Topic1fundamentals of Communication

ORAL COMMUNICATION
IN
CONTEXT
WHAT IS ORAL
COMMUNICATION?
Oral Communication is the

process by which a speaker
transmits a message to a
listener (or listeners), who, in
turn, sends feedback to the
former.
Nature and Elements
of Communication
Key Takeaways
Communication is a process of sharing and

conveying messages or information from one
person to another within and across channels,
contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014).
There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in
which communication can be manifested; it can be
a face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation, a
group discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter
correspondence, a class recitation, and many
others.
Nature of Communication
1.Communication is a process.
2.Communication occurs between two or
more people (the speaker and the
receiver).
3.Communication can be expressed
through written or spoken words,
actions (nonverbal), or both spoken
words and nonverbal actions at the
same time
Elements of Communication
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its
mechanics or process. These elements are the following:
1.Speaker the source of information or message

2.Message the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker
in words or in actions
3.Encoding the process of converting the message into words, actions,
or other forms that the speaker understands
4.Channelthe medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal,
verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
5.Decoding the process of interpreting the encoded message of the
speaker by the receiver
6.Receiver the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the
message
7.Feedback the reactions, responses, or information provided by the
receiver
8.Context the environment where communication takes place
9.Barrier the factors that affect the flow of communication
SENT
MESSAGE
S
COMMUNICATION
SENDER RECEIVER
PROCESS
FEEDBACK
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION EXAMPLE
The speaker generates an idea. Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend.
The speaker encodes an idea or She thinks of how to tell him using their
converts the idea into words or native language.
actions.
The speaker transmits or sends out a She tells him, Rico, mahal kita bilang
message. kaibigan.
The receiver gets the message. Rico hears what Daphne says.
The receiver decodes or interprets He tries to analyze what she means based
the message based on the context. on the content and their relationship,
and he is heartbroken.
The receiver sends or provides He frowns and does not say something,
feedback. because he is in pain.
Models of
Communication
Known as the mother of all communication models,
the Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts
communication as a linear or one-way process
consisting of five elements: a source(producer of
message ); a transmitter(encoder of message into
signals); a channel(signals adapted for transmission);
a receiver(decoder of message from the signal); and a
destination. This model, however, has been criticized
for missing one essential element in the
communication process: feedback. Without feedback,
the speaker will not know whether the receiver
understands the message or not.
2.Transaction Model
Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model,

which is a one-way process, the
Transaction Model is a two-way
process with the inclusion of feedback
as one element.
As shown in Figure 2, this model is more interactive. There is a
collaborative exchange of messages between communicators with the
aim of understanding each other. It also shows that a barrier, such as
noise, may interfere with the flow of communication.
Schramm Model
Schramm's Model of Communication was postulated by Wilbur
Schramm in 1954, where he suggested that communication is a two
way process where both sender and receiver take turns to send and
receive a message
Schramm's Model has different components for communications where:
Sender (transmitter) is the person who sends the message.
Encoder is the person who converts the message to be sent into codes.
Decoder is the person who gets the encoded message which has been
sent by the encoder and converts it into the language understandable by
the person.
Interpreter is the person who tries to understand and analyze the
message.
Message is received after interpretation. Interpreter and receiver is the
same person.
Receiver is the person who gets the message. He/she decodes and
interprets the actual message.
Message is the data sent by the sender and information that the
receiver gets.
Feedback is the process of responding to the received message by the
receiver.
Medium or media is the channel used to send the message.
Noise is the interference and interruptions caused during the process. It
is also created when the intended meaning of the message sent by the
sender and the meaning interpreted by the receiver is different which
is known as Semantic Noise.
Functions of Communication
Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are

control, social interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and
information dissemination.
1.Control Communication functions to control behavior.

2.Social Interaction Communication allows individuals to interact
with others.
3.Motivation Communication motivates or encourages people to
live better.
4.Emotional expression Communication facilitates peoples
expression of their feelings and emotions.
5.Information dissemination Communication functions to convey
information.
Features of an Effective Communication
In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip,

and Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of Effective Communication. This list is
widely used today, especially in public relations and advertising.
1.Completeness
Complete communication is essential to the quality of the
communication process in general. Hence, communication should include
everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or
evaluate properly.
2.Conciseness
Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but
making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information
should be eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the
recipient.
3.Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant
information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race,
preference, education, status, and needs, among others. By doing so,
he/she can easily build rapport with the audience.
4.Concreteness
Effective communication happens when the message is
concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and
situations. In this case, the receiver is more connected to the
message conveyed.
5.Courtesy
The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting
the culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous
at all times creates a positive impact on the audience.
6.Clearness
Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and
specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker
focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as not to
confuse the audience.
7.Correctness
Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the
audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the
message.
Barriers to Communication
There are instances when

miscommunication and misunderstanding
occur because of certain barriers. To
become an effective communicator, you
should recognize these barriers that hinder
the communication process. This will enable
you to control the situation, reset conditions,
and start anew. The table below presents
some barriers to effective communication
with corresponding solutions.
Verbal Communication and
Nonverbal Communication
Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a
message. For effective and successful verbal communication, use words to
express ideas which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to.
Consider appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness when engaging in
this type of communication.
1.Appropriateness
The language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or
occasion (i.e., whether formal or informal).
2.Brevity
Speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found
to be more credible. Try to achieve brevity by being more direct with your words.
Avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add to the message, such
as uh, you know, I guess, and others.
3.Clarity
The meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted
differently by a listener; hence, it is essential for you to clearly state your
message and express your ideas and feelings.
4.Ethics
Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender,
roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking
to.
5.Vividness
Words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add
color and spice to communication. Hence, you are encouraged to find ways to
charm your audience through the use of vivid words.
Nonverbal communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey
and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed
in words are classified as nonverbal communication. Examples of nonverbal
communication are stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements, manners of
walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude towards time
and space, personality, gestures, and others. Mastery of nonverbal
communication is important for several reasons:
1.It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more
meaningful, truthful, and relevant.
2.It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions without you saying a
word.
3.It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.
4.It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.
5.It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery.
6.It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.
7.It helps make your speech more dramatic.
8.It can build a connection with listeners.
9.It makes you a credible speaker.
10.It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous deliveryrefers to
an interaction where behavior is used to convey and
represent meanings.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Oral Communication is the

Communication is a process of sharing and

1.Speaker the source of information or message

Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model,

Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are

1.Control Communication functions to control behavior.

In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip,

There are instances when

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