Module 2; history of

computer
Basic computing periods
 Members:
Prayer; Aquino, Janlyn

Reporters; Angob, Nisel

GE LITE subject
Antolin, Rommel
By;
Recorder; Bellar, Reyna Mrs; Virnille Francisco
Documenter; Barahan, Jinilin

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• Objectives:

At the end of the chapter, students must be able

to:
- Gain familiarity of the different discoveries
during the different periods.
- Learn different inventions and discoveries
during electro-mechanical age that lead to the
inventions of today’s technology.
- Identify different technologies and their
improvements during the different
generations.

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 Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to
a list of instructions (program).
• Computer is any device which aids humans in
performing various kinds of computations or calculations.

Three principal characteristics of computer:

• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. It can quickly store
and retrieve large amounts of data.
 Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives

1. Business Almost every business uses computers nowadays.

2. Education Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual
packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning, including
tutoring over the internet.
3. Healthcare Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by
computers.
4. Retail and Trade Computers can be used to buy and sell
products online - this enables sellers to reach a wider market
with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews,
and choose delivery preferences.
5. Government Various government departments use computers
to improve the quality and efficiency of their services.
6. Marketing Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more
precise through the analysis and manipulation of data.
 7. Science Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers
as a work tool.
8. Publishing Computers can be used to design pretty much any
type of publication.

“ 9. Arts and Entertainment Computers are now used in virtually every

branch of the arts, as well as in the wider entertainment industry.
10. Communication Computers have made real-time communication
over the internet easy, thanks to software and videoconferencing
services such as Skype.
11. Banking and Finance Most banking in advanced countries now
takes place online.
12. Transport Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are
increasingly automated with computers being used to maintain
safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or
steer.
13. Navigation- Navigation has become increasingly computerized,
especially since computer technology has been combined with
GPS technology.
14. Working from Home Computers have made working from home
and other forms of remote working increasingly common. 6
 15. Military Computers are used extensively by the military.
16. Social and Romance Computers have opened up many ways of
socializing that didn't previously exist.
17. Booking Vacations Computers can be used by travelers to study
timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets.
18. Security and Surveillance Computers are increasingly being
combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods.
19. Weather Forecasting The world's weather is complex and
depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing.
20. Robotics- Robotics is an expanding area of technology which
combines computers with science and engineering to produce
machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that
History of Computer: Basic Computing
humans are unable to do.

Periods
Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title
was computers. - These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation
of a mathematical expression. - The calculations of this period were specialized and
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expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.
- The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.
a) A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even
messages.

b) Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations

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c). Napier’s Bones- Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate
square and cube roots by moving the rods around and
placing them in specially constructed boards.

d). Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.

• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots –
logarithms – Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.

e) Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. 9
• It is too expensive.
f) Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract,
multiply and divide automatically.

g) Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a
mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by
punched cards. 10
h). Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating
machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.

i.) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.

J) First Computer Programmer

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the
binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. 11
k.) Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.

l.) Tabulating Machine

• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

m) Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
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n.) Z1 The first programmable
computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in
Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required
that the user insert punch tape
into a punch tape reader and all
output was also generated
through punch tape

o) Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital
computing device.
• Invented by Professor John
Atanasoff and graduate student
Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and
1942.
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p) ENIAC- ENIAC stands
for Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic
general-purpose computer.
 Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John
Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.)

q.) UNIVAC 1 - The

UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was
the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly. 14
r) EDVAC  EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as
well as data.

s) The First Portable Computer

• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.

t) The First Computer Company

• The first computer company was the Electronic
Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly .
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 Basic Computing
Period – Ages
a. Premechanical
The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It
can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. When
humans first started communicating, they would try to use language or
simple picture drawings known as petroglyphs which were usually
carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician
alphabet. A calculator was the very first sign of an information
processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.
 
b. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and
1840. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for
multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the
Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles
Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated
polynomial equations using the method of finite differences. 16
c. electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840
and 1940. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse
code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone
(one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was
created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio
developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. The first large-scale
automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1
created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft
high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE.

d. Electronic
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as
the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-
speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a
full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be
used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was
even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and
weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its
calculations
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 Pictures of the
computing
period ages
Premechanical Age
Mechanical Age

Electronic Age
Electromechanical Age

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 Generations of Computer
There are five generations of computer;
• First generation – 1946 to 1958
• Second generation – 1959 to 1964
• Third generation – 1965 to 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 to Today
• Fifth generation – Today to future

a. The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming
language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve
one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

b. The Second Generation

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers
printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM
7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series.
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c. The Third Generation
The development of the integrated circuit
was the hallmark of the third generation
of computers. Transistors were miniaturized
and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.

d. The Fourth Generation

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers,
as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip. As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led
to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

e. The Fifth Generation

Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
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Thank you for
listening!!!!!!!

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