Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics (Reviewer)

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS
(REVIEWER)
1. Communication - derived from latin word “communis” which means common.

- It is the process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and a means that
individuals or organizations share the meaning and understanding with one
another.
- Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts,
media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014).
- The exchange of information or passing of information, ideas or thought
from one person to the other or from one end to the other
- According to McFarland communication is, “a process of meaningful
interaction among human beings.
- Newman and summer defined communication as “an exchange of facts,
ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.”
- Communication is sharing of ideas and feelings in a mood of mutuality.
(Edgar Pale.)
- Communication is a means of persuasion to influence other so that desired
- effect is achieved. (Aristotle)
Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or
both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.
Elements of Communication
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its mechanics or
process. These elements are the following:
1. Speaker – the source of information or message
2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in
actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that
the speaker understands
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
8. Context – the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication
COMMUNICATION MODELS
1. Aristotle ‘s Communication Model

Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process:
speaker, speech, and audience.
2. Laswell’s Communication Model
In 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused on the
following Ws: Who says, What in, Which channel, to Whom and with What effect.
3. Shannon-Weaver Model
Known as the mother of all communication models, the Shannon-Weaver model (1949)
depicts communication as alinear or one-way process consisting of five elements: a source
(producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into signals); a channel (signals
adapted for transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and a
destination. This model, however, has been criticized for missing one essential element in
the communication process: feedback. Without feedback, the speaker will not know whether
the receiver understands the message or not.
4. Transaction Model
Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model, which is a one-way process, the Transaction Model
is a two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element. It also shows that a
barrier, such as noise, may interfere with the flow of communication.
5. Schramm Model
Schramm (1954) modified the Shannon-Weaver Model. It suggests that communication is
a two-way path with the message continually passing between the sender and receiver. The
basis for this model is that the message should be understood between the sender and
receiver.
Functions of Communication
Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control, social interaction,
motivation, emotional expression, and information dissemination.
1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.

2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings
and emotions.
5. Information dissemination – Communication functions to convey information.
Features of an Effective Communication

1. Completeness - Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication
process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver needs
to hear for him/ her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness - Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct
or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the
communication that will be sent to the recipient.
3. Consideration - To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information
about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and
needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience.
4. Concreteness - Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and
supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is
more connected to the message conveyed.
5. Courtesy - The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture,
values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times creates a positive impact
on the audience.
6. Clearness - Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to
express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in
his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.
7. Correctness - Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and
increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.
Barriers to Communication
General Principles of Effective Communication

1. Know your purpose in communicating.
2. Know your audience.
3. Know your topic.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.
5. Work on the feedback given to you.
Principles of Effective Oral communication

1. Be clear with your purpose.
2. Be Complete with message you deliver.
3. Be concise.
4. Be natural with your delivery.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.

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COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS

1. Communication - derived from latin word “communis” which means common.

1. Aristotle ‘s Communication Model

1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.

Features of an Effective Communication

General Principles of Effective Communication

Principles of Effective Oral communication

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