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    History of Computer ICT9

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    Genelyn Gallardo
    1. The history of computers began with early mechanical calculating devices and human "computers". 2. Early electromechanical computers of the first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. 3. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. 4. Integrated circuits marked the third generation, putting many transistors onto a single chip and enabling smaller, cheaper computers. 5. The fourth generation saw the microprocessor combine thousands of transistors onto a single chip and the rise of networking and GUIs.

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    History of Computer ICT9

    Uploaded by

    Genelyn Gallardo
    30 views29 pages
    1. The history of computers began with early mechanical calculating devices and human "computers". 2. Early electromechanical computers of the first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. 3. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. 4. Integrated circuits marked the third generation, putting many transistors onto a single chip and enabling smaller, cheaper computers. 5. The fourth generation saw the microprocessor combine thousands of transistors onto a single chip and the rise of networking and GUIs.

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    history of computer ICT9

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    1. The history of computers began with early mechanical calculating devices and human "computers". 2. Early electromechanical computers of the first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. 3. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. 4. Integrated circuits marked the third generation, putting many transistors onto a single chip and enabling smaller, cheaper computers. 5. The fourth generation saw the microprocessor combine thousands of transistors onto a single chip and the rise of networking and GUIs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views29 pages

    History of Computer ICT9

    Uploaded by

    Genelyn Gallardo
    1. The history of computers began with early mechanical calculating devices and human "computers". 2. Early electromechanical computers of the first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. 3. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. 4. Integrated circuits marked the third generation, putting many transistors onto a single chip and enabling smaller, cheaper computers. 5. The fourth generation saw the microprocessor combine thousands of transistors onto a single chip and the rise of networking and GUIs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    HISTORY OF COMPUTER

    Definition of
    Computer
    A computer is an electronic machine that
    accepts information (Data), processes it
    according to specific instructions, and provides
    the results as new information.
    History of Computer

    Earliest Computer
    • Originally calculations were computed by humans,
    whose job title was computers.
    • These human computers were typically engaged
    in the calculation of a mathematical expression.
    • The calculations of this period were specialized
    and expensive, requiring years of training in
    mathematics.
    • The first use of the word "computer" was recorded
    in 1613, referring to a person who carried out
    calculations, or computations, and the word
    continued to be used in that sense until the middle
    of the 20th century.
    History of Computer

    Tally Sticks

    • A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device


    to record and document numbers, quantities,
    or even messages.
    History of Computer
    Abacus
    • An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an
    individual in performing mathematical calculations.
    • The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
    • The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first
    used in China in around 500 B.C.
    • It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

    Earlier Abacus Modern Abacus


    History of Computer

    Napier’s Bones
    • Invented by John Napier in 1614.
    • Allowed the operator to multiply,
    divide and calculate square
    and cube roots by moving the
    rods around and placing them
    in specially constructed boards.

    Napier’s Bone John Napier


    Slide Rule
    • Invented by William Oughtred in
    1622.
    • Based on Napier's idea about
    logarithms.
    • Used primarily for:
    – multiplication
    – division
    – roots William Oughtred
    – logarithm
    – Trigonometry
    • Not normally used for addition or
    subtraction.

    Slide Rule
    Pascaline
    • Invented by Blaise Pascal in
    1642.
    • It was its limitation to addition
    and subtraction.
    • It is too expensive. Blaise Pascal

    Pascaline
    Stepped Reckoner
    • Invented by Gottfried
    Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
    • The machine that can add,
    subtract, multiply and
    divide automatically.
    Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

    Stepped Reckoner
    History of Computer

    Jacquard Loom
    • The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom,
    invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
    • It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched
    cards.

    Joseph-Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom and Punched Cards


    Arithmometer
    • A mechanical calculator
    invented by Thomas
    de Colmar in 1820.
    • The first reliable, useful and
    commercially successful
    calculating machine. Thomas de Colmar
    • The machine could perform
    the four basic mathematic
    functions.
    • The first mass-produced
    calculating machine.

    Arithmometer
    Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
    • It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed
    to tabulate polynomial functions.
    • Invented by Charles Babbage (Father of
    Computer) in 1822 and 1834.
    • It is the first mechanical computer.

