐵𝑃
The purpose of reflective analysis is to measure the extent of students learning on the lessons
discussed in this module. This is a student self - evaluation to provide with an idea of the progress in
the subject, identifies individual strengths and weaknesses, and ultimately serves as a measure of
whether students achieve the course’s learning objectives.
Instruction to students. Evaluate and rate from 1 – 5 (5 is the highest and 1 is the lowest) on how far
you have learned in the topics discussed in this module. Rate the following statements based on your
perceived understanding of the topics. Please rate honestly. Encircle the number that represents your
answer.
Reflections Scale
I can easily identify the different properties of air in the Psychrometric Chart 5 4 3 2 1
I can sketch psychrometric chart based on the given data 5 4 3 2 1
I can discuss the eight psychrometric processes of air 5 4 3 2 1
I can perform calculations for various psychrometric processes using the
5 4 3 2 1
psychrometric charts and equations
I can define and explain sensible heat factor, by-pass factor, contact factor
5 4 3 2 1
and apparatus dew point temperature
5 – Definitely, 4 – Probably, 3 – Possibly, 2 – Probably Not, 1- Definitely Not
If your answer fall within 1 – 3, reflect what should be done for you to achieve 4 and 5.
Arora, C. P. (2009) Refrigeration and air conditioning, 3rd edition, International Edition. Manila,
Philippines. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
Abdelaziz, O (2016). The future of air conditioning for buildings. www.osti.gov/home/
http://www.dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/tad/builders_guide/Chapter_07.pdf
Jakarta Green Building User Guide. Air conditioning & ventilation systems vol.2
Compilation of Notes in Refrigeration and Airconditioning by EE IIT, Kharagpur, India (2008).
Direction: Solve the following problems in a scholarly manner. Make a diagram for each problem
and sketch the data in skeletal psychrometric chart, if needed. Use the prescribed Assessment Form
for your solutions.
Assessment No. 3
1) A sample of moist air initially at 15°C dry-bulb temperature and 10°C wet-bulb temperature
undergoes a process to a state with a dew-point of 18°C and a dry-bulb temperature of 35°C.
Use the psychrometric chart to determine (i) the enthalpy-humidity ratio for the process, and (ii)
the sensible heat ratio, SHR for the process.
2) Moist air undergoes a process from an initial state of 15°C dry-bulb temperature and 90% relative
humidity to a final dry-bulb temperature of 40°C. The sensible heat ratio (SHR) of the process is
0.6. Use the psychrometric chart to determine the following quantities at the end of the process:
(i) the relative humidity, (ii) the wet bulb temperature, (iii) the dew-point temperature (iv) the
specific volume, (v) the humidity ratio, and (vi) enthalpy.
3) Moist air undergoes a process from an initial state with a dry bulb temperature of 32°C and a
relative humidity of 60% to a final state with a wet-bulb temperature of 10°C. The sensible heat
ratio, SHR for the process is 0.3. The pressure is 101.3kPa. Use the psychrometric chart to
obtain the following properties of air at the final state: (i) the dry-bulb temperature, (ii) the relative
humidity, and (iii) the enthalpy.
4) Air, initially with a dry-bulb temperature of 35°C and a wet-bulb temperature of 25°C, undergoes
a process to a dry-bulb temperature of 20°C and a wet-bulb temperature of 10°C. The pressure
is 101.3kPa. Calculate the sensible heat ratio, SHR, and the enthalpy-humidity ratio for this
process. Compare the results with those obtained from the psychrometric chart.
5) A sample of moist air has a relative humidity of 50% and a dew point temperature of 15°C. The
pressure is 101.3kPa. The air undergoes a process for which the sensible heat ratio is -2.0, and
the air is saturated with water vapor at the end of the process. Calculate the following properties
of air in the final state: (i) the dry-bulb temperature, (ii) the wet-bulb temperature, and (iii) the
humidity ratio. What is the enthalpy-humidity ratio, (Δh/ Δω) for the process?
6) The rate of sensible heat gain and the rate of moisture gain by a space are 23kW and 0.0024kg/s
respectively. The space is maintained at 24°C TDB and 50% relative humidity. The air supplied
to the space is at a dry bulb temperature of 15°C. Assume that the moisture entering the space
has an enthalpy of 2555 kJ/kg. The pressure is constant at 101.3kPa. Calculate (i) the relative
humidity, the wet bulb temperature, and the dry air mass flow rate of air supplied, (ii) the
refrigeration capacity of the cooling coil, and (iii) the bypass factor and the apparatus dew-point
of the cooling coil.
7) Ambient air at 10°C db-temperature and 20% relative humidity enters a steam humidifier with a
dry air mass flow rate of 0.85 kg/s. Superheated steam at 110°C is sprayed into the air stream.
The air leaves with a relative humidity of 70%. The pressure is constant at 101.3kPa. Calculate
(i) the db-temperature of the air leaving, and (ii) the rate of flow of steam.
8) Ambient air at 38°C db-temperature and 20°C wb temperature enters an evaporative cooler with
a dry air mass flow rate of 0.75 kgsí. The pressure is constant at 95 kPa. The air leaves at a TDB
of 25°C. Calculate (i) the relative humidity of the air at inlet, (ii) the relative humidity of the air at
exit, (iii) the rate of flow of water to the cooler.
9) A summer air conditioning system, consisting of a cooling coil and a reheat coil, supplies air to a
space maintained at 24°C dry- bulb temperature and 18°C wet bulb-temperature. The sensible
and latent heat loads on the space are 11 kW and 10 kW respectively. The conditions of the air
leaving the cooling coil are 12°C dry-bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity. The pressure
is constant at 101.3 kPa. Determine (i) the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature of the
supply air, (ii) the dry air mass flow rate of the air supplied, (iii) the refrigeration capacity of the
cooling coil, (iv) the rate of heat input by the reheat coil, and (v) the bypass factor and apparatus
dew-point of the cooling coil.
10) An evaporative cooler is used to cool a space which has a sensible heat load of 15kW and a
latent heat load of 4.8kW. The dry air mass flow rate of the supply air is 1.4 kg/s. The air leaves
the cooler with a dry bulb temperature of 18°C and a relative humidity of 100%. The outdoor air-
dry bulb temperature is 35°C. The pressure is constant at 101.3kPa. Determine (i) the dry bulb
temperature and relative humidity of the space, (ii) the outdoor relative humidity, and (iii) the
mass flow rate of water.

