Living in IT Era History of Computers

Living in IT Era
History of Computers
MODULE 04
Objectives
 Become acquainted with the many discoveries made throughout various eras.
 Learn about many inventions and discoveries made throughout the electromechanical era
that led to today's technological innovations.
 Identify several technologies and their advancements over the centuries
___________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON: History of Computers
A. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
a) Tally sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities,
or even messages.
Figure 1.1 Tally Stick
b) Abacus
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An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical

calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around
500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
Figure 1.2 Abacus
c) Napier’s Bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
Figure 1.3 Napie’s Bones
d) Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
Figure 1.4 Slide Rule

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e) Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
Figure 1.5 Pascaline
f) Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
Figure 1.6 Stepped Reckoner
g) Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Figure 1.7 Jacquard Loom

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h) Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.
Figure 1.8 Arithmometer
i) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.
Figure 1.9 Difference Engine & Analytical Engine
j. First Computer Programmer

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
Figure 1.10 Augusta Ada Byron

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k. Scheutzian Calculation Engine

• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.
Figure 1.11 Scheutzian Calculation Engine
l. Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
Figure 1.12 Tabulating Machine
m. Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
Figure 1.13 Harvard Mark 1
n. Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader
and all output was also generated through punch tape.
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Figure 1.14 Z1
o. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa
State University between 1939 and 1942.
Figure 1.15 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC
p. ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
Figure 1.16 ENIAC

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q. UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial

computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
Figure 1.17 UNIVAC 1
r. EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
Figure 1.18 EDVAC
s. The First Portable Computer

• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
GEC101 - Free Elective - Computer Literacy
Figure 1.19 The First Portable Computer
t. The First Computer Company

• The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
References and Supplementary Materials
Books and Journals

1. Empowerment Technologies, Innovative Training Works, Inc. (2019)
2. Computer Literacy, 10t Edition, J. Hardin (2019)
3. Living in IT Era, T. Revano (2019)
Online Supplementary Reading Materials

1. <Cyber Crime and Security>; https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-
center/threats/what-is-cybercrime>;
Online Instructional Videos

1. < Computer Literacy>; <
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MO2pdaXKtg >;

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Living in IT Era

LESSON: History of Computers

A. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

Figure 1.1 Tally Stick

An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical

• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

Figure 1.2 Abacus

Figure 1.3 Napie’s Bones

Figure 1.4 Slide Rule

Figure 1.5 Pascaline

Figure 1.6 Stepped Reckoner

Figure 1.7 Jacquard Loom

Figure 1.8 Arithmometer

i) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

Figure 1.9 Difference Engine & Analytical Engine

j. First Computer Programmer

Figure 1.10 Augusta Ada Byron

k. Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Figure 1.11 Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Figure 1.12 Tabulating Machine

Figure 1.13 Harvard Mark 1

o. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

Figure 1.15 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC

Figure 1.16 ENIAC

• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial

Figure 1.17 UNIVAC 1

Figure 1.18 EDVAC

s. The First Portable Computer

Figure 1.19 The First Portable Computer

t. The First Computer Company

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

Online Supplementary Reading Materials

Online Instructional Videos

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