    Charles Babbage Difference Engine Analytical Engine


    History of Computer

    First Computer Programmer


    • In 1840, Augusta Ada
    Byron suggests to
    Babbage that he use the
    binary system.
    • She writes programs for
    the Analytical Engine.

    Augusta Ada Byron


    History of Computer

    Scheutzian Calculation Engine


    • Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
    • Based on Charles Babbage's difference
    engine.
    • The first printing calculator.

    Per Georg Scheutz Scheutzian Calculation Engine


    History of Computer

    Tabulating Machine
    • Invented by Herman Hollerith
    in 1890.
    • To assist in summarizing
    information and accounting.

    Herman Hollerith

    Tabulating Machine
    History of Computer

    Harvard Mark 1
    • Also known as IBM Automatic
    Sequence Controlled
    Calculator (ASCC).
    • Invented by Howard H. Aiken
    in 1943.
    • The first electro-mechanical
    computer. Howard H. Aiken

    Harvard Mark 1
    History of Computer

    Z1
    • The first programmable computer.
    • Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to
    1938.
    • To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch
    tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also
    generated through punch tape.

    Konrad Zuse Z1
    History of Computer

    Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)


    • It was the first electronic digital computing
    device.
    • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and
    graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
    University between 1939 and 1942.

    Professor John Atanasoff


    Atanasoff-Berry Computer
    History of Computer

    ENIAC
    • ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator
    and Computer.
    • It was the first electronic general purpose computer.
    • Completed in 1946.
    • Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W.
    Mauchly.

    John W. Mauchly and


    ENIAC
    John Presper
    Eckert
    History of Computer

    UNIVAC 1
    • The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic
    Computer 1) was the first commercial
    computer.
    • Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John
    Mauchly.

    UNIVAC 1
    History of Computer

    EDVA
    •C EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable
    Automatic Computer.
    • The First Stored Program Computer
    • Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
    • It has a memory to hold both a stored program as
    well as data.

    EDVA
    C
    History of Computer

    Osborne 1
    • The first portable computer.
    • Released in 1981 by the Osborne
    Computer Corporation.

    Osborne 1
    History of Computer

    The First Computer Company


    • The first computer company was the
    Electronic Controls Company.
    • Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and
    John Mauchly.
    History of Computer

    Computer Generations

    There are five generations of computer:


    • First Generation – 1946 – 1958
    • Second generation – 1959 – 1964
    • Third generation – 1965 – 1970
    • Fourth generation – 1971 – today
    • Fifth generation – Today to future
    History of Computer
    The First Generation
    • The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
    magnetic drums for memory, and were often
    enormous, taking up entire rooms.
    • They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
    using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of
    heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

    • First generation computers relied on


    machine language, the lowest-level
    programming language understood by
    computers, to perform operations, and they
    could only solve one problem at a time.
    • Input was based on punched cards and
    paper tape, and output was displayed on
    printouts.
    Vacuum Tubes
    History of Computer
    The Second Generation
    • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and
    ushered in the second generation of
    computers.
    • One transistor replaced the equivalent
    of 40 vacuum tubes.
    • Allowing computers to become smaller,
    faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient Transisto
    and more reliable.
    r
    • Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.
    • Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
    machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
    allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
    • Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for
    input and printouts for output.
    • These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
    their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic
    core technology.
    The Third Generation
    • The development of the integrated
    circuit was the hallmark of the third
    generation of computers.
    • Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
    silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
    drastically increased the speed and
    efficiency of computers.
    • Much smaller and cheaper compare to
    the second generation computers.

    Integrated Circuit
    • It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
    • Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards
    and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed
    the device to run many different applications at one time with a
    central program that monitored the memory.
    • Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass
    audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
    predecessors.
    The Fourth Generation
    • The microprocessor brought the
    fourth generation of computers, as
    thousands of integrated circuits
    were built onto a single silicon chip.
    • As these small computers became
    more powerful, they could be linked
    together to form networks, which
    eventually led to the development of
    the Internet.
    • Fourth generation computers also
    saw the development of GUIs,
    the mouse and handheld
    devices.

    Microprocessor
    History of Computer
    The Fifth Generation
    • Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
    • Still in development.
    • The use of parallel processing and
    superconductors is helping to make artificial
    intelligence a reality.
    • The goal is to develop devices that respond to
    natural language input and are capable of
    learning and self-organization.
    • There are some applications, such as voice
    recognition, that are being used today.

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