Module 3 - Processes of Air

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Module No.

PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES OF AIR

Relative Humidity, RH Enthalpy of

Dew-point Temperature Dry Bulb Temperature Specific Volume

The Skeletal Psychrometric Chart

Source: Carrier Corporation/ Psychrometric Chart PDF

Compare these derived properties to Exercise No. 1 in Module 2.

PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES OF AIR

Process 0 – 1 : Sensible heating

1) SENSIBLE HEATING (Process 0 – 1)

Schematic diagram, Sensible Heating Psychrometric Diagram, Sensible Heating

TDB0 =20oC TDB1 =35oC

From PC at 20oC and 80% RH1

2) SENSIBLE COOLING (Process 0 – 2)

𝑸𝑺𝑪 = 𝒎𝒂 (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟎 ) = 𝒎𝒂 𝑪𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟎 )

Schematic of device for Sensible Cooling Psychrometric Diagram, Sensible Cooling

Amount of Moisture added:

Amount of Moisture removed:

5) HEATING AND HUMIDIFYING (Process 0 – 5)

Water in TDB0 TDB5

TDB5 h5 = 84.5 kJ/kg

6) COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING (Process 0 – 6)

QT Condensed water out, mw TDB6 TDB0

Schematic of device for Cooling and Psychrometric Diagram, Cooling and

7) Cooling and Humidifying (Process 0 – 7)

In this process, we must take note that TWB0 = TWB7

7 W7 From the Psychrometric Chart at TDB0 = 33oC and

TDP0 W7 = 0.0122 kg/kg

Moisture Added per kg dry air

8) Heating and Dehumidifying (Process 0 – 8)

From the Psychrometric Chart at TDB0 = 24oC and TWB0 = 15oC

MIXING OF AIR STREAMS

TDB1 TDB3 TDB2

2) MIXING WITH CONDENSATION

Figure. Mixing of two air streams with condensation

TDB1 TDB3 TDB2 TWB1

COOLING LOAD AIR QUANTITIES

Sensible Heat Load

Total Heat Load

c) Latent Heat Load

Evaporator Coils of an Air TS T2 T1

Hence, we can define a by-pass factor (BPF) as:

Alternatively, contact factor (CF) is the fraction of the contacted air:

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